Newspaper Page Text
Established in 1872.
VOL XXXI.
Published Every Saturday Morning
A. W. LATIMER, Pub. and l'ropr.
SUBSCRIPTION.
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Thkkk Months, : : : • o-_ Joe.
ADVERTISING RATES.
1 time 1 mo. 3 mo. h mo. 13 mo.
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l-l Col. 2.5# (5.00 15.00 20.00 35.00
1-2 Col. 5.00 10.00 25.00 : 40.00 00.00
1 Col. 10.00 13.00 35.00 (50.00 100.00
All bills tor advertising are due at any time
upon presentation after first appearance of
advertisement.
Special rates for contracts can he made with
the publisher.
All announcements of marriages and deaths
not exceeding 10 lines inserted without charge
Address ail letters to Tins Lumpkin Issue
PKNUBNT, or A. W Latimkr,
Business Manager.
BUSINESS DIRECTORY
W; l . LA 1 EM AN,
PlIYSICI .....Lumpkin, 4N and Sl'KGEON
Ga.
Office uii stairs in F. S. Singer
i Building.
k AH \n°” calls e il answered a , lt>8, rf°i^ day or mght. • ,|
'
* WV * y ‘
j.
. Grier,
i Physician,
Lumpkin, Ga.
Office west side public square.
Residence Mrs. Susie Siddali's.
Calls attended promptly day or
night. Telephone 44.
Jan. 11-02.
oo W. LICE,
t Operative Dentist,
Lumpkin, Ga.
Office in Bank Building,
Jan. 1 1901.
m T. HICKEY,
I Attorney at Law.
Lumpkin, Ga.
Oflice iu Court House. Practice
in all the Courts.
Jan. 15-1900-tf.
era ORBETT HOUSE,
M. Corbett, Prop’r,
Lumpkin, Gu.
Every attention given to the ac¬
commodation and comfort ol
guests. oclC
BUSK OF STEWMT COUNTY -
CAPITAL, $50,000.
Surplus and Undivided Profits, $4,000.
A. II. SIMPSON,President.
J. T. PATTERSON,Vrce-I’res.
W. L. MARDRE,
DIRECTORS:
A. II. Simpson, -J. T. Patterson,
J. B. Richardson, F. S. Siuger,
J. D. Richardson, ML L. Mardre,
B. F. Hawes, J. M. Stevens, Tom¬
linson Fort.
Jan. lst-lS97.
W. L- MARDRE
Lire Insurance Agent, Gin
House Insurance a Specialty.
Best Companies
ed.
Jan. lst-9t>
-- —
G. W. GRAVES.
Contractor and Practical Car
pen ter, offers lys services to the
people of this vicinity.
Will give first-class work at rea¬
sonable prices.
Address or call on
G. W. GRAVES.
Sept. 6-98
CHURCH DIIiECTOBY.
Lumpkin 51. £. Church, South,
L. IV. Colson, Pastor.
Preaching every Sunday morning
.and evening.—Sunday School—ft
a. in.
Junior League—Sunday afternoon,
Juvenile Missionary Society on 1st
Sunday afternoon.
Kpworth League every Tuesday even
i n g.
Prayer-meeting every Wednesday
cvenimr Uecular Church Conference
on Wednesday evening before let
, l "I r. , , Ml
Jast-duj Service service on on Friday hridaj morning ino mng
beforc 1st Sunday in each month, look
ing to the regular! ommunion Service
on 1 st Sundays.
Woman’s Foreign Missionary Society
on Monday afternoon after 1st
days.
Woman’s Parsonage Aid Society on
Monday afternoon after 2nd Sundays.
“O come, let us worship and bow
down: Let us kneel before the L° rti
our Maker. ’ —Bible.
_
Kiyaus Tabules move the bowels.
THE LUMPKIN INDEPENDENT.
A WEEKLY NEWSPAPER, PUBLISHED IN THE POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND ACSICULTOAL INTERESTS Or' STEWART COUNTY, .GEORGIA,
liOKtt \VA it ENDS.
Peace between the Boers and
Great Britain has at hist been ar
ranged and the civilized world re
ioioe. that , 1 ,™ win 1»,, c.«»
tioil (*t bloodshed. I hilt peace
would come sooner or later by
'
Boers 1 , surrendering , • ■
or accepting
file terms offered !>v (treat Britain
those . who . iiave . been , familiar .. with ...
the situation have had no doubt,
hence the declaration of peace was
not surprising.
Great llriUiin has .shown much
Ilu” ^had Um ex^cter'An'nn
conditional surrender was not ill
,»M j „ kd ill l»i, , . • 4
ed. neither is there to be-ally lulil
isliment of tile British subjects
South Africa who helped the Boers
111 ,, their • struggles . , for , .
once. Ill fact provisions for
is [1 ments of those who engaged in
the war indicate that there will be
i but fevv if a«y harsh measures re
| sorted to iu dealing with tne par
ticipants. 1
The military government will
^ succeeded b V practical civil •'overnment
a mint t the earliest uruisi piacuuu moment momc.ni.
and as soon as possible
tativo institutions leading up to
self-sroveriiment self government will will lie Ue introduc- ntroouc
ed. No special tax will be levied
' landed property of the
upon
Transvaal to defray the expenses
of war, but the British govern
ment will, as soon as possible, re
pair the ravages of the war. In
order to dir this the British
eminent will make a loan . to the
Boers of throe million pounds to
lie used in the reimbursement ol
those Boors who have lost so
heavily fit the hands of the
ish. This loan will be under the
supervision and direction ol n
commission upon which the Boers
will have representation.
Thus ends one of the most
markable wars iu* the history of
the world. The strength and en
durance shown by the Boors Inis
low equals in the annals of histo¬
ry. The Boers were never strong
either numerically or financially,
but the persistence with which
they have prosecuted the struggle
has cost the British government
hervily of both blond and treasure.
Tim followers bf 0om Paul could
not-have raised more limn 50,000
soldiers at any time while the Jlrit
tsb had at times as many as 200,
000 men in tho field, and the loss
of tlie Boers was by no metiiis so
heavy as that of tlm British. It
was a remarkable stVuggle and
then it is gratifying to know
Ihe Boers came out ol it with hon
or and that they will be given nil
opportunity to repair the
made by the war.—Columbus
qmror-Cun.
I loci';* Arc Jubilant Peace,
living* -Joy.
London, June 3.—King Edward
has cabled bis congratulations on
tlie conclusion of peace to Lord
Kitchener and Lord Milner,
British high commissioner in South
-'H 1 * 1,1 - Hk- (extol the io\al di„
patch to Lord Milner is as follows:
4 ’1 am overjoyed at the news ot r
the surrender of the Boers, and 1
warmly congratulate you upon t! ie
able manner in which you lntve
conducted tho negotiations."
To this message Lord Milner rw
pi iod :
“I offer my deepest thanks for
your majesty’s gracious message.
1 am profoundly thankful that
your majesty's coronation will he
ce j e |,rated ■ with peace throughout
vnur South African dominions.
The following is the text o!
King Edward’s dispatch to Lord
nor:
t . , , 1 • 1 „> • .t- I, ‘j '
•
cougra'tulations on the termini:
turn of hostilities. I also heartily
C U »K r0tulat,J 4 , . mt) my i„ ^ iv , lt ^ , ... n U . “
( J j er you| . CO mmaml foi having
, jrou bt t j,j s lo „ g an( j difficult
•
'* I to no j glorious P eiorious anti and sue- sue
cesstul cessful a a conclusion. conclusion.” ,,
To this message Lord
replied:
"Tile army in South Africa liigli
lv appreciates your majesty's most
gracious message, which 1 am now
communicating to it., I humbly
beg to thunk your majesty.”
LUMPKIN, GEORGIA, SATURDAY, JUNE 7, 1902.
BUY THE
mm
SEWING MACHINE
--_—
Donptbe vertise $00.00 deceived Sowing by thorn Machine who for ad
a
$20.00. This kind of a machine can
be bought from us or any of our 1
dealers from$15.00to $1S.00.
wc MAKE A variety.
fHE NEW HOME IS THE ca
The Feed determines the stren to th or
weakness l>ouble of Feed Sewing'Machines. combined with other The
strong points makes the New Ilome
ft [OltlRCULARS £ESS
v© manufacture and prices before purchasing
-
m m „„ a , K H{B , „
ORANGE, MASS.
24UnionSq.IT.Y.,Chicago,Ill.,Atlanta,On.,
**• I " ttl8 * Mo -’ Dallas,Tos,sauFnuioboo,Cal
,,, 1. 1 . . TI, i RAMMELL. ,,
Alaska Mountain Erupts.
Seattle, Wash., June 2.—A sue
cial to t-hcr* Times from Skagway,
under date of May 28, says ac
counts of a most thrilling ' nature
regarding the volcanic action of a
harmless mountain in
Alaska, were brought to this city
' •
.
bv .1. l . rdcrarlanu, a _ geologist,
wbo ' vad within a few miles of the
mountain at the time.
beven weeks ago a slight earth
quake shock was felt in all parts
of Alaska, and until to-day the
phenomenon remained miexphiin
< d. The eruption occurred April
11th.
Mr. McFarland Ihusdescrilu’s it:
“Suddenly the earth beneath my
feet shook, a low rumbling sound
accompanied the shaking. 1 gl nne
up at Mt. Bliickbunt, Instant
iy it seemed as if the peak had
a cloud of ashes and
smoke shot but into the air several
hundred feet, and then there -,eem
to How from t!ic opening in the
top a stream of dirty stuff tnjjxed
with 'large and small boulders.
This continued only for about ten
minutes, thou ceased as suddenly
11 s it had begun. Tlie air cleared
and nature Seemed again to wear
her cheery smile.
“It was three days after many
perilous attempts before i suc¬
ceeded in reaching the bane of (he
mountain. 'Then 1 discovered that
the country for miles around had
been affected. The small under
growth of Irei.m had been entirely
covered 11 ; >, This stuff, which
poured from the top of the moun
tain, was not even warm, but enem¬
ed to consist puivl y «f dust, rocks
, lll( j n,j n substances. A's
near j-,s I can find out, this niouu
jam hail nov-T L<- : 1 Ci -nsidered of
nature,”
, Dailol of The Hoop;.
Pretoria, Transvaal, June 4.—
The bullet of the Boors at Vereou
igiug'resulted in filly-four votes in
favor of f-urnmder ami six against
; it.
afion h arc being made
lien; the surrender of tin; Boer
command ms which will take place
in the race course. All of tho
]} 0f , rs , j,,.,. flowed nor fee* freedom.
be the concentration .
1 wotn-ii in ,
amps are anxious (• > return to
their homes iimm.'diiit'-'iv but this
will !>,- impossible until a system
of supply depots for the outlying
districts is • stnblislied.
Gen. BniL-i -Lowell is
for the distribution if'mmn-ted
constabulary in various district-*.
The * police, railroads and
e>; S will be I >: i i i * i i • c! over f,', '.he
nilthonlb-.-i ,, ■
us sum; ns Rnss
ble, ami tlm restriction of imirlml
law will be gratiimlly relax*!.
111 t, 1,1 | ! ^ . . i .
' •' ’ ;?
li*-* -still, .
ju'ac-’ i. t ;;:t H/Hh, w
I'oriunl and unl rien S Iy, re i»o\v
" ‘ ...i ■......... v <.,,!•,»j,iJ ij Hi-- c,.ni- ",
:l! ". 1 " , ' r l " 1 "' ll
com nut hd ok- in ore i* to t'Xjdain
'
Gen. L illis Botha, the Boer c -m
maii(lant-:;eii:-ni!-, mandant-genera!-. ,h:-.* .It; • writ '•vrillc: ten an
open ! * cot ,! -r ‘ to k ' tie- " '-uignci», i,,; “ ‘ ’ * t!;ri.L- In ' ’
them their ol.. .
ing tor nie-H-e m 4
jot Hi,;! >.;;!;<;i'llng Ih'.m to !
ci mniiv lovnl in lln-ir oliedR-nc • to
the i...ivf'l'iimeiiL
Latimer's Infallible
cures erysipelas. Try it,
COM’R T ALK
■
3ome WUclosomo Advice to
ravEcteof os« g i*
ESPECIALLY fHt YOUNG ones ;
'
Hc „ Rc „ ' p0E ‘ s 5>5,,:c . 9‘ ... t,,e 1 lmol >' '- „ u *
grstions of Lit Year, Laying Stress
Upon musing Abundant Corn and
Forage Crops.
'
Although the season is backward,
\ t M im, llS lil “ tu lv ‘ s V cc ! tne vUIUll ‘
XffiK !
tolling sunim. i «na tall.
The expei ioneod and succesoTiti fai Li*
»«d. ........ .. ,0
best method ;.■ pursued in order iu
make liis lead \;.M abaud.ant crops;
but so long *s there shall be .fuming
Into the agricultural field new-India
experienced toi.crs, so long will there
be need of line upon line and precept
upon precept. I cnee, die necessity of
L’’ from - UTf,. year 1 '. i.o 1 T!'“L year. The allL old ' a , a '- farmer, t,hoi!
when he sees in agricultural journals
a “‘* monthly talks of commissioners,
YY (.however '“ ue enanged t “ u ' ilai things m expression), in aul^tauce, may j l
turn away aud and exclaim "The same old j
song daucei- Hut to the young
farm,;r desiring air the light that he .
can get, these same hackneyed .theines | ;
aro new ant j {u jf of j Ugt tl!e jj e jp Jie
needs. j
Therefore I must be excused, for re- i I
peatiny; some of the suggep^ns of
i n8 t year,
Cotton.
As cotton is one oi the chief crops
now engaging the thoughts and hands
of the farmer, let me again remind
the,young planters that this plant re¬
quires abundant sunshine, and im¬
peratively demands tiiat kind of man¬
agement which will not take up the
strength of the land for the stall; and
leave not force enough iu the soil to
bring forth fruit to perfection. The
great essentials are to keep tho cotton
clean and nut to allow the plants to
he crowded, lost there be too' much
shade with consequent increase of the
stalk and datrer.se in the number, size
and quality of the bolls.
The distance between the plants
should be from .<> inches to ii feet, in
the drill, Of course, the fertility oi
the soil is an important factor in c.e
elding the distance to be obsA vod.
Lot the young farmers not only read
all that they cun find in one or more
of the excellent agricultural journals
that are issued monthly, but let them
consult those who from long practice
of the best, methods have learned how
to secure tlie strength of the soil tor
the friut and to obtain abundant yields
to the acre.
Sugar Cane.
hi those sections of Georgia whore
sugar cane is the heat paying crop, it
is plainly to the interest of tli farm
er io devote the ion of his brain and
hand:; to this important industry. As
miles good sans- is shown in deciding
what crop to raise as in making tlm
aoii uo its host with what is cultivated,
Tlie syrup business of southwest Geor
gia continues to increase, and the in¬
troduction of first-class syrup mills and
sugar refineries is putting new life into
what, when properly developed, will
bring great Increase of wealth to not
only tho farmers, but also to the manu¬
facturers and merchants of Georgia.
When ugricytturi! nourishes, com
Bierce and manufacturers lift up their
heads and all rejoice together.
, C-.csava,
In diversity there is wealth. Hence,
we welcome and encourage in every
possible way any crop that promises
to open up new fields of enterprise.
Cassava is well suited to 'many sec
tions of the southern tiers of counties
in Georgia, Thu result o£ many ux
perlmcnts gives strong proof of the
profit to bo d.'-ived by the farmers of
southern Georgia from the cultivation
oi’ this new croi .
While the species of this plant
rait- ■; iu Georyia is useful as feed for
stock and it, also a rood table veg»a
We, its cliiel re;o:;..-uendatlon is its
treat ability to produce the highest
known grades, as well as the greatest
abundance of clutch. One acre of j
south Georgia pnuffi-d m cassava will |
J’ 10 “ V* oxt ‘'I 011 ct f' 1,1,1 s ’ “ 'dmfitity ‘Aarch. produced which is
' 1 “
l>y i tl,e bcal 1,0 at " ]LI1<iK ot nli,l0is 01
Michigan.
Tin’s plant L propagated tiy cuttings ;
of the slcmf, «ue tian;s maturity in;
. -months. 1 pioduction
;;>• is said j
to oe sixteen ^ues that of wheat. . |
Divcr-mcd industries.
As this uv agricultural industry;
fi.iu .-.uizcii lactones will ,
00 built built un up, great just as -.tablialunoiits the cotton crop lor lias the j
1 ;
uiamiiaoturo o. » ottou i'abi*i<?b, and jdst;
fcs ' t!,e *-Uitivati.m ol sugai cane .s
btlhsdng in syu:.. mills and sugar re
vi: “' 11 ' ’-erchants of our I
v&]>m iy .hio'.yiih. aud towns are
L-DaUcg ... -u,-, f.c-m handling
of ike manu-.'ac.n-ed products, derived
f i0 m the crops raise, by the farmers.
T:,“ , acre iff me. manufactures and j
tommcieb ,t; : ;i:.:; Georgia great
ar.ti strong:, an-i .Avimr L«ri* the money
to l>u;ld;uj> 1 r »ciioois and churches,
th by ill! :t, gicat interests
! ” •• 1 . :.•!!•• Ion. which, with
oamf joined in ; and working
fi -’C-oi: , - i-. will make a.people
powerful am! : -1: in a!! die eieinents
of ti ue - an.-.- ,---.
Corn ..id P-Jicgo Crcps.
1 ; ‘1: If..- r -. wcl: to bis corn
(ill: and do ail in his p-owir to make
bllus; U inm panur ni of ti..,- .. :sr. 'jghis
is net said to cm unr ig, x : • • iuI sen-
1 a : . Stork, v. it ha otlcrr crops,
v!:s.-ih,.-i- cotton, s-r. . .-ar>o or cassaYft.
i ,■ > . . ih. '•jLe.s'utA, ii.cvAuainii
Lis' ni. ; ll a..
10 'in*. 1 in i.L'ut Uii'.l
aitraciive with 111 ’a! beauties, that
make, it rilnhie garden of Eden,
■ 1 .. his c iiior, a affections
will ever cling.
'Yoi!; yen.- eor,. curly, so that r.eitli
t-v 'yj'is nor noxious weeds may r.mr
T«.•.•severe in the good
Z! v«» ™ ****** **
lows of corn plant
you.- peas, and if yon have land
ei om.ii. (levelc some it excidsivcly
le this B-.ii-.-nriihing crop, which is
io -’s wlidt clc ver ’s to ov . bretiiren of
the north In addition to its great
power to i r.iinv the soil in which it
grows, its juicy peas are go ni toed for
man and beast ami its vines, when
properly cured nnd housed, make a
buy which < an hardly be excelled,.
Raise all the corn and forage crops
possible, that our barns may burst
fortli with plenty, that our people
may be able to live at home, that our
beef and u*ii> cattle may render us
the best possible service, and that out
working stock may be strong to laboi
in the cause of n^u
Doing our, best fo Improve diligently
the opportunities which God has given
us,- we i>lar,t and water with the as
smanee that uod will give such in
c«*aee as our real wants demand ami
Ilis blessing will -rest, upon those who,
while they trust Him for results, tail
not to be diligent in business.
O. B.. STEVENS.
Commissioner.
PUBUC ROADS,
Cost of Roc! Highways and Effects oi
Good Ones.
The public highways have a very im
portaut beai'ing on the judgment form,
ed by strangers in,'regard to the thrift
and literpiis-e of any county. One
who is looking about for a good local
tty in which to settle will be apt, all
tilings else being equal, to decide up¬
on a county in which good roads give
him easy access to a market at all
seasons of the year.
Ii. lias been estimated by those who
have given Un* matter careful atten¬
tion. tiiat in n section of country hav¬
ing firsl-dr.SB roads the transportation
of his produce to market will cost the
farmer just about one-fourtli tlie ex
pernio involved in the aatac’traflic over
nUr ordinary Georgia roads.
Professor S. W. McOallfe, assistant
state Geologist, in ids excellent treat
case on “The Roads and Road-Uuilding
Materials of Georgia,’’ says: -It is
a well-known fact that in the winter
and early spring months, the majority
ul our common dirt roads become well
nigh impassable for heavy traffic. Dur¬
ing this season of the year, the teams,
which might tie profitably engaged in
hauling the farm products to mar¬
ket, remain idle, at a considerable ex¬
pense (o their owners In the matter of
attention, feed, etc.
Cost of Bad Roads.
“Profosspr J. A. Holmes, State Ge¬
ologist of North Carolina, iu discussing
tiiis item of expense chargeable to bud
roads, places the loss due to this cause
in at middle and western counties of
that state at $1,000,(iiid per annum, an
amount sufficient to build more than
"•'I miies of first-class macadamized
road.
“Now, if tiic above figures are cor¬
rect, and they are undoubtedly plausl
bl< , it would he no exaggeration Io
say that the farm, is of Georgia annu
ally sustain a loss of more than $2,000,
000 from this cause alone. hi other
words, this large sum of money would
be an annual net gain to the farmers
of the state, it the roads wore so im¬
proved, that teams could be used at all
seasons of the year.
EiTect of G#od Rpuds.
if time and space allowed, we should
be glad to quote more from Prof. Mr
Gallic; but wo will uo this at another
time ami slnsv.' how good roads Ijimiu
;»b tii - wear and tear on vehicles,
hhruess and horses, and how they in
creaso the value of real estate. On
Uu , , l:a(!t .. uU . estimate that good roads
>V iU increase tlie value of lands eon
tlguou.- to then, by 5 :2 n-.a- acre, l'n.f,
McGttllie thinks that thih apparently
tusifiinficaut amount would aggregate
oiot-c than $ni,iiO(»,b00,- a sum equal to
a Lm : . oac-half of Die present, assessed
valuation of all the farming lands of
til , mate.
So,-r.a Good Roads in Georgia..
Whll-c u’-ging our people to iirogi-ess
on this line, we are glad that wc are
not compel;, d ipk-a’ot to go beyond om- own
state tor *: good roads. Sl y
oral hunti, <:d miles ot first-class ma
c.-.ila.n:;, d is have keen built in
severrl« m.vt-.- nutter'the svstem pro
vided by < : lews for the improvement
and* uiaiuL.-i-L noe u£ public Vcachtree hlgiiwavs loads
Ti, - ..it::, !.,,, and
n -:,i ..t:-. i.i Fu!-,„i the’ county best' ideal. -n,
tiimowgluaM-s equal to
Mi.v, than • 7(5 miies oi spk-udid
eatia.-hized r ( ,„.!s in Floyd comity give
to the eiliz;:i..; . . uccce.v to the thi iv
lng city of floaie. I'lie Washington
Pike ;. id the Savannah Valley roads.
<jf Uiciuccud county, make travel and
transportation easy to Augusta. Roads
of 8iii:i!cr»n.ei-lt radiate from Macun
in Bibb i-.unity, from Savannah in
Ghatbara county, and from Brunswick
Bear “th. muivfl.co of Glynn."
GA. DFPX OF AGRICULTURE. .
PLANT FOOD ELEMENTS
mm * m an ‘ l W “ y In
Which It Is Absorbed.
STATE CM £W115T’S L ETTER NO 4
.....
Actual Quantities of Plant Food in
Soilo—XVhat Determines the Crop
Producing Power of the Soil, Etc.
interesting and Instructive Treatise.
Naturally the nitrogen we find in the
plant i y anaiy sts next claims our at¬
tention, As 1 told you iu my last let¬
ter that there are nearly eighty gal¬
lons of nitrogen iu one hundred gal¬
lons of air, you would quite naturally
exciaiui that there would be no need'
lo hotter about providing nitrogen for
the ip-ops, as they ought to be able to
obtain all they want from the enor
incus oceans of it floating ail around
and about them. Yes..one would
stlly suppose so. hut alas, it is not
the plant is helpless to ft cd on tint ni
trogen around it in the air. no mat
ter how tliirtsy it n.nv be for it. It is
like the shipwrecked sailor in the open
boat at sea. though parched and dying
with thirst, yet be can not slake his
thirst, though there be nothing but
water, water, all about him. -
It se mis via though there were a cer
tain malice in Nature in so constitut
ing plants that they cannot take
nitrogen out of the air directly, yet
perhaps It is a good thing they cannot,
because if they could, life would be so
easy that we 'probably would not exert
cursives as much as we should.
trogeu being the most expensive ele
ment of plant food, if it were provided
free of cost like the carbon, hydrogen
and oxygen, wc could grow such enor
mens crops at m-h small cast, that the
cost of living would be so reduced, that
a man would not have the same urgent
■stimulus behind him to work and to
labor that he now has.
The Form in Which Plants Absorb
Nitrogen.
Hut to return to our subject, the
plant requires nitrogen, but It cannot
take it through Its leaves; it has !
take it up through its roots, and in or
del- for the roots, to take it up, the ni
trogeut must be combined with nitrate, i
it must be in the form of nitrate of soda,
or nitrate of lime, or nitrate of ntag
Bc.bia. or nitrate of potash, or some
other form of nitrate before the plant
can utilize it. If we put any organ¬
ic matter containing nitrogen into the
soil, either vegetable or animal, as cot
loir seed meal, nlood, meat, or even
11 I 11 ®" - ,!n,ler <*°bs. they will
be-.in to dot ay and putrlfy in the,soil,
until I -
tho nitrogen which they con
the .
tain in lorm of protein (about
which 1 wrote you so much last year)
is changed into a number of other
forms, being finally converted into a
nitrate offer the decay of the ooriginal
sustance has been fully completed.
As a nitrate it is in a condition
where 11 dissolves easily in' water, and
is then absorbed by the root hairs
and drawn up Into the circulation of
the plant. Now the vast majority of
plants’ have to obtain their nitrogen
in the roundabout nu-.nnei just describ¬
ed, but there arc few favored plants
which are able to obtain their nitrogen
out oi the air through the instrumen¬
tality of certain minute organisms or
microbes in the soil We will have
more to r-ay of this later on. When the
organic matters 1 have described
above,.animal or vegetable, as cotton
seed meal, blood meat, manure or
turned under green crops decay in the
soil, the carbon and hydrogen which
are contained in them are not ab¬
sorbed like the nitrogen through the
roots into the plant, the plant does
not got its supply of carbon and hy¬
drogen in that way. They simply re¬
main in the soil to form what is known
as the inunus of the soil, or the de¬
cayed organic matter of the soil, which
improves Us mechanical., condition,
gives it a dark or black color, and
serves as an excellent retainer of
moisture nnd heat in the soil. Refer
ring now to the analysts of a rich soli,
which 1 . five you iu my last letter, we
find that besu-es the organic suIh |
'-' lr ‘ about which we have just been
11:11 !U '° aIso the inorganic
01 u *lne:a, mu-stances. , such as we
fo,!ml 1,! th: ‘ ashc8 of<he P ,ant we flrst
1 nap. -.cd. ^
The Various Elements Found in the
3oil -
The most abundant substance of all
these mineral or ash elements in the
-oil v.- find to be silica, or as you are
with it, sand. You will re
n-i.-mber there was in this particular
rich soil 71.55 pounds of silica out of
tn».i> Hfll pounds, and yet the wheat
plant grown on this toil only contained
two add three-quarters.pounds of sill
ca 0ut ot uVC,, >' ^ pounds, and even
'• ““ 1101 abeolutoly essential to
[lle lmallh and growth of the plant,
A1U;o ' h wt - <in(I alumina iu the soil,
0 ^ l; ‘* 1 111 plant. Alumnia
;: ! ' : 0 ol the iwaicipal dtements of a
'’ h ' y ' Don, magnesia and sulphur-
1;: u L ia 11 hl u ‘° soil al '° »kewtse
. at5 o{ t idant. Only
Il! “ "°
"- i! of ^ver are
“e".uiK-d liy the plant and they are al
' va - l K l « ooilB - ' S^a is like-
1 "' both soil and plant, but
! :: ,,ot 1 ss; - i,tial Phosphor
' potash aud lime arc found in
in most soils,
liUt 1 itl1 | u _c°«m(cerablo quantity in
,!lu i" !l 11,0 !)lanls ’ an< I eat ‘l | one
°} ltJ :il)SOlU t*4y necessary to
‘ 1,1 ETov.Tli and development of
! ’ laut ’ J ' 01 reason. Dm other
o1 'cc-tally abundant, a
eoil s 1,!lkI to !, -‘ :il “ r,r l )oal ‘ a *'«'rtf
ia S to As . contents uf p-,.lash, phosphor-
Terms; $1.00 Per Aniuini
NO. 16.
. .. ,;fi, lime and nitrogen.
FuU.h ami phosphoric acid are.
li’.aaijv ,,o..talned in sails in small
quantity, varying from about 0110 -tenth
of a pound in a hundred pounds of
the sbii to oiu> pound in one hundred
pounds. Although that amount loolm
small; let u. figure it by the awe.
V.'eirht of the Soil Por Acic.
An avercage soil, when diy, if taken
to the depth of nine inel.es, will
Wei. h three 10 three and one-half uiil
lion pounds to the acre. Therefore a
sj!l oontalnitts one-tenth of one per
(i’Li o t prc:-;j>i:oni* aciu. would really
contain three thousand to thirty-five
hundred pounds of phosphoric acid per
awe, or ns much as could be obtained
1 y the applU-utiou of ten to twelve tuns
of high-grade acid phosphate per acre.
You would al o.ieo then say that a soil
containing oi.u-ieni.lt per cent of pot¬
ash or phosphoric acid ought to be a
rich : -ii aud should, not require any
fcrtiliztpe, but there you would be
wiong, because it matters not so much
what ia the total amount of potash
01 ' Phosphoric acid iu an acre of soil
a s -it doss to know in what condition
that phosphoric acid or potash exists,
Availability of the Plant-Food in the
Soil.'
Tho question arises, is it soluble,
is it available!? It is in such condition
that the soil water can take it up and
convey it to tile roots and root hairs
of the plant, ready for absorption by
then; into tho plant-circulation? That
is why*we find it necessary to put
acid phosphate and kainit and other
fertilizers on lands which are being
constantly cropped; it is because the
constant cropping has exhausted or
drawn out of the soil the soluble phos
phoric acid and potash, available to
the plant, and we must either put on
a fertilizer containing them in a solu
ble form, or we must let the soil rest
a while, that is “lie fallow,” in order
that a fresh supply of plant food may
be made available by the slow action
of tlie soil water, the action of ear
borne acid, aud the other organic acids
resulting from tho decay of vegetable
aud animal matters In ‘the soil. If
5,0,1 cannot afford to either put on fer
or to let your land "lie fallow,"
then your next resource is to rotate
. v011i ' crop: that is, to plant on the soil
whit h has begun to fail you some
other crop of a different nature, which
:T!a >' llot require so much of a certain
element of plant food as the previous
crop did. For instance, follow cotton
with peas or clove;-,
vVhfit Determines the Crop-Prodjoing
Power of the Soil.
iu considering the capacity of a soil
to produce crops we must remem
U er one thing, and that is that the es
staiiiul element which exists in the
smallest amount settles the qustion of
tk crop-producing powr of a soil. That
is to say. if a soil is vry rich in avail¬
able phosphoric acid, nitrogen, lime,
magnesia, aud the other essential ash
elements, and yet be poor in available
potash, that soil ednuot produce heavy
crops without the application of an
available potash fertilizer. If that soil
lias only available potash enough in
it to produce ten bushels of corn per
acre, or two hundred pounds of seed
cotton per acre, then all you are going
to get out of that soil is ten bushels
of corn, or two - hundred pounds of
seed cotton, no matter whether there
was available phosphoric acid and ni
trogen and lime, etc., in tho soil
enough to produce forty bushels of
torn or fifteen hundred pounds of seed
colti n. This brings us to the question
of soil analysis, which we will treat in
our next letter.
JOHN M. McCANDLESS.
Beef and Dairy Cattle.
For many years the Georgians have
given much attention to the improve¬
ment of the stock of dairy cattle, and
all over the northern and middle sec¬
tions and iu some of the southern
counties are many first-das dairy
farms stocked with cuttle of the best
known milk breeds.
It Hus oeen tne effort of tile depart¬
ment of agriculture to encourage this
goon work in every way, and at the
same time to present to our farmers
every incentive to the improvement
ot our oeef cattle, aud the newspa¬
pers and agricultural journals of the
state have nobly backed up all these
elt'oi ts.
Our most enterprising farmers uo
longer have their coin cribs and smoke
houses in the west, as was the case for
several years after the great civil war.
It is time now that we were having our
great packing houses in our own cities,
supplied with the beat of beef from
Our own stock yards, There i^fal
ready iu the suburbs of Atlanta tlie
packing house of T. R. Sawtell; an¬
other in Brooks county and others in
other sections of the state. The great
scarcity of beef from the cattle stat-.-s
of the Union aud the consequent high
prices ought to wake up our people to
the grand opportunity of cheapening
this important article of diet and keep¬
ing in our own state the money that
now goes beyond our borders.
Not only clover, alfalfa (or lucerne)
and other grasses of the northern, mid
die and western sections of the Union
flourish iu many parts of Georgia, but
our own native grasses and our soil
enriching peavlnes in every section of
the state give abundance of the best
hay and supply the finest pasturage for
stock. .
The prosperity of our state will be
greatly increased by the establishment
of great stoci. larms, not only by tho
ccusequoiit • -heapeuing of our moat
supplies, but also by Ike wonderful en¬
riching of the soil, wherever herds of
cattle ure kqpt.
GA. DEPT, OF AGRICULTURE.