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DR. LIBERTY H. BAILEY
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Director of the New York College of Agriculture at Cornell and Chairman
of the Commission on Country Life.
’
—From The World’s Work.
STREAMS AND ROAD v=s
- EMBANKMENTS
Embankments where roads traverse
streams or lakes are subject to many
destructive agents, and will net last
long unless they are carefully and in
telligently constructed.
Along rivers, and especially at
bends, the current is continually car
rying away loose soil, and is as con
tinuously loosening more to carry
along. In the spring, the ice, break
ing up, tears and cuts the banks as
it passes along down the stream.
This action takes place high up on
the river bank at the spring high
water mark. Bodies of moving ice
in the lakes crowd the shores with
great pressure, cutting the coast bad
ly where the water is deep close up to
the shore line. When a heavy sheet
of ice is once set in motion by the
wind or current, it has stored up in
it enormous power. The writer has
seen ice fields come in against a
shore where the water was deep right
up to land, and pile up from thirty
to forty feet in height.
Above the high-water mark of the
stream, or along lakes, above the line
of wave action, the banks are cut by
the surface action. But this should
amount to very little if the surface
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57 \ bank and streanr.
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B b s e S T TNS
water of the surrounding country is
kept off the road. Water should not
be allowed to stand in ditches by the
side of the road, as it will finally seep
under the road and get to the river,
thus softening the foundation and
causing washouts. Cast iron or con
crete culverts should be used, of suf
ficlient size to carry off the water
quickly.
The slope of the bank depends
upon the material. When heaped up,
the side of a pile of earth forms a
natural slope called the “angle of re- |
pose.” The approximate angle Jf re-|
pose for different materials is given
below, the ratio of slope being the
proportion of the horizontal to the
vertical:
Material. Angle Repose. Ratio Slope.
Dry sand...3odeg. I.43feettolfoot
Pamp.clay. . 46" “ 1:00 4 «“1
L OIRY .. 1B % 373 & wlB
Clay-gravel.. 46 “ 100 * “1 « |
SITRERD .. .88 % 1.88 v wayie
Fivy loamy.B6 * . 1,38 % 41w
Nogotania , .96 “' 1,43 % %1 e
In practice, the earth is put in at a
trifle flatter slope than given above.
Below the water-line,the slope should
be still flatter, running as flat as
three and one-half to one, or even
four to one. Earth under water has
a much smaller angle of repose than
the same earth above water, as shown
in the table, in regard to wet and
damp clay.
From the high-water line on the
river bank, or the wave line on the
lake shore, down to the bottom of the
slope, the bank is commonly protect
€d by a layer of riprap or flat stones.
If large stones are available, they
are often placed loosely along the
bottom of the bank to afford some
foundation for the riprap and to
/preak the force of the current. Some
times large stones are put in gt the
water-line to catch the impact of the
waves and ice. Where they are so
placed, it might be well to have very
litle slope at the water-line, as shown
in Fig. 1 of the accompanying sketch.
Riprap may be put in in different
~ways. Three possible methods are
ghown in Rig. 2 of the sKetch. The
practical and really the only good
‘method of putting in the stone is to
place them with the long way of the
stone at right angles to the slope of
the bank, as shown by No. 1 of Fig.
2. In this way the weight of each
stone presses firmly against the bank,
with the flat sides of the stones fitting
solidly against each other. In No. 2
the weight of each stone rests on the
one below it, for the stones are laid
horizontally. Here there is more of a
chance for the flat stones to slide out
of place, while in No. 1 it would be
difficult to pull out a stone after it
was firmly imbedded in the slope with
the others. Never put stone in as
shown in No. 3, where the stones
slant slightly toward the bed of the
stream. It is apparent that the very
weight of the stones would tend to
force the lower ones out of position.
In many localities, willows are
planted thickly along the water-line
of banks. They grow rapidly and
their roots interlace and form a solid,
strong mass, capable of holding the
stream in its place. A row of such
trees would greatly improve the beau
ty of the road. Willows are used
quite extensively along the banks of
the Mississippi, and are considered
the best means yet used for keeping
that great stream in due bounds. It
s a general practice to sod the banks
above the water-line.—L. J. Smith,
Agricultural College, Michigan.
French Investments Heavy,
From 1880 to 1906 the officially
assessed holding of foreign securities
by Frenchmen more than doubled. At
the latter date M. Neymarck congid
ers that stocks and bonds and na
tional funds to the amount of 100,-
000,000,000 franecs were -held in
France, and of these 35,000,000,000
francs ($7,000,000,000) are debts of
foreigners to Frenchmen. Even this
does not include the securities—cer
tainly several milliards—which the
French bourgeois have been hiding
of late years in foreign banks to es
cape threatened socialist taxes* at
home.—Atlantic Monthly,
Wild and Cultivated Succory.
" Wild succory is spontaneous
throughout Europe, even in Sweden,
in Asia Minor, Persia, the Caucasus,
Afghanistan and Siberia. Cultivated
succory is probably a form of endive,
which is thought to have had its
origin in India,
M iiekeu i e etbesisiasilt
Knew Its Business.
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= [ | SERY
: S e
- B &
i Howsoe—'‘The village choir sang
‘& very appropriate hymn at the milk
‘man's funeral.”
‘ Comso—‘“What was it?”
Howsoe—‘‘Shall We Gather at the
River?”—From Ally Sloper.
What is believed to be the oldest
European painting in existence l‘mS
been found in Crete by the Indian
archaelogical mission. It is on a
sarcophagus, and is supposed to have
been made 2500 B. C.
“SOLITARY Ag s A GOD.”
. Life Led by the‘Emperpr of China=~
- <« Facts Regarding Kwang~ -
" Su-=Feeble in Mind and Body.
The Chinese say of their Emperor:
“He is as solitary as a god.”
Kwang-Su has been particularly so.
He was put on the throne by two wo
men, and was ruled most of his life
by them. Up to 1901 he wielded the
formidable vermilion pencil; but al
ways the blue pencil of the Dowager
Empress was the more formidable
weapon. Had the young Emperur
possessed the requisite will power, he
might have exercised an arbitrary
power to a remarkable degree. As it
was, he meant little to the world at
large; and the obscurity in whieh
his character has always been clothed
was intensified by ther mass of cere
monious traditions and rules of court
etiquette which make the Chinese
Emperor little more than a caged au
tomatom.
In Hans Andersen's story of “The‘i
Nightingale,” Death captures the
crown and septre of the Emperor and |
sits on his chest, in the solitary sick |
room, while the deserting courtiers
and attendants, in another part of the
palace, are already discussing the sue
cession, There will be no consider="
able emotion over Kwang-Su’s death.
However, it will not be allowed to
appear so. When Li Hung Chang,
China’s greatest man of modern days,
died a few years ago, the funeral cer
emonies were of an elaborateness
which taxed belief. Kwang-Su’'s will
be more so. His wedding in 1889
cost $5,000,000. Now that he is dead,
the Pekin Gazette will be full of eulo
gies; the governors and generals and
iesser officers will flock in from the
provinces by thousands to do homage,
and there will be ceremonies and pro
cessions extending over a period of
Bix months, perhaps. |
The last Chinese Emperor died on
January 12, 1875. He left no direct
heir, and the two Empresses quickly
held a family council and appointed
Tsai-Tien Emperor, with the title of
Kwang-Su' (‘“‘the, Illustrious Success
or’). “The Illustrious Successor’”
was just three years old at that time,
and greatly resented being brought
in and put through the ceremonies
necessary to his proclamation. On
the following day, however, he issued
a long and high sounding decree in
the Pekin Gazette, of which cne par
agraph was as follows:
“ For the observance of the rite of
mourning, wehavereverently received
a charge, by the testimony of his Maj
esty, now departed, that in obedience
to preyious usage the mourning garb.
be laid aside at the end of seven and
twenty days. To do this, our feelings,
in very truth, will not consent. "‘WQ“‘
shall observe, with reverence, in strict
adherence to the rule of ancient times
three years of mourning.”
This was the tone of a great quan- ‘
tity of decrees that were issued at
the time. Two physicians, who had}
been previously honored beeause they
seemed to be benefitting the Emperor,
were degraded and stripped of their‘
buttons and peacock feathers when
the Emperor died. The body was
placed in a hall of the palace espe
cially reserved for the recyal dead,
the Kwan Teh Tien, or Behold-Virtue
Hall. Some six months later, it was
interred in ae special mausoleum
with elaborate ceremonies. ‘
Kwang-Su was born on August 2,
1872, and was a nephew of Hien
Fung, the Emperor, whcm he suc
ceeded. He was the ninth ruler of
the Manchu dynasty of Tsing, which
overthrew the native dynasty of Ming
in 1644. His father, Prince Chun,
a brother of Hien Fung, had made
himself conspicuous in the Tien-tsin
massacre as the leader of the anti
foreign party. But instead of acquirs
ing some 4igh official post, after his
son’s elevairion, Chun was compelled
to retire altogether, as it was impos
sible, under the Chinese ideas regard
ing parents, for a father to kotow
to his son. Chun’s announcement,
which was probably written by the
Dowager Empress, was a gem. After
expatiating on the devoted loyalty‘
which inspired him toward his‘late
Majesty, he went on to state that
* ¥ * On gazing on the Imperial
features after decease, his vitals were
rent with the agony of grief and his
strength fled him utterly. He never
theless strove to bear up for the more
effectual discharge of his duty, when
he was suddenly overwhelmed by the
news that their Majesties, by their
benign mandate, had chosen his son
to be successor to the throne, Stupe
fied by this intelligence, he became
entirely helpless, and when carried
to his home he remained trembling
and agitated as though bereft of rea
son or as one in a dream. The com
plaints under which he has hereto
fore labored have been revived in
consequence, and he is compelled to
throw himself on the merciful con
sideration of their Majesties, the Em
presses, whom he entreats to grant
him the indulgence which can alone
permit him to prolong his days, and
allow him, wasted and useless in his
rank though he be, to continue in ex
istence on the face of the earth,
At fourteen, Kwang-Su had reached
lils majority and nominally assumed
the government in March, 1887, One
of the Empresses had died, but the
other kept her hand on the reins.
In 1898, when Kwang-Su showed a
tendency to encourage the reform
movement unduly, the Empress prac
tically deposed him by a coup d’etat,
She has been the “man” of China
ever since. She was never really
E.‘upress. nor even Imperial consort,
having merely been the concubine of
' Hien Fung. She took the title of
Empress because she was the mother
‘of Hien Fung's heir.
- An Englishman, who was once
present at an Imperial audience; thus
- described the Emperor:
1 “‘His air is one of exceeding intelli
-Igence and gentleness, somewhat
,trighteged and melancholy looking.
| His face is pale, and, though it is dis
‘tifnguished by refinement and quiet
-dignity, it has none of the force of
i'his martial ancestors, nothing com
’manding or Imperial. * * & Hg
Is essentially Manchu in features, his
face oval shaped, with a very long,
lnarrow chin and a sensitive mouth.
}wlth thin, nervous lips; his nose is
well shaped and straight; his eye
brows regular and very arched, while
the eyves are unusually large and sor
rowtul in expression. The forehead
is well shaped and broad, and the
head is large beyond the average.”
/ In no other country than China is
there such a host of traditions and
customs governing the etiquette of
court life. The greatest pains are
to surround the sovereign with
special privileges and honors, in sem
,blance at least, and to emphasize the
gulf which exists between him and
his people. Some of these customs
are very curious. One is the setting
part of the color yellow as an Im
perial emblem, forbidding its use ex-
cept by members of the Imperial fam
ly. The yellow girdle is worn only
%Y those who are descended from an
Emperor. There is one exception,
however, to this exclusively Imperial
use of the color—that is, the Order
of the Yellow Jacket, which may be
gonferred by the Emperor for distin
guished services. This, with the three
ged peacock feather, is the highest
egoration of the empire. Li Hung
Chang’s deprivation of these insignia
as a mark of disfavor brought them
into the notice of the world long ago.
The ‘kotow’” is the form of wor
ship which must be rendered to the
sovereign, and an Imperial edict is
always received with nine prostra
tions and the burning of incense. All
subjects who approach the presence
must do so grovelling and knocking
their foreheads against the ground.
This humility ‘before the Son of
Heaven,” as the Emperor is called,
is even carried so far that one official
must “kotow” to another who has re
cently quitted the Imperial presence.
The Emperor is forced to rise far
arlier than the most hard worked
'gqu ‘ever does, for Chinese eti
guette requires that most of the state
uSiness shall Be transacted between
the hours of 2 and 6 in the morn
ing. The daily duties of the monarch’
are complicated and almost over
whelming in amount, as may be real
ized frcm the single facé that all sen
tences, even of the most insignifieant
criminals, must be submitted to the
approval of the Emperor on his drag
on throne, :
The question of the suceession to
the throne, a most important matter,
as it closely concerns the perpetua
tion of the present dynasty, has agi
tated the Imperial family since the
autumn of 1907, when it was per
ceived that the health of the Em
peror was seriously undermined. In
January of 1900 the Dowager Em
press adopted Pu Chun, son of Prince
Tuan, the Boxer chieftain, he®r appar
ent, but she disinherited hiri in No
vember of 1901 at the behest of the
allied Powers. Since then the matter
of an heir apparent has been in abey
ance, ‘
Both the Dowager Empress and the
Emperor are Mancius and under the
ban of Chinese patricts and an ih
creasing anti-Manchu party which has
sought the suppression of the dynasty
and the restoration of a native Chi
nese Emperor to the throne. It has
been freely predicted that the death
of the Emperor would be followed by
an attempted coup d’etat to this end,
but the Imperial edict mentioned in
the dispatch from Pekin appears to
Jhave forestalled any immediate ac
} tion of this kind.—New York Evening
Post,
; Unique Solar Atlas.
The preparaticn of a solar atlas by
private enterprise is a unique under
taking which is being completed by
J. Franklin Adams, an English as
tronomer, The gentleman expects to
complete higs task in a few months,
Incidentally it will conclude the in
dexing of 23,000,000 stars. Mr,
Adams’ method has been to divide
the firmanent into 212 squares, which
have been photographed on specially
prepared plates fifteen inches square,
The southern constellations he pho
tographed in Southern Africa, the
#st have been taken at his observa
tory near Godalming, The observa
tory is considered one of the best
equipped in private ownership, The
total of 23,000,000 stars is explained
to be an estimate, although compara
tive accuracy can be obtained by an
ingenious microdcopical device which
has been invented by Mr, Adams for
the purpose,
ot S e ot .—— - J
Big Advertising Receipts,
There are, perhaps, 2500 daily
newspapers in the United States, and
the average advertising receipts are
$60,000 annually, Several metropol
itan dailies have advertising receir.tu
in excess of $2,000,000 annually,
while their subgcription income is,
perhaps, less than twenty-five per
cent. of this sym. i
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5 A Woman's Era.
“If T were a man!’is surely a very
unnecessary cry these days. The
epoch of the man is past; the twen
tieth eentury is the era of the woman.
There is, with a few very slight ex
ceptions, nothing shat a woman, as a
woman, camnot do, and do every bit
as well as if she wore a man.—Eßaron
ess Orozy, in P. T. O,
Night School Teachers.
Dr. Elizabeth Athman, of Gott
heimer, is the first. woman to be elect
ed teacher in a night school in the
German Empire. She eéntered upon
her duties in Frankfort., Fraulein
Athman is well known in Gérmany
on account of her original investiga
tions upon sociological subjects. She
has written and lectured extensively
upon the condition of the working
women, especially those employed in
the factories and shops of Germany.
As she has lived among the women
about whom she lectures and writes
and knows thoroughly their condi
tion, she is looked upon as the lead
ing authority on the subject and es
pecially well fitted to act as their
teacher in night school.—New York
Sun.
el e
Corsets Good For Women, =~
Dr. L. E. Landrone, whose plan to
improve the human race by applying
Luther Burbank’s plant theories to
the training of children has attracted
much attenticn, now commends the
modern corset. In an address before
the members of the Women's Literary
Club he declared that the stays were
good for the reason that the torso
muscles have been weakened for cen
turies through the generous support
of the corset until now the average
female form could not stand without
its help. $ >
The speaker said that the body was
composed of chemical fluids at the
mercy of the emotions. Anger, ha
tred and sorrow poisons the fluids of
the body, while love, cheerfulness and
happiness serve as eliminators of the
motive fatigue poisons. fori
To the Suffragettes, = “
Somé of the Suffragettes are love
ly—Mrs. Clarence Mackay, the Duch
ess of Manchester, Mrs. Keppler, for
instance. In former times women
OurCut-outßecipe
Paste in Your Scrap-Book.
i e et oi b e bet e o
Frosted Lemon.—Be sure to put this ple together just az
directed and you will find it delicious: One smooth, juicy
lemon, grate rind and eut up the pulp, put it into a cheesecloth
and squeeze out all the juice. Now put a cup of sugar and
piece of butter size of an egg Into a bowl; put one teacup of
weder into a granite saucepan; stir a ?iblespoon of cornstarch
up in a little cold water and add to th » water in the same pan;
stir it smooth, add butter and sugar, then the lemon juice and
rind. Let this eool a little, then stir in the beaten yolks of
two eggs. Pour this into.tl‘le open crust and bake. Beat the
egg whites until stiff, add one or two tablespoons of powdered
gugar, heap over the pie and set into a very cool oven. This
makes a nice pie, but it is very rich.
who demanded the suffrage were de
picted as hard visaged. They were
described as unsexed, and resembled
dear Maggie Cline imnthe act of throw
ing McClosky down. Just forty years
ago Mrs. Dolly Chandler and 194 oth
er women gent a remonstrance to the
Massachusetts Legislature against
woman suffrage, believing that ‘it
would diminigh the purity, the dignity
and the moral influence of women,
and bring into the family circle a dan
gerous element of discord, without
securing the additional strength, effi
ciency or wisdom to the Government
or the Nation.” lln conclusion: “We
ask to be let alone in the condition al
lotted to us by nature, by custom and
by religion.”—~New York Press.
Professional Shoppers Helpful.
Who are the professional shoppers.
who are they that so excel the aver
age woman in her favorite pastime?
Until lately there were in New York
City alome 5000 of these gifted buy
ers, but suddenly a relentless edict
was passed, and the number was re
duced at ome fell erash to a mere 500,
And the surviving 6500 are doing busi
ness to this day, toiling at it steadily
from morn till dewy eve; comparing,
pricing, choosing, buying and for
warding to their customers the goods
that they demand. The surplus 4500
were eliminated because they were
not regular. That is to say, they fol
lowed the fascimating buginess of
shopping only as an avocation, used
it as a side-line to increase their in
comes by buying things for casual
customers in their off hours,
The first professional shopper in
New York is a woman who began in
1884, and is still at the head of an
increaging businesg that has far out
grown her most ambitious dreams.
There are many amateurs or semi
amateurs in the fleld, but the pur
chasing agent mentioned is one of the
best known and of longest experience,
She was at the head of the dressmak
ing department when failing health
forced her to give up that employ
ment. As she had many regular cus
tomers in distant cities she offered to
buy things for them. Knowing their
tastes as she did she had little diffi
culty in selecting the very articles
they liked best. Soon ghe had to hire
an assistant-—-two-—three—soon there
were six. Algo she built up a dress
making establishment that employed
a score of experts in the art and mys
tery of fashionable feminine ecog
tumes.—Harper's Weekly,
Miss Curtis’ Views.
Miss Eleanor Curtis (“Marguerite
Blanc”), in her clever little sketch of
“The Graceful Art,” declares for the
theory that the foundation of the
modern ballet is Greek art. The first
masters of modern dancing argued
that what is satisfyingly beautiful #n
marble must be doubly so in flesh and
blood and set to music: so they stud
fed old vases and statues, choosing
one pose from a statue, linking it to
the next with gestures and steps from
a frieze; another pose, mowre frieze;
the idea is that of o goldsmith mak
ing a chain of alternate links and a
gem. Dainty as lacework of filagree,
these entre chats (crossing the feet
in the air on a leap), or the flight
known as “jstay” (turns and atti
tude). This was the origin of the
sort of classic dancing that has van
ished with Genee for a period. “At
the end of the phrase the dancer
alights in a pose from a classic draw
ing which must be meant to strike the.
mind of her audience as the gem in
the chain does the eye.” Some of
these mesdemoiseles of the ballet
have been cultivated and brainy,
enough to have written magazine ar
tieles on the art and history of the
ballet and some have made text books
for beginners of their profession.
Fanny Ellsler's journal shows that
she has had a very cool, keén head
and a perfectly balanced judgment
of character which she exercised
without mercy on the great person=
ages of Boston who crowded about
her. Speaking of Taglioni whom
Justin MecCarthy pronounced the
“greatest of dancers,” Mrs. Julia
Ward Howe, who is certainly a judge
on that point, testifies to the intellec
tuality of her art. Mrs. Howe long
ago suggested that the “best stage
dancing gives us the classic in a
fluent form with the illumination of
life and personality.” “I eannot re=
call in the dances which I saw in the
Taglioni season anything which ap
peared to us sensual or even sen
suous, rather the very ecstasy and
embodiment of grace.” This is what
she says she sald to Theodore Parker,
and it is as good as that tkreadbare
story of what Margaret Fuller said
to Emerson and what Emerson re
plied and a good deal more authentic.
Lole Fuller has just published her
“Memoirs” in Parls, and Anatole
France has written a preface for
them as exquisitely as if written for
the works of Racine.—Boston Trane
script. d
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Sl C 2 NEWEST
"L > i FA%HIONS\
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Brown is smart, but only in the
lighter-and more unusual shades.
Coats revers are very long, often
extending almost to the waist line.
Though several sorts of overskirts
figure, skirts proper are untrimmed,
The ruche will probably be a most
conspicuous accessory during this sea
son,
The American beauty walstcont;
adds a smart touch to a black coat
suit,
One fad is the employment of black
chiffon with colored cloth and silk
gowns, ’
g Dog collars come in links of solid;
Jet or In links studded with cut jet
beads,
The rage for tassels g unabated,
and they are to be found in gold, sil
ver and silk.
The most fashionable ruching is of,
white crepe, doubled and standing out
about an inch,
One-button gloves are much in fa
vor for evening wear under these long
lace and net gleeves,
Little belts not more than an inch
wide, studded with jet or jewels, vie
with the Empire girdles,
A bit of bright color is obligatory,
on the hat of taupe or other dull
color, and sometimes it is more than
a bit,
Parrot effects in brilliant colorings
are immensely popular, as well as owl
heads in conjunction with other nove
elties,
The new evening hoods of French
design are being copied and modified,
resulting in some picturesque as wesl
‘ as useful headgear,
. The sleeves are go tight at the
wrist that a woman does not wish a
glove any longer than a two-button
length, for it covers the arm and
spoils the fit, s
| Pretty and Artistie,
| An Atchison man thought and
thought what colors would be pretty
and artistic to use in painting his
house, and then used bright vellow,
and bright green.—Atchison Globe,