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- ■ —•— —’ From the Washington Mews. J*vo"t'i’ss I's Civil (tvtl Political Li ° berty. Every friend to civil and politi- ’ cal liberty, bees with pleasure the vile its made for emancipation by! the people of Spain. The Amen-, can people wish them the utmost, success, and that they can main tain the establishment ot a lrce go vernment over despotism and an, absolute monarchy. But at the same time it s to be regictted that,| taking all circumstances under con sideration, no great hopes tan he entertained of a successful issue ol contest. We are under the im pression that an immediate lefor mation cannot he effected in every branch of the civil government ol Spain ; ou mg to the ignorance, pre- ’ judices, and religious intolerance of the people. A radical change cannot be made all at once ; it should be gtadual to be more cer tain of its stability. We have said before, and we repeat it again, the J people of Europe are too deficient in liberal principles, and in the know ledge of civil and political li berty, for the completion of a ref ormation in their ideas, mauners, and religion, in a very short spate of time. We will indulge our-; selves with a few remarks on the subject in support of our opin-, ion ; It is acknowledged that, when a; government does not discharge the j important duty of providing lor the | sale.v ol the citizens and security of their property ,it becomes incom-{ moilious and oppressive, and that licence succeeds in its phtns to dis-| engage icseif lrom the shackles ol j tlu law. ibis is exemplified in the history of bpain ever since her! revoi. tion I hat people are too! ignorant, have too many prejudices ! to expect that their revolution vvilE imm< diately better their condition, i We must not be mistaken by pro mises and words, ihe public V vel- j fare ceases to be a weilaie, when I it serves onh as a pretext to the; arbitrary conduct ol those who go vern, and to the mutability’ of ttie opinions ol novators, and when it brings in rapid succession, changes in die most opposed principles i The words public welfare and lib t eriy have been so frequently abu- sed, that the ideas of a nation mis led by numerous sophisttis in po litics and religion become indis tinct and confused on the real sense of those two sublime denomina tions, which are nevertheless al ways spoken ot when there is no public welfare and liberty exist ing- Rarely the misfortunes of ty rants put a stop to tyranny. ‘1 he successors in power become tv rants in their turn to avoid the mis haps of their predecessors , and it is precisely their vain precaution which leads them to the same fate. The law punishes slowly when it can act, bnt in a state of anarchy or under an arbitrary power, which is the same thing when laws do not exist, or when they are variable and without force, but that ol a despot, it is only alter a long series of cala mities that tyrany can he put down, and a .ightlul authouty can be erected in its stead. One of the greaiest obstacles to a complete re generation ot the people of Spain, is religion. Every European nation has an exclusive religion. Religion ought to be separated lrom politics, the aim of those two motives of the actions of men being essential ly different and olten contradictory. They cannot be combined in a free gov eminent. But as the immortal ity of the soul, and the hope of re- J wards in another world, are princi-J pies favorable to society, by adding* to the curbs ot the law a moral force I which ensures their execution, a’ nation cannot exist without reli gion, as a religion cannot exist without a worship, at least consid eiing it in a social point of view.— All religions arc more or less into-1 brant. I o ensure the tranquility ! ol a monarchical and absolute go- 1 vernment, one religion only should 1 be admitted ; but to ensure the li berty ol the people, all religions must be tolerated. Exclusion is the type of despotism ; a general admission is the most real proof of liberty. An exclusive religioi gives too much importance to its ministers in political affairs. The constitution of a free people must cntirclv st parate heaver, from earn, in order to prevent the baneful in fluence of the priesthood in the government. 1 his influence no more exists it the worship of all re ligions is equally permitted and none denominates. Before the invasion of Spain by the French, what have the people ! done to accomplish the objects ol i the revolution, and to give more I firmness to the new government thev had established ? Nothing.— That people had actually no means for existence or occupation. 1 hose means ought to have been created, that the activity of the population put in motion by the revolution, should not have turned against it self. It was requisite to have min isters of religion, properly select ed, to teach morality by precept and example ; men to study and expound the laws,to explicate them l to the people that they might know their rights, privileges, and duties ; instructors, properly qualified, for public education ; artists of all de nominations to give vigor to the national trade: a well organized j militia for the safety of the cities and roads, and to arrest, and keep !in check, robbers, indigents, and malefactors, that swarm in that country. The government of Spain did not attend to these great con siderations : it remained idle. — • What have been the consequences ? I disunion among the people. What I will he the result of the invasion jby the French! Very probably ! the return of that fine country to an I absolute government, i W T e sincerely wish to be mista ken in our opinion, in regard to : the war between France and Spain : : If so. the real friends of freedom | will have to rejoice at the increase ; of the free nations ©f the world. From the Bellows Falls Intelligencer. i Indian Philosophy. —ln the year j 1798, living on the Ohio, I became acquainted w ith Geo. Jellowy, a j chief of the Delaware Indians; he ! possessed grta na oral, and con j siderable acquired abilities, having [ received a good English education, i One day, after he had been relating some of the hardships incident to the Indian manner of living, I ask ed him what it could be that indu ced him, after the sweets of civili zation, to return to his native wilds again ?—He was sitting smoking; he arose from his seat in agitation ; the smoke rolled forth in columns; the natural hauteur of his counte nance was heightened to a fierce, bold and daring look, for which he was truly terrific. Walking across the room several times, repeating i with emphasis, she sweets of civi lization ! turning towards me, he accosted me thus: ‘Are you a Christian ?’ Yes, Are you a Re publican ?’ Yes. ‘ What is the grea test blessing on earth ?’ Liberty.— ‘Yes, added he with a countenance which seemed to look me through,& you good Christian, you good Re-J publican if a brother owes you ;n dollar, and has it not; you will goj away to another brother that writes;! and get a piece of written paper,* take it to another brother that rides, | and give it to him, who will take! the poor brother and lock him up in a stone house—and you three brothers, all good Republicans, will deprive the needy brother of the greatest blessiug on earth, (his li berty,) for the sake of a dollar ! These are the sweets of civiliza tion ; these are the blessings of Re publican liberty.’ Then, with an elevated look and voice, hepraved to the Great Spirit to he kept from such sweets of civilization,and that the white people would not nick name themselves, as they now did, in calling themselves Christians, Republicans, &c. when their works so much belie their professions. I was so much overawed, that I can find no answer yet, although I have searched for one these twenty four years. Punctuality. —President Washing ton was the most punctual man, in his observance of appointment ever known to the writer. He delivered his com munications to Congrcrs at the open ing of each session, in person. He always appointed the hour of twelve at noon for that purpose ; and he never tailed to enter the hall of Congress while the state house clock was strik ing that hour.— His invitations to din ner were always given at four o’clock j 1• M, lie allowed five minutes for ■ the variation of time pieces;and he j waited no longer for any one. Cer ! tain lagging members of Congress 1 sometimes came in.when dinner was nearly half over. T]lr<* writer has heard the Pre-ident say to them with a smile “ Gentlemen, wearc too punc tual tor you: 1 have a cook who never asks whether the company has come, but whether the hour lias come.” London papers to the 26th ot Ju ly, and Liverpool to the 28th, in clusive, have been received at Bal timore bv the arrival ot the last sailin; ship Franklin. The situation of Spain was daily improving. Corunna, which was said to have surrendered to the French, stili held out, and the last accounts from there stated that all the attempts of the French upon it, had been repulsed with great loss. Accounts from there by an arrival at London state that the Constitu tional flag was flying on the 19th. A gentleman who left Corunna on the 18th, states that in one attack I the French left one hundred and ! thirty waggon loads of dead upon I the field, bir R. Wilson was still | at Corunna, but had been slightly (wounded. Another account states (that the French had made three ■ attacks upon Corunna, and that they had been defeated in each bat tle, leaving from 7 to 800 dead on the field. The Spanish loss is said to have been comparatively trifling. The report that the French for ces in Spain, were to be withdrawn i appeared to be generally credited jin England. The London Cour ier of the 26th July, assures its readers upon authority which may be relied on, that the French gov , ernment had it in contemplation to retire across the Ebro, and to take i up their line of defence along that river- -and the Traveller of the same date, states that the report is audibly whispered in the French ’ capital; and assigns as reasons for | believing it—the total impossibili ty of controuling or even restrain ing the fanatical party in Spain— the dangerous situation of the Spa nish Bourbons in Cadiz—the haz . ardous position of the French ar my inadequate, as it confessedly is ‘to the subjugation of Spain—and : certain nascent doubts of its fideli : ty —mutinous conduct having un I doubtedly been manifested at Bay onne, b) some’ of the regiments under Lauriston’s command. — But though last, not least, is the appalling exhaustation of money, j A negotiation was pending be i tween the French and the Cortes at i Cadiz, and it was said that if it did ; not res.uit in the successful accom modation of the differences between the contending parties in Spain, that it was the intention of the Duke D’Angouleme to withdraw his troops from before Cadiz. The dissentions between the French and Spanish royalist (says the London Courier,) form almost as strong an impediment to the ad justment of matters, as the dissen sions between the Royalists and the Cortes. It is now more than a month since we first hinted at this circumstance, and on several occa sions we have repeated it. In par ticular, the letter which we pub lished on Thursday from Madrid, corroboiated what we had said.— The following passages from that letter disclose important facts: 41 Ihe French are not masters here. The violent party which continues to urge the Regency to acts ot arbitrary power, finds no support in the Duked’Angouleme, or his adherents. They are anx ious to negotiate rvith the more mod derate part'j of the Cortes , ancl to endeavour to save the King’s life, by giving favourable terms to the former. The supporters of arbi trary power are decidedly averse to any treaty with the rebels in Ca diz. It remains to he seem wheth er. the French party will have pow er enough to oppose, successfully, their more violent friends and al lies.” “The fact, is, that this delay hears most heavily on the French finances, and necessarily must, in a short time, force that Power either to join the advocates of arbitrary despotism, or to leave the contend ing parlies to settle matters with the Cortes as they in ay.” Another letter from Madrid, written by an officer attached to the Duke d’Angouleme’s stuff,savs --“Everyday the respective par ties become more exasperated against each other, and we are out of favour with them all. Disunion has begun to prevail among t-c Royalists. We are already expe riencing much difficulty in main taining our communications: it is to be feared our embartassments may increase in an equal ratio with tne formation of the predatory hands w hich infest the country- We shall Tortly be in nearly the same situation as in 1811, with the addi tion of having 20 or 30 fortified I places to blockade ; we posses, it i.s ! true, one single advantage —that of j a cool season.” The repci t that the army and na vy of Portugal, had been tendered to the Duke d’Angnuleme, to aid in restoring absolute power the King of Spain, is declared by the London Courier to be totally desti- j tute of truth—the King of Portu- i gal had declared his determination J to preserve the strictest neutrality. | It is also said that he has declared j his determination to give to “ Portuguese nation a constitution j which may conciliate all opinions | and fulfil the wishes ot his peo ple.” There has been a misunderstan ding between the blockading squad ron and a British frigate, respect ing the attempted passage of some British ships into Cadiz. The fri gate fully succeeded in obtaining them a passage into the port. — “ The American vessels totally disregard the blockade,and pass in and nut just as thev please.” Cadiz was said to have an ample supply of provisions for three months. A Hamburg article of July 15 says:—ln consequence of the al terations and modifications of the celebrated Navigation Act lately made by the English Legislature, we had last week the novelty of the arrival of a ship from Jamaica di rect, which brings the produce of that Island to our market without having passed through England.— A ship from Bombay has also arrived on the Elbe, with a crew, composed of natives of that remote country,of above one hundred men. Letters from Catalona stare that Mina’s health is much improved, and that he directed the late attacks upon the French army near Barcelo na in person. The division which was commanded by General Manso J being joined to that ol Mina, he j has now an army of 11,000 or 12,000 men, exclusive of the troops of Mil ans and Lloberias. It is expected that this indefatigable Chief will very shorrly undertake an impor tant operation. Paris, July 25. We learn that the Regency of Spain having signified its instala tion to the Spanish isles of the Mediteranean, its dispatches were burned at Palma (Majorca) by the common executioner.—The revolu tionists immediately after pillaged the convents of Capuchins and Dominicans, and more than 100 monks and friars were thrown into prison.” Bayonne July 19. The first convoy of battering ar tillery has marched to day for the siege of St. Sebastian. Sir W. A’Court, after having demanded an escort from Gen. Bourmont, has gone to San Lucar to embark in an English frigate, which was waiting for him, and which was to take him to Gibral tar. Paris, July 24. The Constitutional of this day has been seized at the Post Office. Odessa , June 23. —We have ac counts from Constantinople as late as the 13th of this month. On the mere report of a change in the M in istry, at St. Petersburg, four ships, from this port, (as has been alrea dy stated,) were detained at Con stantinople,and are not tobe allowed to proceed to the Archipelago but must return hither. The Divan seemed almost to repent the step it had taken towards a rcconcileation in sending the letter of the Res Eflendi to Count Nesselrode ;*it re mains to be seen what impression will be made liy the answer of the latter, which must now be at Con stantinople, arfti again proclaims the pacific system of the Emperor Alexander. The removal of the Kiaja Bey, who, as the leader of the party in favor of peace, had un dertaken in the Divan the defence of the system hitherto persued, and who is, therefore, a loss to the Eu ropean Ministers, has drawn much attention. His successor is hard ly more than a mere puppet. With respect to Ld- Strangford,thc Porte <s.r. ci singularly cmharassino , H nation. While he appeals as I opponent of the Greeks, B Englishman, Captain Ham'’! B who as far as we can learn,also' nt . B goriatesin the name of the B Government, has made in the j B chipelago, overtures to thy j B gents, which, if hitherto with!, B success, aim at bringing about a ". B arrangement with the fort;, ] J B Strangford afiii ms, that lie ku Ws B nothing of the object, or even (j I the existence of those negoeij. ■ Cons. I The measures against the cotr- I merce of all Christian nations I so injurious that a.ll the Franks I fear they shall soon be on a ] eve i. I with the Rayas. Lord Strangford I lias made a forcible remonstrant I to the Porte on the subject of those 1 new differences in the form of j n . I J structions to his Drogoman, M I LChabert. —These differences art J likely to excite some sensation in , St Petersburgh, since, on the issue of this affair, the fate of the trade of the Black Sea may be said to de pend. It is to be expected, hower. er, that Lord Strangford’s Note will induce the Porte to revoke it late measures. It is again asserted, that the ■ Duke D’Angouleme has promised the Regency of Spain, a French fleet and army for the purpose of assisting to re-coaquer Mexico. An arrangement has taken place between the Directors of the Bank of England ancl the East India Company, by which the former agree to lend the latter 2,000,000/. sterling, for two years, at the rate of three and a half per cent, inte rest on the security” of the stock. London, July 24. To shew how rapidly the nation al debt has increased, and how ve ry slowly the work of reduction takes place, it may be noticed that in the seven years’ war preceding 1763, the debt increased sixty mil lions; in the twelve years’ peace it diminished ten millions. In the eight years of the American war it increased 115 millions; in the ten years of peace it was reduced about ten millions; in the 30 years of ! peace and war it has increased 569 i millions—the total of unredeemed j funded debt being stated at 7% j millions and a half, in the accounts dated March last. Last week a poor woman, with an infant at her breast, employed in the grounds of Mr. Bailv, of Swanscmnb, Kent, previous to the commencement of her daily labours, suckled her J child, and left it in a hedge near the ’ place where she was at w ork ; on her I return some time after to look for j her child, she was struck w ith horror (atfinding it dead. On here oirnnu i nicating this dismal intelligence toiler j fellow work-people, they suspecting that she had made away with the poor infant, compelled her to accompany them, w ith the dead child, to a neigh bouring surgeon (Mr. Chi vers, of Greennithe,) to ascertain the cause of its death, when lie immediately satis fied them that there was not the least appearance of its death having been caused by any unfair means ; and having obtained the wretched moth er’s consjentto open the child, he found to his utter astonishment, a snake in its stomach ! It is supposed, that soon after the mother had suckled the in fant, the snake, attracted by the milk remaining on the child's 1 ips.had ente red the mouth ami suffocated it. [London paper. SURRENDER OF GEN. MORALES AND MARACAIBO. Baltimore, Sept. 8. We have it in our power to com municate the highly gratifying in telligence ol the brilliant success which has attended the arms of the Colombian Republic, in obtaining possession of the city of Maracaibo and effecting the capitulation of its most active and dreaded enemy, the Royal General Morales, and and the forces under his command. This pleasing information was re ceived here yesterday morning by the fast sailing schooner Abarilla, Captain Edwards, fr.om LaGuayra, which port she left on the 22d Au gust. The editors of the Ameri can have received a file of the Co lombiano of Caraccas to the 13th August, and of the Caraccas iris to the 18th inclusive. In the Iris extraotdinary of the last date we have the official treaty of the capitu lation, together with other official documents. The capitulation was effected on the 8d August, and for