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STUDY IN PLANT-FOOD State Chemist Writes Interest ingly on this Subject. TALK ON PHOSPHORIC ACID T«ll» Farmer* If They Expert Large Yield* From Their Land* They Mint team Wba* Plant Food the Soil Need*—Where Phoepate* Are Found. Letter* on Agricultural Cheml»try by the State Chemlet. LETTER NO. 8. TUB I'lKWI'lLATES. In letter No 4, bulletin No. .18. 1 alliuli-d to the Importance of phonplior- phosphate, which occura In rocky or •lie of a pebble to quite large maaee*. The deposit* vary from one or two feet to twelve or more In thloknss* This rock contain* no nltrogenoua organic matter like bone, but I* simply a rock phosphate It Is true, however, that among thp deposit* are found many evidence* of life, such as Immense vertebrae of animals, and large teelh of shark, marine and other animal*. The 8outh Carolina rock contain* from twenty-six to twenty-eight per cent of phosphoric add It Is highly esteem ed both at home and abroad as a source of phosphoric arid; actual m's- lug began here In 18U8. Florida Phosphates. Tho next great discovery of phos phate rock In this country occurred in Florida, In 1888 t/> 1881* There are different forms of this phosphate; tlrsl, we have the land or boulder lc ac id as a constituent of plant-food. It Is In Hie satin* class with nitrogen and potaab, they being the elements found only In small quantity In most cultivated soils, all the other elements necessary to plant life being usually present In profusion. Phosphoric acid then must he added to the soil If we expect iaigu yield. The various sources of phosphoric add, then, are of Interest. Hone* were the first and earliest form In which phosphoric acid was applied to the soli. Hones are a coin- blnutlon of organic and Inorganic mat ter the organic matter In a lame consists mainly of fat and a glutinous matter, inn Inorganic matter la chief ly phosphate of llino. Thlt dual com position of a hone can he demonstrat ed very graphically by taking the leg bone of an animal and soaking It for quite • while In weak muriatic acid. ThU *dd will dissolve nway the phoa. phute of lime, which give* rigidity and *t iffness to the hone, and leave behind tlie glutinous flexible animal matter of the bone, which will still retain (lie shape of the original bone. You cau now tHke this soft organic matter and He It Into a knot, without breaklug It. This soft animal matter of the bone I* rich In nitrogen, so (bat u bone fortlll/.or la a double manure, both phosphallc and nltrogenoua. Hone* vary u good deal In composi tion, according lo Ihe nature and age of tlie animal; there Is not so much phosphate In the lionea of a young animal us in moss of an old one. Even In the same anlmul, the hard tlilgn bones of an ox. for Instance, will contain more phosphate of Hutu than softer holies from older purls of tho animal. Hones to he of vulue should, of course, be ground, and the <tlner the grinding, the better. A coarsely crushed or ground raw bone, which has nui been treated to removo any of Its original fatty matter, will decay with comparatively slowness In tne soil, and consequently hut llttlo effect might be pcroelved from Its ap plication the ttrst season. A good raw hone will enntnln on an average iwonty-two per cent, phos phoric add and four per cent, of ni trogen. Such a hone 1* quite diffi cult to grind tine, and on It* fineness depends In large measure Its value as u fertiliser. Hut by boiling and steam ing much of the fat In removed, which has no value a* a manure; some of the nitrogen Is also removed In the form of glue and gelatine by the boil ing and steaming process This treat ment, however, enables the bone to bo ground muon tlner than the raw hone, unit w here tje process has been carried out very thoroughly, us In tho tnanu- fucture of glue, the resulting ground hone may contain us high us 80 per cen. of phosphoric acid, but the nitro gen lo this i use will he reduced to less than two per cent. Actual ex peilmenis have ahotvii that all tae phosphoric add from a finely ground steamed bom* tiih.i become available In one nr two seasons In the soli, while that from a coarse ground raw tunic would not become fully available In three or four seasons. The Mineral or Rock Phospates. If bones wore the only resource of phosphoric add. modem agriculture would he In a distressing condition, since hones could supply only a very small part of ihe demand. The prices of fertilizers would he very much high er than they now are; the cotton crop of the souln and the grata crops of the world would he very much small er. and th« population of the earth very much less than it now is. So true Is 11 that life Itself as counted by gener ations rises and falls in greater or smaller volume, in unison with me available supply of plant-food In the soil. A dense population and increased wealth of the Old World Is doubtless due to the discovery of the mineral phos phates or less quantity have been known for ii long time in me Old World, but 1 shall mention only those fields In tbt* country w hich are of great commercial lwpoitance today. The first of these In point of discovery and development were the South Carolina phosphate beds These beds are In the neigh borhood of tne city of Charleston. S. C. The rock is found both In the land and In the rivers In that vicinity. Tots phosphate Is found usually In the form of lumps or nodules, varying from the stony masses of varying size and form, and varying from thirty to forty per cent, of phosphoric add; second, the •'soft" phosphate, a white powdery ma. terlal, mixed with more or less kao lin, and containing from eighteen to thirty per cent, phosphoric acid; third, ly, we have tho “pebble” form, consist. Ing of small, hard, rounded pebbles, which occur both In the beds of tho rivers, and In deposits on the land. They are variable In composition, hut range from thirty to mlrty-stx per cent, of phosphoric acid. The Florida rock constitutes a very Important source of thing baa bwea ofcoerrad aavaral lime* Tha weight of evtdenew t* owvoln alve howaver that the bark-heatlea firs' attack weakened and dying tree* but often when numerous, turn their at'ack to tree* which are appamtly In good health. A* appropriately atat ed by J M Stedman. M t» very large ly a matter of opinion when one pro nounce* a tree perfectly healthy Mat has become Infested * ah this pe*t but no doubt one should regard a tree as h-slth) when there t* absolutely no reason to suspect Anything differ ent except that It has now hecvme at 'acked by this Inaect ” Description—The idult fruit tree bark beetle t* a small cylindrical bee tie, about one eighth .noh tn length and only about one-third as broad They are uniformly black in color xcept the tip* of the elytra or wing covers and a portion of the lags, which are dull red. The young borer or grub less than one fourth Inch In length—is while, except for the brown head. Winter Stage and Lift History—The winter is passed by this Insect tn the larval or grub stage in their channel* under the berk. In spring, about the middle or latter part of March, the patent beetles eat their way out from under the bark, making little hole* scaicely one-sixteenth of an Inch In di ameter These parent beetles soon commence to bore Into the trees, and In gin the construction of an egg chnru. I>* r which Is nearly always formed In the direction of the long axis of the limb, or nearly so. They seem to pre- phosphorlc add, Is highly esteemed, f( , r to ^ ntPr tlle of the n In bB. and Is used largely both ut home and abroad. Tennessee Phosphate. Shortly Hfter the discovery of phos piinle rock In Florida, discoveries be gan to lie made In Tennessee In the vicinity of Nashville, and later stilt Im. port ant deposits began to lie found In Maury county, Tenn , near Mt. Pleas, ant. This took, like the others, Is variable In form and composition, but the marketable varttles range from thirty to thirty- seven per cent, of phos- phorlc acid. There are other lmpor- or nt the forks made by the lateral spur*, and ouen at Ihe base of buds near the extremetles of the small branches. The beetles are frequently found, on badly Infested trees, enter M ths tost* Nntomotaglat to prom* f.v the establishment of a aertea of experiment* with a view to dtaoover some nicen* whereby the damage from tht* .erlou* cotton disease could be, in a measure, prevented. In the fall of 19iM my esteemed pits decess.v Mr Wllmon Newell, began on this work by making selection of coiton seed from Infected cotton fields at ftellobec, (!* where th«i dlieasc has been \ ery bad for a number of years It was Intended to use thl* seed, of which a large number of selection* wire made, for sowing experimental plot* of cotton In 1908 It Is only Justice to the prescut Incumbent to s*> that he seed soleced In 1904 was placed In a warehouse which caught fire and burned during tne month of January, so that our seed was all de stroyed. Fortunately, we were able to get some small lots of seed from the Hu- reau of Plant Industry at Washington, l). C . which were used to commence work this spring. Experiments conducted by the Unit, ed States Department of Agriculture have shown that the most promising line of work to pursue, In the effort to discover some relief for the cotton growers when* black-root is prevalent, Is ihe selection of resistant varieties of cotton, and by careful cross-breed ing, the development of new varieties which will be resistant to the wilt dls. ease. In addition to this It was deemed advisable to determine the Influence of different fertilizers on cotton so far as they effect the reduction or Increase of the black-root. Extensive experiments have been carried on this year along the above lines, wit.i the result that we hava secured a large number of samples of COOKING OIL SALAD OIL Pure Deodorized Cotton Seed Oil Is n wholesome vegetable product. When properly used is better than butter at one-fourth the co9t. For cooking wither bread or meats is far superior to lard at one-half the cost. If used for salads is equal to olive oil and only costs half as much. This store sells WESSON COOKING and SALAD OILS, manufactured by the Southern Cottton Oil Co. These refined products of cotton seed are all that is claimed for them by the manufacturers. They have been tested by thousands of housekeepers and have never failed to meet all requirements and expectations. The housewives of Newnan and Coweta County should test these clean, wholesome culiuary products. They are economical, and effect a saving of money for all users C. P. STEPHENS & CO. The Prompt Service Grocers. tant phosphatlc deposits tn the world, eggs. The minute grubs hatching from hut. those Just described constitute the Important ones for Southern agricul ture. Having mentioned the chief sonnies of nitrogen and phosphoric acid, we will take a bird’s-eye view of the sources of polish. ATTAGKS FRUIT TREES Ing the trunk nearly to the base of the cotton seed which wll be carefullly tested In 1900. and there la every rea son to hope that some valuable strains of cotton will be developed. Work of this nature cannot be made to show great results tho first year, nor even the second, as each variety of cotton must be carefully tested under various conditions before any claim can be made at to its power of resistance to the black-root disease, while at the same time It must prove to be of good guailty before Its true value Is deter mined. There Is one variety of cotton—the JackHon—that has this year shown marked resistant qualities. This Is a trees. The egg chamber Is formed partly In the cambium layer and purt- ly In the wood directly beneath. Tne egg chambers vary from one Inch or less to an Inch and a half In length, and bh It. la formed minute side pock ets are constructed to each side. In which eggs are deposited. It Is sup posed that each female lays about 80 theHe eggs burrow at right angle* to the egg chnmber. When a limb Is badly Infested these channels cross and re-cross one another, until the cam bium layer of bark, and the wood Just honeAth, Is reduced almost to powder. The young gruba continue to feed as cotton of the limbless variety, but of Peculiar Insect in Destroying Peach Orchards. THE WAV TO REMEDY THE EVIL Advance Sheet from Bulletin No. 17 of the Georgia State Board of Entomol. ogy Compiled by R. I. Smith, State Entomologist, described until full grown when they make n slightly deeper burrow and Hu r» change to the pupae from which eii ergo the adult beetles as already do. set !l-ed Them* beetles escape by slm. ply eating their way out through the bark, making the characteristic round Inle. As each beetle miiHt make a hole through which to escape and an other when entering to construct the egg chamber, the great number of ho 1 . « found In an Infested limb are easily accounted for. Generations Each Year—Concerning the number of broods in Georgia each unusual quality and product I venesa. From the small lot of seed which we obtained this spring we will gather a lew bushels of sepd which will be dis tributed In small lots to a number of cotton growers In sections of the state where black-root exists, so that it can be tested under varying conditions. So long as this supply of seed lasts, any one who has had trouble with the black-root disease may receive a sam ple by applying to the State Entomolo gist. (Atlanta, Ga.) If not too late when this article la read, the writer wishes to urge each A Million Beats Brought to Book During the past twelve years we have collected over ONE MILLION ACCOUNTS. Over a million accounts that had been given up as lost by their owners. We make a guarantee unprecedented in the annals of the collection business —TO COLLECT FIVE TIMES THE AMOUNT OF OUR FEE. Until this is done no commission is charged on collections. After it is done our commission is six per cent. No matter WHO you are or WHERE you are we will give you the name and address of somebody you will know for whom we have succeeded in collecting accounts they considered uncollectible. If you|have accounts on your books which yon have charged to “Profit and Loss” and want to have them turned into CASH, get in communication with us. THE NATIONAL COLLECTION AGENCY, Washington, D. C. yeai, no definite observations have mlton grower In the black-root sec- (By R. I. Smith, State Entomologist.) (Advance Sheet from Bulletin 17, of the Georgia Stute Hoard of Bnto. otology.) Next to the Pouch Borer, tills Is the most troublesome boring Insect at tacking the peach In Georgia. Dur ing some seasons very little Injury Is occasioned by this Insect, but during the season of 1906 reports came In to the entomologist mainly during the latter part of June and throughout Lie month of July, from which it was evident that the hark beetle was more than usually abundant In th orchards. Several of these reported cases were Investigated by a member ol this department, with the result that we became convinced of the uu- usuul numbers of this insect. While the actual damage to heulthy trees was not as great as many fruit grow ers wi re led to suppose, the appear ance of these beetles In great num bers caused considerable alarm, which might easily have been avoided had the true habits and life-history been known Hence, u somewhat extensive description Is deemed advisable. Historical—Tills Insect is a native Eurononn species. In the United States tt was first noticed In 1877 In New York, where it was attacking t.te peach. No doubt many other localities were infested at the same period though not then discovered. It has now been found in all the Eastern states and at '.east as far west as Kan. sas Tat* Insect ha* been known to Injure the following fruits: Plum, cherry, apricot, nectarine, apple, pear and quince, as well as the peach Habit* and Natur* of Injury: Early writers usually neld lo Lie opinion that the fruit-tree bark-beetle would not at. tael; perfectly healthy tret*s and some ry large proportion of the there are who will still assert that the first writers were correct. Their statements, however, are uot borne out by observations made in Georgia peach Deposits of these In greater orchards, as many growers will bear witness. F. H. Chittenden, writing tn 1898, cites eases where this Insect had been known to attack apparently healthy trees, where they adjoined old and abandoned orchards, and J. M. Sted. man states that he has seen peach trees, which were to all appearances perfectly healthy, seriously attacked by the fruit-tree bark-beetle. The writer has upon several occasions found the bark-beetles boring into sound, healthy trees Two such ob- lervatlons were made In Maryland tn been made. In Missouri Professor Stedman found three and sometimes a fourth. Considering Ihe fact that ti nny adult* wore observed this year during the enrly part of July, and thnt these must have been the third brood, It is reasonable to predict that, we tlons, to make a selection of seed from his cotton fields, saving the seed from plants thnt show murked resistant qualities. Seed should be gathered from healtny plants In the fields where some cotton died of black-root, as It Is certain that such seed may pro. Atlanta & West Point Hailroad Co. The Western Railway of Alabama.' Direct Lines Between North, East. South and Southwest. U. S. Fast Mail Route. Through Palace Sleeping Cars. Dining Cars. Tourist Sleepers to California. have four generations to contend with dnce cotton more resistant to the black. In the peach orchards of Georgia. Remedies. Clean Culture—As heretofore stated the bark-beetles seem to prefer to breed In dying ttoes. Herein will be found the dew to a remedy, or more properly speaking, prevention. All dead and dying trees should be destoy- peach t>( ) by bunting during winter. Tilts work must be done at least before Lie first of March In order lo destroy all the young borers hibernating under the bark. Alt adut trees—It Is generally supposed—die during winter, hence If all wood containing young borers Is dostioyed, there will be practically no l.orers left to rc-lnfest the orchard tie* following spring. Of course there will always be a few slightly infested trees left, and front them some adult borers will develop. A small num ber oi adults tu March ntay increase to considerable number's by the time the second and third broods appear. In addition to burning all brush aud dean trees during winter, the orchards should lie closely watched during sum. liter and when Infested trees are dis covered or even single infested limbs, they should he removed and burned. Fertilizing and Cultivating—Slightly Infested trees will sometimes recover, fitter the attacked portions have been READ DOWN SCHEDULE IN EFFECT APR. 23, 1905. root than seed not selected and taken from all kinds of plants. Another tiling In connection with the black-root disease should be mention ed at this time. The fungus dlseaese which Is the direct cause of black-root, lieves In the tissue of the cotton plants, Its development In the Interior of the stem being the explanation for the sudden wilting that many have had occasion to notice. TIiIh fungus lives in the tissue of the cotton and In the rotting stems and branches of the Infested plants. It Is evident, therefore that a certain per cent, of this over-wintering fungus will be de stroyed if the plants are pulled, or plowed out. and raked into windrows and burned. In summer when wilted plants are noticed they are usually pulled out and burned nt once, but many plants may have some indication of disease, as well as those actually No 40 No H4 No HO No H8 heave Arrive No H5 No 87 No 97 No 38 H lftp 12 2)0»l :::::: 0 25ft 1 25 p H ISp 12 4U»l Lv New Orleans Ar h lflii Lv - Mobile Ar} 4 pjj, 7 15a 2 55a ii 15a 7 27 a 1 Uftp 5 00h 12 15p 11 06p Lv Pensacola Ar 4 oop 1 5 00ft 4 OOp 5 OUn ton *7ton 12 top Lv Seim 11 Ar 11 HOp to 85a 0 !*"m 10 05n 10 HOn 1 HOp 2 27p 2 52 p H81p a aop 7 14 p T2|> 8«P » 25 p Lv . Montgomery.. A rip, ,-,5,1 Ar MINtead Ar mosa Ar Chebaw Ar 0 I4u Ar Auburn Ar ! „ ion 0 20 p 8*20 p 7 40p H 17a tt 20p 5 28p 5 Olp 4 27fi 12 top Ar Columbus Ar|p. 85p| 8 ffip 11 25a 12 HOp H 45 p 4 80p * 25p W 02 p 8 J17a 0 12a A f - Opelika Arps H7al 7 :S4p Ar West Point Ar 7 55a 6 68p 1 45p 1 10a 4 lap 3 HOp 12 57n 2 "1 2 12] sooi tt 201 4 Mi) tt U0|- H HS|» 7 05p 7 80p o 10 27p ii’:Sp o :7 ft 1U ton iiVofi Ar I.a Grange Ar 7 20a «i 28p Ar - Ni-wnan Ar iism-c 5 ,)2p Ar Fnirburn Ar 15 Ar East Point \r 1 Ar Atlanta Lv 5 Son! 4 20p 12 51a 12 11a ilYsp :> 05p 2 Ortp 1 28 p 1 05 p 12 45n II 4.i,i , 10 52a 12 Mo! l> 3l»| li HOp 11 17, 2 T-5| j 5 IHu 6 42h lo 1 In lH)p Ar Washington Lv It 15a|1045p Ar Baltimore Lv 0 12a 8 15p Ar Philadelphia Lvl H85n 8 50p Ar New York Lv 12inn 4 25, 1 tup 3 Olp Above train- dally, Connections nt New Orleans for Texas, Mexico, California. At Chebaw for Tuskegee. Mllstead for Tallahassee. hnUrnmie accommodation leaves Atlanta daily, except Sunday at 5 :!)0 p. in. Returning Orleans. Through coaches Washiu^- U-aves I.aOralige at 5:50 a. ill. arrives Arinina K:ln a. m. Trains 35 and :ni Pallnuci sleepers New York and Ne on ami New Orleans. Trains 37 aud 88 Washington and Southwestern Limited. Pullman sleepers, compartment killed by the black-root Which should cars, observation and dining - nrs Complete Service New York and New Orleans ,, , , , j Train 07 t'nlted states fast mail. Through day coaches Atlanta and New Orleans. Write for -n ins. .,-hedules and luformaliou. K. >1. THOMPSON, J. P. BILLUPS. T. P. A., Atluutn, Ga. __ G. P. A., Atlanta Ga. be pulled up and burned. Tills Is the time of year when such work should be done—just after the cotton Is picked —and all Helds where black-root has appeared might well be cleaned up be fore cold weather. When fighting a disease of this description, It is neces sary to take advantage of every possi ble chance to reduce the source of the CHAS. A. WICKERSHAM. Pres, and Gen. Mgr.. Atlanta. Ga To Publishers and Printers. iamoved To aid this recovery the or- d[ 8 p aae . The removal of cotton plants chadist should cultivate and fertilize as appears necessary to keep the trees lti n healthy, vigorous state of growth. Very healthy trees are more able to withstand an attack front the fruit-tree burk-bettle, than are poorly nourished, slow-growing trees. —root and branch—will help, and be sides It leaves the land In good condi tion to plow later In the year. We have an entirely new process, on which patents are pend- It is our intention to continue the ing, whereby we can reface old Brass Column and Head Rules, 4 pt. work that has been sarxed unil some ant j thicker and make them fully as good as new and without any - --d r * h u nsightly knobs or feet on the bottom. WILT DISEASE OR BLACK-ROOT OF COTTON. conclusive and valuable results are ob. tained. Other lines of work, aside front the ones mentioned herein are being pursued^but a discussion of them would occupy too much space. PRICES. A New Feature of the Work of the Georgia State Board of Entomology. Clover Seed. Oif the thirteen principal clover seed producing states—one—namely, Illinois . —reports an increased acreange; four fully sent on application. (By R. I. Smith, State Entomologist) It Is desired to call the attention of the cotton growers of Georgia to an lm. , . _ portant line of work that has been tak- -namely. Ohio, Utah, California and en up this year-for the first ttme-by Colorado-report no cnange In acra- he Board of Entomology, having for as«. and all the other principal states report decreases. In Ohio and I tan Refacing Column and Head Rules, regular lengths, 20cts each. “ L. S. “ and “ Rules, lengths 2in. and over 40ct3. per lb. A sample of refaced Rule with full particulars, will be cheer- Its object an Investigation into --e cause and prevention of the "black- root" or "wilt" disease of cotton. Ry an act of the General Assembly 1901 190a’ and In Georgia the same »f “ was made the special duty conditions are reported the same as their ten year average, while in all other principal states oondltlona are above such average. Philadelphia Printers’ Supply Co. MANUFACTURERS OF Type and High Grade Printing Material, 39 N. NINTH 8T.. PHILADELPHIA, PA.