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A '£r & SJfoSb Ay/rUyte M*>r/d AtfAtta/fAi, dsmart? 7 KKSIDENT CALVIN COOL ® K/ I DOE recently dedicated anew national shrine —a ,/aT \ repository whlcli has been set up in (lie Library of L(W At Congress for tlie snfe- J' guarding of the Declurn- AVT Ja lion of Independence and I the Constitution of the Jj United States. The man fitted tlie occasion. l*rob ably no one present had a clearer un derstanding or a more intelligent ap preciation of these documents. For President Coolldge Ims been a student of tlie history and institutions of his country since ids youth. In tills connection much interest attaches to an essay written by him at the nge of twenty-three, when lie was a senior at Amherst. The Sons of the American Revolution offered a $l5O medal for the host essay by a senior in an American college on tlie causes of the American Revolution. The judges awarded tlie medal to Calvin Coolldge on his essay, “Tlie Principles Fought For In tlie American Revolu tion.” Tills essay is good reading for a good American, especially on u na tional holiday like independence Day. Here is the issnyist’s opening para graph . When history looks beyond the Im mediate cause of the American Revolu tion for the justifying principles, it is very soon brought buck to the spirit of English liberty. It is tlie same genius for freedom that has led the race from the primeval forests >f Germany to the Thirteenth Amendment of the Consti tution. Tlie r.say Ist then points out how tills spirit of liberty camt* to the sur face on great occasions like the ex tortion of tlie front charter of human rights from King John In the Thir teenth century and tlie confirmation of Magna Charta by Edward I. He states that Englishmen drove out one king, rebelled against two and execut ed three and says: Precedents, then, arc by no means wanting ..tnong Englishmen for the successful resistance of arbitrary des potism whenever It encroached upon their liberties. Sketching the characteristic** of the Puritans of Massachusetts, he snvs of them ‘Of all the races they wore the most tenacious of their rights and the most J.'alone of their liberties." Then he says. The American Revolution was not. then any struggle for emancipation from slavery; ami the colonists were free men Nor was It at first so much for training new liberties as for pre serving the old. N.ir inn It is is fton thought, be called n war between different ns tion> Roth sides wrrt Englishmen who glorified In tlit name of England. William *nd Mary had, moreover, given the -oiontsts a full share of the rights of Rritish subjects . . The real object of resistance was to gain se curity from parliamentary encroach ments. . . . The colonists were con tending tot the principle of , repre sentative government of chartered rights and constitutional libert.es. The) were defend, ug theuiseltes Prize Essayly Calvin Coolidge. when Senior in Amherst against the military despotism of George 111 anrl struggling to change the foundation of government from force to equality. The essayist next points out that the condition of England at tlie close of tlie French and Indian war in 1703 forced anew colonial policy looking toward the raising of revenue in Amer ica. Tlie Colonists, on tlie other hand, instead of wanting now taxes and new restrictions upon their commerce, "‘ere already breaking away from tlie old restrictions by their systematic evasion of the navigation acts, which were commercial regulations and not for revenue. Grenville, ignoring these tendencies, proposed to enforce tlie trade laws, to* quarter soldiers in the colonies and to raise a tax upon the authority of tlie English parliament. This tax meant the disfranchisement of 3,000,000 British subjects and tlie surrender of all those rights laid down in the Magna Charta. Tlie essayist next tells about the Stamp act and the protest that forced its repeal; the Dependency act. which declared that tlie repeal did not in clude tlie principle involved, and the Townsend revenue act, laying duties on imports. Finally all tlie revenue taxes were repealed, except the one on tea. During the four years that followed, 1770 to 1774, there were sev eral acts of violence on the part of tlie Colonists in resistance, Including the Boston Massacre, tlie burning of the Gaspee and tlie Boston Tea Party. Says the essayist: Again Great Britain had recourse to acts of coercion. First, it closed the I*ort of Boston, thus destroying the property of thousands. Second —It declared void certain parts of the charter of Massachusetts, following a policy begun In New York in 1767. and so it virtually attempted to annihilate the protection of char tered rights and chartered liberties al ways so dear to Englishmen. Free gov ernment was destroyed, too, in an other way. Judges, courts, sheriffs were made almost the puppets of the king. They were placed in his direct pay and made subject to his pleasure. Town meet ings were forbidden, nnd thus the old familiar forms of self-government were entirely swept away The gov ernor was made as absolute as a des pot. and the form of government thus thrust upon Massachusetts was des potism such as Englishmen would not have endured, even in the days of Hen ry VIII. Third —The British government sent nearly ~11 criminals to England for trial. Fourth —Soldiers were quartered upon the inhabitants, so that a mili tary government was set up in the colonics. Fifth —Parliament passed the so called Quebec act to separate the French from any bond of sympathy with the colonies. The governor stood over them like a viceroy. In liis command was the army. If f soldier should murder a citizen he was sent to England for trial. If a citizen should become - criminal he. too. might be sent across the sea. In order that in both cases the government might have all the advan tage It was a military despotism. Then were no popular meetings, no criminal courts, no habeas corpus, no freedom >f the press. The question w - no longer >r.e of taxes; that was a mere figment uow. THE DANIELSVILLE MONITOR, DANIELSVILLE, GEORGIA. ain—and they were so by their charters and by the action of William and Wary—that state had the right to demand not only their prop erty, but their service in the army and, in the last extremity, their lives. It cannot be, then, that the American Revolution was fought that colonists might escape paying taxes. The great struggle that they passed through must make such a duty seem insignificant. The real principle was not one of the right of the state or the duty of the citizens, it was a question of govern ment, a question of form and method. It is this that is meant above, in the statement that the struggle was not between nations or for new principles. It was not so much a revolution, a propagation of new idea.s, as the main tenance of the old forms of representa tive government, of chartered rights and constitutional liberty. England had fought for this in 1688 and im agined it was secured. But it was only so in name. George 111 was by nature a despot; at heart he was another Stuart. He had the parliament almost completely under ills control in its legislation upon English questions, but in regard to the king’s colonies his will was su preme. He forced a policy of government upon America that he could not and dared not force upon England, though his disposition was strong enough. Were the descendants of Cromwell's Puritans going back to submit to a Stuart regime? That is what is meant when we hear that America fought at once the battle of freedom in the colonies ar.d In Eng land. That is what England’s great statesman meant when he declared on the floor of parliament that he rejoiced in the resistance of the colonists. The earl of Chatham knew that the govern ment of George 111. in whose ears was ringing the admonition of his mother “to be king’ was undermining the con stitution of Great Britain and bringing the state back to the forms of mon archy that had existed in the 'imes of the Stuarts and the Tudors But if the leading principle was the preservation of English constitutional government from the encroachments of king and parliament, says tlie essay ist, there is another principle is far reaching as the development of the state in government. Sovereignty is always finally vested in the people. And lie goes on; If the king could have accommodated himself to the exis ng state of affairs for America as he managed to do for "England, there would have been the limited constitutional monarchy that Great Britain finally reached in 1532. But this was Impossible, and so the colonies were driven to assert by war what the commons of England partly gained by legislation sixty years later. There was further gained in tlie Enited States a recognition that qual ity. not quantity, is the basis of the peerage of man and accordingly all men were declared free and equal. Still, there is another factor that must have eventually led to separation. The great land of America had a part to play in the history of the world that could best be performed by mak ing it an independent nation. England's great work was to plant colonies. America could not aid in that work It was her place to found a great nation on this side of the At l lantic and bring out the conception of free government. And when this wns done, concludes the essayist, then America stretched | out her hand over the sea to aid the oppressed of Europe, to furnish them ! a place of refuge, nnd as soon is they I could assume the duties, make them citizens, not alone of our United States, hilt of the world. g"> 'T T 01/jv, - ‘ ■ > V - : • V f h t • . . ' i o:, • . ~ ----- AV& Though the injustice of taxation without representation made a good war cry, it Is, in the last analysis, a dan gerous principle, says the essayist. But it is easy to grasp, and the common people no doubt fought the war largely on that issue. The fact is, it is a duty to the state to pay taxes, and it is equally a duty to vote. It does not follow that because the state requires one duty it shall require the B&h Wyk brb fejCfai id Js^cS ’ -I dAz,Wrc,ooziD<?j?AS A, SjprroßjrAr.£z&jT second. And he con tinues : But there Is another side where the require ment of the state runs over into tyranny. Only on this ground can re __ sistance to taxation be feS} ■’UKtiiied. So long as the colonies were a part of the state of Great Brit- Bungalow With Colonial Touch Gaining Widespread Popularity ir 6* -j- 38' o’ ■ —-|-4 o’-*- r™“ 15 BEDRtI. { ■***.*■ I ■Hi > vm? V if - Vo 0 -—cßhMittiilil l illl’ 1 Ml"- II CHI I] ;fcjot 1® S • j / 1 '? | Lx ( 'I m nLM^Rn<4^ ORCH m g || 3 '* o "; jl 1 1 '. . Li ißtc. WjlF a m a&s - * -s||® " ' - - By WILLIAM A. RADFORD Mr. William A. Radford will answer igiestions and give advice FREE OF COST on all subjects pertaining to the subject of building, for the readers of this paper. On account of his wide experience as Editor, Author and Manufacturer, he is, without doubt, the highest authority on all these sub jects. Address all inquiries to William A. Radfbrd, No. 1827 Prairie avenue, Chicago, 111., and only Inclose two-cent stamp for reply. The colonial touch in the building of bungalows Is gaining widespread pop ularity. This is due in a large meas ure to the combination of the dignity of the home of the colonial type with the convenience of having all of the rooms on one floor. Much of tlie charm of tills home is in its quiet dignity and tlie careful at tention paid to the simple lines of the trim and the correct proportions. The porch, with its simple pillars, forms an attractive portal which is balanced well by the wide window group in the bedroom to the right. Even the brick of the porch foundation and the fire place, with their distinctive mortar setting of white, seem to fit in tlie gen eral scheme of this “little White House” and contribute to its charm. A rather unusual feature of the plan is the reception hall at the side of tlie house. This permits entering tlie home and retiring without disturbing the occupants of the living room. No tice that provision Is made here for a stairway at the attic floor, where an additional bedroom might be in stalled after tlie house is built. The living room of tlie home is of an adequate size nnd is properly propor tioned and gives due consideration to wall space for the arrangement of fur niture. The attractive oblong stiape of the dining ropin Is one which seldom is found in a room used for this pur pose. It is particularly well adapted to the oblong type of dining table which is so popular jvlth housekeep ers. The adjoining kitchen lias been planned for the maximum of conveni • v. ’• and attractiveness. The bedroom group has a conven • Vr.si arrangement with several fea rn: which are of more than ordinary >ote that th? bathroom, be- tween tlie two bedrooms, is insulated from them by the closets. The sleep ing porch is a feature which is unusual in a home of tlio bungalow type. The outside dimensions of the house are 23Vsi by 38 feet, well fitted to the lot of average size. Faulty Building Often Cause of Lack of Heat Tlie human body has the most per fect heating system that has ever been devised. This human heating system requires a sufficient amount of air; the rigi kind of fuel and proper attention. The liumnu body requires a goon covering or protection, or its heating system may not be able to gi\e 1 best results. -■ With those who are always cold, t i fault lies with either the wrong kind of food (fuel), insuflieient amount o air, or faulty circulation of blood (heating system), or their bodies may not be sufficiently well covered. Those who have not sufficient P 1 tection or covering may not be su ciently well covered. Those who have not sufficient P tection or covering can be likened to a faultily constructed building. They have not been sufficiently In sulated to keep out the cold, and con sequently the heating system, tie heart, veins, lungs, etc., may ha* work overtime to supply sufficiem • So It is with n faultily constructe building. Tile heatlDg plant, if - , working properly, will have ' forced constantly with every continuously hot to supply heat comfortably to warm the • Under such circumstances, the • can hardly lie with the heating / , An excess amount of fuel > ■' ■ “ to supply the overworked beating U ’ Constant care must be f- 1 e ’\ . boiler, as well as high-grade • plied, to procure adequate ri- And under such conditions, t..•■ ■■ ing plant, which Is not at - many times condemned. So every builder should fully consider the construct, a building.