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.
HE ecredit for discovering the
metallic element vanadium, al
most, but not quite, belongs
to Andres Manuel Del Rio,
professor of mineralogy in the
Roval School of Mines of the
City of Mexico. The honor
would be wholly his had he
not himself repudiated his own
discovery.
Del Rio was born in Madrid, November 10, 1764,
and graduated from the University of Alcala de
Henares in 1780. On account of his extraordinary
aptitude in the natural sciences, and particularly
in chemistry, he was pensioned and sent by the
government to study in Germany, France, and Eng
land. He spent about twelve years in those coun
tries, prineipally in the study of mineralogy and
mining, and was assoclated with the leading scien
tists, among others Lavoisier. After his return to
Spain he was named, in 1794, by royal order as
one of the group of professors to establish the
Royal School ‘of Mines in Mexico City. The royal
order named Del Rio as professor of chemistry,
but on his request this was changed to mineralogy.
The school was opened in April, 1795, In 1820 Del
Rio was sent as deputy to the Spanish Cortes,
where he championed the cause of Mexican inde
pendence. He returned to Mexico in 1824, but in
1829 on the expulsion of the Spaniards he went to
the United States. He afterwards returned, and
died in the City of Mexico on May 23, 1849, The
district of Andres Del Rio, in the state of Chihua
hua, where the city of Batopilas and the mines of
the same name are located, is called after the dis
tinguished scientist.
~ In 1801 Prof. Del Rio in examining some brown
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‘The discovery was a genuine one, and had the
matter rested there the name that Del Rio gave
the new element would have been its name now,
and he would have been the undisputed discoverer
thereof. But unfortunately the Mexican professor
was a little too much under the glamour of the
French school, and so when Collet Descostils pub
-lished an article in which he stated that Del Rio’s
erithronfum was nothing more than impure chro
mium Del Rio accepted the French professor's
judgment and in the Anales de (lencias Naturales
of Madrid in 1804 disavowed his former claim of
discovery and stated that the substance was a
lead chromate. Del Rio had been right and the
¥rench school wrong, for the element does not
even belong in the chromium group. So the mat
ter rested until in 1830 the Swedish scientist, N,
G. Sefstroem, rediscovered the element among
the slags of the Taberg iron ores and named it
vanadium, which name it still bears. It is some
times stated that the name chosen by Sefstroem
was in honor of the Scandinavian goddess Vana
dis. This is not strictly correct. In the Norse
mythology the gods were divided into two
stocks, Aesir and Vanir, or Asa and Vana. Njoerd,
Frey and Freyja were of the stock Vanir, hence
Vanadis,. The word may be taken as the sur
name of a number of gods and goddesses, al
though perhaps most often used in connection
with Freyja, the Norse Venus
Neither Del Rio nor Sefstroem, nor later Ber
zolius, obtained the pure element, although Ber
zelius published what he thought to be its atomic
weight, 137 and the formlae for its oxldes. The
English chemist, Sir Henry E. Roscoe, in 186§
demonstrated that Berzelius was incorrect; that
he and other prior investigators had dealt with
nitrides or oxides of the element; and that in
stead of belonging to the chromium group of
olements vanadium should be placed in the group
with arsenic and phosphorus.
Vanadium {s a silver-white metal and readily
oxidized. It has an atomic weight of 512, is
nonmagnetic, has a very high electrical resis.
tivity, and melts at about 1,680 degrees C. It
{8 one of the most dificultly reduced and hardest
of the metalllic elements. Fortunately for its use
fn the ants, it {8 not necessary to reduce the
metal to fts pure state. Such a reduction would
be too costly. It can be reduced, however, quite
easily as an alloy, particularly as an alloy of
fron, ferrovanadium, containing approximately
one part of vanadium and two parts of {ron.
Again, fortunately, this alloy has a melting point
1,300 degree (. to 1,340 degrees C., sufliciently low
to further alloy with molten steel, which would
be dificult in the pure vanadium having a melt
fug point over 300 degrees C, higher,
Vanadium is one of the most widely dissem!
nated of all the elpments, although commercially
available deposits are comparatively rare. It
is found in most of the rocks, in clays and shales,
and In the ashes «f plants. In addition to Mex.
feo, where It was Arst discovered, vanadium has
been found in Colorado, Utah, Oklahoma, Ne
vada, New Mexico, and other parts of the United
States; in Peru, Sweden, Australia, Spain, Eng
land, Turkestan, Chill and Argentina.
The chief ores from which vanadium is or
may be derived are patronite, carnotite, roscoe
lite, vanadinte and asphaltite. Coal is a source
of vanadium. Ask from the Rockvale Colorado
coal gave 27 per cent vanadium oxide. Coal
from the Mendoza district in Argentina contalns
about five pounds of vanadic acld per ton. It i
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PACKING' QRE FOR IRANIPORI 70 THE
RALLWAY ™
~ The principal and almost the only commercial
source of supply of vanadium at present is from
Peru.
There are numbers of asphaltite deposits in
Peru, among the best known of which are those
of Yaull. When burned, the ash from these de
posits yields 24 to 40 per cent vanadium oxide.
Other mines are located at Matucan and Casapal
ca, on the Central railroad of Peru near Callao,
at Huari, and at Huancayo, but the greatest of
all deposits, as now known and worked, are at
Minas Ragra.
The Ragra mines are about fifty miles from
the celebrated Cerro de Pasco copper mines and
are in the same mining district. Minas Ragra
had been frequently denounced and again aban
doned as coal mines. The fuel was of so poor
a quality as to be hardly worth the mining.
Some years ago on the abandonment by C. Weiss
& Co. of Lima, Senor Eulogio E. Fernandini, who
was engaged in mining at Cerro de Pasco and
who owned the Quisque hacienda, about six
miles from Minas Ragra, denounced the mines
anew. Senor Fernandini had a new process for
making coke in which he proposed to use the
output of Minas Ragra. Senor Antenor Rizo
Patron was the technical director of the Fernan
dini works, and on his attention being directed
to a mass of black mineral which accompanied
the coal he became interested and made a chem
lcal analysis. He thereby discovered that it
contained vanadium in a greater proportion than
any of the theretofore known ores of this metal.
The material looks like a slaty coal, is very hard,
with 30 per cent or more free sulphur, 14 per
cent silica, 4 per cent iron sulphide, and about
1% per cent each nickel and molybdenum sul
phides, and about 40 per cent vanadium sulphide.
After burning out the free sulphur the ore con
tains about 52 per cent vanadium oxide.
The distinguished Peruvian sclientist, Senor
Jose J. Bravo, made a very thorough examination
of the locality and published the results in a
bulletin of the Society of Engineers. The sul
phide of vanadium, not having been theretofore
known as a natural product, was named rizo
patronite by Senor Bravo in honor of the original
discoverer of the mineral. This name it still
bears, although ordinarily shortened to patronite.
Rizo-patronite, according to Senor Bravo, appears
in the form of a compact mass, dark in color
and some two meters thick (about 6 feet 6
inches), and in his opinion is disseminated over
a large extent of country around Minas Ragra.
The earth surrounding the rizo-patronite veins
is highly impregnated with vanadium solutions,
and in small catch basins this impregnated carth
is being extensively worked,
Until the recent development of vanadium In
the steel Industry its commercial use was more
or less confined to Ink making and coloring
fabrics and leather. The ink is made of a mix
ture of neutral solution of ammonium vanadate,
gum water, and a solution of gallle acid. This
ink 18 not destroyed by acids or alkalines, nor
can it be bleached out with chloride. The ink,
however, I 8 not very permanent. It dyeing fab
rics vanadium chlorides combined with analine
hydrochloride form a brilliant and permanent
black. In coloring leather a 1 per cent solution
of neutral ammonium vanadate is used with
leather which has been tanned with nutgall.
The first recorded use of vanadium in steel
Wwas in 1806, In France, in the production of ar.
mor plates. Tests of theses showed that they
were much tougher and more highly resistant
CHARLTON COUNTY HERALD, FOLESTON, GEORGIA.
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than like plates made without the use of vana
dium. No immediate results, however, followed
the French tests, owing perhaps to the fact that
at this time no adequate supply of vanadium was
in sight. About four years later Prof. J. O.
Arnold of Sheffield in an address before the Brit
ish Iron and Steel institute declared that vana
dium was the master weapon of the steel metal
lurgist. At this time price of vanadium alloy
was very high and the supply uncertain. The
greatest advances, however, made in the use of
vanadium in the steel industry have followed the
experiments and practical applications of J. Kent
Smith of Liverpool. Mr. Smith's work has been
principally in the production of the various
. grades of vanadium alloys, and he has supervised
personally the initial use of vanadium in most
of the leading steel mills of England and the
continent and some in the United States.
About 1905 the supply of vanadium began to
increase to a large degree, due to the purchase
of the Minas Ragra deposits in Peru by the
American Vanadium company, also to the devel
opment of mines in other parts of Peru, Spain
and elsewhere. From having been a rare metal,
owing to the large output, it became available in
uantities claimed to be unlimited, as a steel
~making element. The claims made by its users
iron greater strength and endurance, and that
copper and aluminum are remarkably improved
for certain purposes by its addition. It is used
in steel for engine axles and frames, in trans
mission shafts and gears, in wire springs, in
piston rods, hydraulic cylinders, tires, tools, boiler
plates, bolts, gun shields, projectiles, armor
plates, gun barrels, watch springs, and in cast
ings and forgings generally.
The claim is made that in steel making it
unites with the nitrides and oxides, and carries
them into the slag. The quantity of vanadium
that will remain in the slag is in proportion to
the amount of scavenging thus done by it. In
well-deoxidized steel it is said that the scaveng
ing will consume about one-fifth of the vana
dium.
The alloy, ferrovanadium, is introduced into
the steel by a very simple process. In the cruci
ble process the alloys are broken into small bits
and put into the charge with the second addition
of the manganese. In the acid open-hearth proc
ess the alloy in larger pieces is dropped into the
bath when the flame has been blanketed. In the
basic open-hearth practice the alloy, broken small,
is run through a spout that empties into the ladle
in which the molten steel is being poured. A
similar method is followed in the Bessemer and
Tropenas practice and also in the cupola process
for cast iron. In the latter, the alloy is crushed
quite fine.
It is claimed that vanadium increases largely
the resistance of metals to vibratory disintegra
tion, that the steel is stronger and tougher and
tempers more uniformly and to a greater depth
than steel without vanadium. One of the prin
cipal advantages in the use of vanadium steel in
the future will no doubt be that it will enable the
steel man to reduce weight in such constructions
as locomotives, cars, machinery, etc., through the
use of a smaller amount of the stronger and
tougher steel. The question of weight has be
come serious not only in locomotives but in other
forms of machinery. Another great economy
claimed for vanadium steel is its greater dura
bility. If this can be established, it would of
itself more than justify its more extensive use,
PAW’'S EXPERIENCE,
Little Lemuel--Say, paw, does every man have
a bump of wisdom?
Paw-—~He does before he gets married, son.
After that the bump becomes a dent.
THE REVERSE,
“A doctor reverses the usual order.”
“How
“He must exercise resignation when he lacks
patients.”
CAUSE AND EFFECT.
Hyker—Old Swiggs has stopped drinkivg.
Pyker—Well, that is certainly to his credit.
Hyker—Don't you believe it. It's due to his
lack of credit.
i A SURE CURE.
“Physicians have demonstrated that rattle
snake venom does not cure epilepsy.”
“It will cure it all right if the physiclans will
permit the rattlesnake to administer it.”
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SIDE RODI BFENT COLD 780
DEGREES WITHOU I FIACTIRE~
(By E. O. SELLERS, Acting Director of
Sunday School Course, The Moody Bible
Institute of Chicago.) %
AN NS SN NSNS S PSS NGNS NSNS NSNS NSNS
LESSON FOR AUGUST 15
JEROBOAM LEADS ISRAEL INTO
SIN.
LESSON TEXT-I Kings 12:25-33.
GOLDEN TEXT—Thou shalt not make
unto thee a graven image, nor any like
ness of anything that is in heaven above,
or that is in the earth beneath, or that is
in the water under the earth; thou shalt
not bow down thyself down unto them,
nor serve them. Ex. 20:4, sa.
Whether Jeroboam incited Israel’s
rebellion or was summoned home be
cause of his being known as an op
ponent to Israel, we cannot say. He
must have remembered Ahijah’s
prophecy (11:29-40) and he had anoth
er prophet on his side, Shemaiah
(12:22-24), though Ahijah afterwards
deserteg him (14:1-18). - In Egypt,
Jeroboam had learned of the worship
of the bull Apis and upon setting up
his kingdom, saw at once the need of
centering the religious life of the peo
ple elsewhere than in Jerusalem,
1. “Calves of Gold” vv. 25-30. Given
these ten tribes by God (11:31) the
people had chosen Jeroboam without
seeming consultation with God, and
the result was a tragic future for the
Hebrews. David's monarchy lasted
scarcely two generations. Rehoboam’s
second attempt at coercion (12:21-24)
is rebuked and he settles down in
Judea but fortifies many clties (II
Chron. 11:5-12; I Kings 12:24; 14:17).
Jeroboam likewise built cities, She
chem and Penuel, but the result of the
schism was a weakened people and
Israel was the first to be carried into
captivity and to extinction as a na
tion. Defensed cities are not adequate
safety for a nation (11:38; 2 Chron.
20:20; Zech. 1:4, 5). Witness Liege
and Antwerp. As a matter of political
prudence Jeroboam's scheme of re
moving the center of worship from Je
rusalem succeeded admirably. The
center of gravity of a man and of a na
tion is that place where he centers
his worship. The temple had no im
age, and his setting up of his images
of bulls was a backward step, though
doubtless it was regarded as best for
the nation. Jeroboam’s fatal error
was in deflecting the people from the
invisible Jehovah to the visible crea
tions of their own hands. Mankind al
ways prefers to trust to their own de
vices and to plan their own deliver
ance rather than to trust in God. A The
evidence of our trust in God is to obey
‘him. Note Jeroboam took counsel, not
as did Rehoboam, of the aged or the
young, but “in his heart.” We are not
to lean to our own understanding but
upon the Hely Spirit (John 16:13).
Man is “slow of heart” and that one
at all familiar with Hebrew history
should repeat the mistake Aaron made
is scarcely to be understood (Ex. 32:4-
8). The errors and “isms” of today
are but a repetition of the false teach
ings of former days dressed in a new
garb, labeled with a new name; such
is the deceitfulness of the human
heart (Jer. 17:9). Jeroboam’s excuse
was plausible enough (v. 28) and ap
pealed to the ever-present weakness of
the human heart to seek some easier
way of serving God. But man's way al
ways becomes the hardest way. Jero
boam today would be classed as a
“liberal” and held up as a “broad
minded man.”
11. “Priests of the Lowest” vv. 31-33.
Jeroboam's real concern was not that
of the people but the permanency of
his kingdom. Jeroboam was not intro
ducing a new God but a new way of
worship. One step always leads to
another, and to fully establish this
new way, and at the same time en
tirely to control the situation, he se
lected from among ‘all theé people”
priests who were to carry on Jeho
vah's worship. God had selected the
sons of Levi and specially ordained
them for this service (Num. 23:10).
When the devil introduces a new re
ligion, or any false idea of Christ, or
the Bible, he always appeals to sa
cred memories, or else claims a “mod
ern expression of the truth” Jero
boam not only chose those who would
be beholden to himself, but he also
gelected positions in his kingdom, at
either end, each of which was easily
accessible. Thus to build and thus to
gselect others than the sons of Aaron
as priests was expressly forbidden.
But such is the natural perversity and
stubbornness of the human heart that
it readily follows its leaders into all
gorts of apostasy and error (Rom.
8:7). Jeroboam also changed (v, 32)
the feast ordained of God on the 15th
day of the seventh month (Lev.
23:33, 34) to one occurring in the
eighth month., No possible appeal of
local interests warranted any such
substitution; to obey is better than to
modify (Matt. 15:6; Mark 7:13).
111, The Main Teaching. Jeroboam's
chlef purpose was not the glory of
God, but this new religion was for per.
sonal safety and glorification. His
cunningly devised program became
the agent of his own and the nation's
destruction (13:34; 14:7-11; 2 Kings
10:29, 31), and his opproblous title has
become “Which made Israel to sin”
Graft and trickery succeed for a time,
but only those who obey God in all
things build on a solid and lasting
foundation. “Nothing in this world
Is worth doing wrong for.” Boys do
not succeed by breaking the rules of
the game,
Ae- ' |
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(52 Send for
Booklet
Formerly With Hotel Imperial
HOUSE HELP AND THE WAR
So Many People Are Staying Home
That It Is Hard to Get Good
Servants,
“Well,” snapped a New York lady
as she came out of an intelligence of
fice, “I don't think the war in Europe
would make any difference to me in
my daily affairs, as I don’t run over
to theothw every few weeks as
some do, and miss it ever so much
when they don’t, but I am learning that
it is really a great inconvenience.
“You know usually in summer good
servants are not nearly so hard to get,
but now so many people are staying
home and keeping their servants that
it is almost impossible to get a good
one. One agent I saw yesterday told
me she had had 12 calls in the morn
ing from ladies who wanted house help
of one kind or another and she had ab
solutely nothing to offer. I understand
that 200,000 people will not be going
abroad this year and every one of
them, or their families, are exhausting
the summer servant supply. I always
did think war way dreadful, and now
I think it is worse than ever.”
“Safety First.,”
An American soon to sail for Lon
don will wear while asleep a specially
made rubber suit with a cork lining.
He takes no chances. There are sev
eral pound of lead in the feet of the
suit to keep the wearer's body in an
upright position.
NO IDEA
What Caused the Trouble.
“I always drank coffee with the rest
of the family, for it seemed as if there
was nothing for breakfast if we did
not have it on the table.
“I had been troubled for some time
with my heart, which did not feel
right. This trouble grew worse
steadily.
“Sometimes it would beat fast, and
at other times very slowly, so that I
would hardly be able to do work for
an hour or two after breakfast, and if
I walked up a hill, it gave me a severe
pain,
“I had no idea of what the trouble
was until & friend suggested that per
haps it might be coffee drinking. I
tried leaving off the coffee and began
drinking Postum, The change came
quickly, T am glad to say that I am
now entirely free from heart trouble
and attribute the relief to leaving off
coffee and the use of Postum,
“A number of my friends have aban
doned coffee and have taken up Post
um, which they are using steadily.
There are some people that make
Postum very weak and tasteless, but
if made according to directions, it is
& very dellclous beverage” Name
glven by Postum Co., Battle Creek,
Mich,
Postum comes In two forms:
Postum Cereal—the original form—
must be well bolled. 16¢c and 25¢ pack
ages,
Instant Postum-a soluble powder—
dissolves quickly in a cup of hot wa
ter, and, with eream and sugar, makes
a deliclous beverage Instantly. 30c¢
and 50¢ tins.
Hoth kinds are equally delicious and
208 t about the same per cup.
“There's a Reason” for Postum.
l ~-20ld by Grocers,