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DOUGLAS COUNTY SENTINEL, DOffGLASVlLLE, GEORGIA REVIEW OF Bin MO 01 UFO non EVENTS OF THE ei I* Great Conflict Rages With Increased Intensity—Roumania, Fif teenth Nation to Enter Struggle, Overrun by Central Pow ers—Teutonic Allies Make First Peace Proposals— United States Faces Several Crises. THE EUROPEAN WAR Those who nre engaged in or are viewing at close range the titanic con flict in which all Europe Is involved <?an with difficulty appreciate the magnitude of the events which have transpired during the past 12 months. Generations to come, however, looking hack upon this period with a clearer vision, will recognize the year 1910 ss one of the most tremendous, from a history-making standpoint, since the world begun. Europe continued its blood-letting throughout the year with even greater ferocity than marked the first 18 months following the breaking of the storm. The great war rounded out its second and entered upon Its third year, with little promise of an early conclusion of peace, pining the year new nations entered into tho war, one of them, Roumania, to become the scene of some of the most ferocious fighting of the year, one new nation was created, another tottefod to Its fall, while on a dozen fronts millions of men were fed as human sacrifices to the insatiate war monster. There were seven outstanding phases of the great war during the year 19^0. These comprised the great offensive of the Russians in Galicia, which was finally checked by the Teu tonic allies; the superhuman efforts of the Germans to capture Verdun, Which were thwarted by the equally superhuman defense offered by the French; the long-awaited grand offen sive of the British and the French on the western front, resulting in the re covery of considerable area "*in the Somme region, but not definitely break ing the deadlock in northern France; the ?hecking t>f nn"Austiinn offensive' by the Italians and the launching of a counter-offensive by which tire-Jtal- ians made big strides in their cam paign against Trieste; the conquest of Roumania by the Teutonic allies; the drive of the Serbs, aided by French, Italian nnd British troops, in an effort to regain thel# lost kingdom, nnd the final abandonment hy the entente al lies of their disastrous Gallipoli cam paign. The Russians launched their of fensive in Galicia on the first day of the year. On January 9, the effort of allies ta-joreg^ho Dnrdn- .Jbflnltely abandoned, and forces of the allies entirely evacu- ! the Gallipoli peninsula. Verdun Attack Launched. In February, the Russians, nft- «r a lull in the fighting, resumed their •offensive in Galicia and on February 10 they crossed the Dniester and threat ened Czernowitz. The Russians, un der Grand Duke Nicholas, also con tinued their drive in the Caucasus and on February 14 they captured the important town of Erzcrum. Febru ary 21, the Germans, led by the crown prince, launched their attack on Ver dun, and during the next few days they smashed their way through the outer defenses until they came within big-gun range of the -French strong hold. The French, taken by surprise, were forced to give ground, but by the last of the month they had strengthened their shattered lines and had checked the German drive. In the Verdun sector, for the next few months, occurred some of the most sanguinary fighting of the entire war. The Austrians had considerable suc cess on the Italian front during the month, entering Durnzzo on February 26 and driving the Italians before them. Portugal signalized Its entry Into the great conflict February 29 by seizing 34 German steamers interned in Portuguese ports. Germany demand ed the release of the ships nnd on March 9 declared war on Portugal, tho thirteenth nation to enter the con flict. The month of March was marked ^chiefly by the continued determined at tacks of the Germans upon Verdun. The assault entered its third stage in fliis month with repeated attacks on ,Vaux, Douaumont and other outlying towns, most of which were repulsed With terrific Losses. During the month the Italians finally checked the Aus trian drive and launched a big offen sive along the entire Austrian front. The Russians continued their victori ous drive against the Turks in Ar- ponit, capturing Bitlis on March 3, , d other important towns later in the ■nth. he early days of April saw a slow- l*'jp of the Russian offensive in Ga ft**‘The Germans launched a coun- offensive all__nlojLg the Russian •'gained little headway. The Rowing months saw • ^along this front. April 23, the British admitted a defeat at the hands of the Turks in Mesopotamia and on April ?29, General Townsbend and 10,000 Brit ish soldiers, who had been besieged by the Turks/ at Kut-el-Amara, werb ender after repented ef hem had fp. number of light cruisers nnd destroyers. More than 9,000 lives were lost. Both sides claim the victory. Five days later Great Britain received a staggering blow when the British cruiser Hump- shire was blown up in the North sea hy a mine and Earl Kitchener, British secretary of wur, nnd his entire staff, were lost. During the early part of June the Russians broadened their of fensive in Galicia and along the lines further north and on June 7 they an nounced the recapture of the fortress of Lutsk in Volhynin and the crossing of tho Ikwn nnd Styr rivers at several points. On July 1, the British and French launched their great drive on the west front. A concerted attack was made on n 25-mile front north nnd south of the Somme river. July 11, after ten days and nights of continuous fight ing, the British claimed the capture of the whole of the enemy's first lines of defense on a front of 14,000 yards. During the remainder of the month the British nnd French continued their ad vance, the British occupying the entire village of Pozleres July 20 and the French advancing close to Peroane, an important railroad center. During the month of August the Russians, after terrific fighting, pierced the Teuton linos on the Lemberg nnd Kovel fronts and advanced in the Car pathians. The Italians continued their drive on Trieste. August 9, after days of terrific fighting, they captured Go- ritz and pushed forward, pursuing the retreating Austrians. Roumania Enters War. Roumania, after mouths of wavering, entered the war on the side of the en tente allies with a declaration of war on Austria-Hungary. Roumania was the fifteenth nation to enter the war. On the same day Italy declared war on Germany and the following day Ger many declared war on Roumania. With the declaration of war fighting began between the Roumanians and Aus trians on the Transylvanian frontier. August 30, the Roumanians occupied Kronstadt and Herinannstadt, the two chief cities of Transylvania. Field Marshal von Hindenburg, whose suc cesses had made him the Idol of the German people, succeeded General von Falkenhayu as chief of the general staff of the German army August 29. Durlngjhe month of September, the' TCcftVimniuns,' co-operating with the Russians, advanced In northern Tran sylvania and Bukowlnn, but suffered severe reverses at the hands of the Bulgarians and Austrians In Dobrudja. The allied troops made decided gains in the Somme sector, occupying Combles and other important towns on September 20. Early in October the tide turned against the Roumanians and Russians In Transylvania nnd the latter were forced to retire before a strong Austro- German force under command of Gen eral von Falkenhayu. On October 11, the Teutons began an invasion of Rou mania. On the Verdun front, the French smashed the German lines Oc tober 24, retaking Douaumont fort and village. The struggle between the Roumanian and Russian forces on the one side and the Teuton and Bulgarian armies on tho other held the center of attention in November. Taking advantage of die plight in which the Roumanians on the Transylvanian front found themselves Von Mackensen held his lines in Dobrudja and, attacking the Danube line, forced the river barrier at several points. Effecting a Juncture of their forces, the Teuton command ers drove the Roumanians hack upon Bucharest. The Roumanians retreat ed rapidly toward the capital, burning villages nnd all stores of grain nnd munitions In the district through which they passed. November 28, the seat of the Roumanian government was moved from Bucharest to Jassy, near the Russian frontier. The Roumanians evacuated Bucharest December 0 in or der to save their army. The Serbians, aided by French nnd Italian troops, made n start toward winning back their country during No vember. Their big drive resulted in the capture of Monastic on November 19. On the Somme frtmt the battle of the Ancre opened November 13 with the capture by the British of five miles of the German positions, together with three strong towns. An announcement of fnr-renehing significance was made In the Russian duma December 2 by Premier Trepoff, who read a proclamation announcing officially that an agreement concluded by Russia, France and Great Britain In|i\915, and later approved by Italy, "ef^dishes in definite manner the ngnt? of *ft\u,5lTr ranliu straits und Constantinople.” The fall of the British cabinet early In December furnished one of the most sensational features of the year’s war developments. Demands of David Lloyd-George for tjie .formation of ft imalli sent identical notes to the entente al lies through the United States, Spain nud Switzerland, proposing that the belligerents arrange a conference for the discussion of peace terms. Tho* notes were transmitted to the allied governments by President Wilson with out comment. The pence proposals were received coldly. ILemler Briand, In the French house at deputies, is sued a warning against a premature peace, and the Russian duma, accord ing to announcement made December 10, pnssed a resolution favoring a re fusal on the part of tho allied govern ments to enter into any peace nego tiations whatever under present con ditions. As if in answer to tho pence pro posals. tho French in the Verdun sec tor delivered a crushing attack on tlie German forces December 15, winning 12 square miles of territory north of Verdun and driving the Germans back close to the line from which they start ed their great offensive against Ver dun in February. General Nlvelle, who directed this attack, had been n few days before placed in supreme command of the French armies in the west, succeeding General Joffre, who was made commander In chief of the French armies, but with little more than advisory powers. WAR AND THE UNITED STATES Diplomatic difficulties growing out of the war in Europe continued to confront the United States govern ment throughout the past year. The submarine controversy with Germany, which had been urore or less acute since the sinking of the Lusitania, was intensified March 2, whep the British Channel steamer Sussex and the Brit ish steamer Englishman, both of which carried Americans, were torpedoed and sunk without warning. This oc curred about two weeks after congress, at tho urging of the president, had re fused to adopt a resolution warning Americans to remain off tinned mer chant ships of tho belligerents. The german government at first denied any responsibility for the attack on the Sussex, and on April 18 President Wil son addressed a note which amounted practically to an ultimatum to the Ger man government. In this note the pres ident declared that unless Germany immediately declared and effected an abandonment of its methods of sub marine warfare against passenger nnd freight-carrying vessels, the United States could ‘‘have no choice but to sever diplomatic relations with the German empire altogether.” Gar ina ay’s reply to this note, received In Washington May 5, promised compli ance In tie future with the laws of warfare In its submarine operations. A supplementary note from Berlin, re ceived Mi y 10, admitted that the Sus sex was torpedoed, expressed regret, offered hvfrninity nnd declared that (Arf* KrUmuiine commander had been punished. No further serious contro versy occurred with Germany until after the sinking of the Marina, with Americans aboard, October 28. It was charged that the vessel was torpedoed without warning. After an investiga tion Germany assumed responsibility for the sinking of the boat, declaring that the captain of the submarine thought the Marina an armed trans port. f| An interchange of notes between I lie United States and the entente govern ments, regarding the seizure and exam ination of American mails, was produc tive of little result. # In several com munications Groat Britain nnd France insisted upon their rights to examine neutral mails, but on October 12 they made some slight concessions, promis ing to improve the mail service be tween America nmrneutrnl countries. A blacklist against American firms and individuals, charged with dealing with Germany, which was published by Great Britain July 18, and by France August 0, brought emphatic protests from the United Stales gov ernment, hut on November 14 Great Britain formally rejected the American protests, declaring that the blacklist was not aimed at neutrals. MEXICO AND UNITED STATES The relations of the United States with Mexico became more strained during 1910 than at any previous time during.the years of civil war that fol lowed the retirement of President Por- firio Diaz. They approached a crisis early in the year when, on January 1U, nineteen men, nearly all of them Americans, were taken from a train near Chihuahua and killed by a band of bandits. Conditions became still more tense when, on March 9, several hundred bandits led by Villa raided nnd burned tlie town of Columbus, N. M., killing nine American civilians and eight Uni ted States soldiers. March 10, Presi dent Wilson ordered 5,000 United States troops into Mexico to catch Villa. General Carranza, head of the de facto government in Mexico, began soon to display antagonism toward the American expedition and on March 17 he Issued orders forbidding American troops from entering Mexican towns. Ek* also refused to grant permission for the American forces to use the Mexican railroads for the transporta tion of supplies. April 12, a detachment of United States troops was att za trooi “recourse to arms.” nnjl followed this up on June lfl with a definite threat of attack unless tho troops were with drawn northward. The following day re-enforoements were rushed to the United States troops in Mexico and within a short time tho expeditionary force aggregated about 12,000 men. June 18, the war department ordered all the state militia mobilized and with in the next two weeks 50,000 of the state soldiers had been rushed to the border. A detachment of American troops was attacked by Carranza troops at Carrizal, June 21, nnd twelve Ameri cans were killed nnd 17 captured. A short time later Carranza aban doned his hostile attitude and in a conciliatory note to President Wilson suggested the appointment of a joint commission to settle the dispute be tween tlie two countries. July 28, President Wilson accepted this pro posal. President Wilson named Secretary of the Interior Lane, Judge George Gray and Dr. J. It. Mott ns members of, tlie American commission on August 22 nnd on September 0, tlie joint com mission began its sessions at New Lon don, Conn. The sessions continued un til November 24, when a protocol was signed providing for tlie withdrawal of the United States troops from Mex ico In 40 days, conditional upon the Carranza government showing within that time that it could protect tlie bor der and prevent raids by bandits upon American territory. Two days before tlie signing of tills protocol, Villa, at the bead of a strong force, attacked Chihuahua City nnd nf- ter a battle insffng several days lie captured Hint city. Carranza forces regained control of Chihuahua City December3 nnd Villa’s forces fled to tlie mountains west of that city, where they were later re ported to be gathering new recruits in preparation for more extensive operations. INDUSTRIAL AND ECONOMIC the four, great railway.^brotli which was prevented hy The outstanding feature of tlie year in the Industrial world was the throat- nod strike of tlie 400,000 members of ^brotherhoods, tlie pas sage by congress of tlie Adamson bill. The demands of tlie four brother hoods, representing the engineers, fire- 111011, conductors nnd trainmen, were made upon tlie railroads early in the year nnjl after fruitless conferences between tlie representatives of tlie nrotherlA.ods nnd the commltisA general mnnagi ticnlly every rif States, a strike votWhis taken among the membeis*of the brotherhoods. On July 20 It was announced that tlie vote had been overwhelmingly in favor of a strike unless the demands of the men were granted by tlie railroads. The federal board of mediation Im mediately offered its services In an ef fort to prevent a strike but on August 12 the board announced that it had been unable to bring about an agree ment and on the following day Presi dent Wilson summoned tlie general managers’ committee and the brother hoods’ representatives to the White House for a conference. This confer ence produced no result, tlie railroad managers offering to submit tlie whole controversy to arbitration hut the brotherhood representatives refusing to agree to arbitration of their eight- hour day demands. August 29, Presi dent Wilson, with a promise from the brotherhood lenders that they could rescind their strike order, already is sued, if a law were passed providing for the placing of their wage scales on nn eight-hour basts, went before congress nnd asked tlie passage of three bills which he deemed neces sary to meet the situation. One of these hills provided that “eight hours shall lie deemed the measure or stand ard of 11 day’s work for tlie purpose of reckoning the compensation for serv ices of all employees” operating trains in Interstate traffic. Other bills proposed by the president provided for the compulsory submis sion of rail,labor disputes to n board of mediation to lie appointed by tlie president before n strike could be de clared and ror government operation of tlie railways In case of military neces sity. The bill embodying the provision for the eight-hour basis for wages, known as tlie Adamson bill, was rushed through the house September 1 and was pnssed by tlie # senate September 2. The order for a strike which was to have gone into effect September 4 was then rescinded. The session of con gress ended shortly afterwards nnd consideration of the other measures proposed hy the president was post poned until tlie next session. Strikes were in progress in a num ber of industries during tlie early part of the year and some were marked hy scenes of violence. April 24, striking employees of the, Westlnghouse com pany, led by a masked woman, rioted in East Pittsburgh. Fatal strike riots occurred at the Carnegie Steel works in Braddock, Pa., May 2. A big strike was started by the Chicago garment workers May 9. Express drivers In Chi able] prei November 5, a large party of I. W. W. members from Seattle engage*! lu a battle with a sheriff’s posse at Ever ett, Wash. Seven men were killed dur ing the fighting. November 22, Judge Hook of the United States district court at Kansas City, Mo., held the Adamson eight-hour law unconstitutional and an agreement was reached between the representa tives of the government and of the tail- roads for an appeal to the United States Supremo court In nn effort to obtain a final decision on the validity of the law ns soon as possible. The year was one of great prosperity in all manufacturing and agricultural industries. Foreign trade of the Uni ted States, as shown by reports of the department of commerce, reached a total of .$7,403,000,000 in tin* year end ing November 1, an increase of $1,500,- 000,000 over 1915, nnd $2,500,000,000 over 1914. The total wheat yield of the United States in 191G was only 547,000,000 bushels, ns compared with 1,011,000,000 bushels in 1915 and at the same time tifcere was almost a proportionate fall ing off in all other grain crops. While the crops decreased enormously in Quantity, they also increased enor mously in price. Tlie value of 19 staple crops, as based on the November 1 es timate of tlie department of agricul ture, was $7,099,338,031, as compared with tlie estimated value on November 1, 1015, of tlie same crops of that year of $5,983,300,817. The aggregate value of all farm products, including live stock, was estimated at $12,000,000,000, POLITICS IN OTHER LANDS Tlie Sinn Fein revolt in Ireland, tlie establishment of a revolutionary gov ernment in Greece, tlie proclamation of Poland ns an independent nation by its Teutonic conquerors nnd tlie res toration of the republic in China, con stituted tlie most important develop ments of a political nature in coun tries outside of tlie United States in 1916. An official mandate, issued March 22, announced the nbnnrionment'of tlie Chinese monarchy and the restoration of the republic which had been dis placed by the monarchy during the lat ter part of 1915. Yuan Sill Kai an nounced his rejection of the emperor ship nnd resumed tlie presidency of the republic. June 6, Yuan Shi Kai died suddenly and Yuan Li Hung be came president. The Sinn Fein rebellion in Ireland was precipitated on AnrilJLR wine Si'f Roger Casement /'vitteT consular offi- C uited Kingdom, was cap- while attempting to land in Ire land from Germany and a German ship loaded with arms to be used In an Irish uprising was sunk while at tempting to land the arms. April 24, the Sinn Fein rebels seized parts of Dublin and serious fighting in the streets followed. The revolt spread, and on April 27 martial law was de clared over tlie entire Island. April 28, loyal troops took St. Stephens green in Dublin from the rebels, cap turing 400 of them, nnd the following day/ I’eter Pearse, “president of the Irish Republic,” surrendered. Tlie next day t lie main body of the-reb els surrendered, May 3, Pearse, Thomas J. Clark and Thomas McDonngh, lead ers of the revolt, were executed in the Tower of London, after being found guilty of sedition at a military trial. Ten other lenders of tlie rebels were executed during tlie next few days. June 2G, Sir Roger Casement was placed on trial for treason in London. He was convicted nnd sentenced to death June 29 nnd the sentence was executed by hanging in Pentonville prison, August 3. Following the Sinn Fein revolt, an effort wus made by the government to bring about n compro mise which would result in the grant ing of home rule to Ireland at once, but tlie effort was fruitless. Tho revolutionary movement in Greece, which resulted in the forma tion of a provisional government by former Premier Venizelos, grew out of tlie refusal of King Constantine to be drawn into tlie war on tlie side of the entente allies. September 21, the island of Crete seceded from Greece, and on September 28, Former Premier Venizelos and Admiral Coundouriotis issued a proclamation declaring the establishment of a provisional govern ment for Greece. The independence of Poland, which lmd been wrested from Russia by Teu tonic arms, was proclaimed by Ger many and Austria, November 5. The deatli of Fransi Josef, emperor of Austria-Hungary, which occurred November 21, was expected In some quarters to be productive of even] of far-reaching importance from a p litlcnl viewpoint in the dual monarch nomination arid the.j members of the Ptfl committee, meeting.' dorsed the candldod The election orf one of the most the United States,! definitely knotfn un ter tlie election, whe California gave tlie 1 of that state to Pn gave him victory, won 276 votes in the! and Mr. Hughes 255. tlie election was larger{ lion than any ever ea United States, Preside! celving a plurality of at the popular vote. The < In the size of the vote \ to the fact that worsen % dent in this election In 1 Four more states vc state-wide prohibition They were Michigan, braska nnd South Dak< crats retained control States senate, but as close election, neither jor parties has a majo er house of tlie next balance of power Is lieli hers not elected as meq party—1 Socialist, Prohibitionist, 1 Prote independent. DISASTERS ON LA Thousands of lives! 1 tlie yeur by the si nil” vessels and warships their being torpedoed or blown up by mine! loss of life In accid« of this kind occurret when the^. French cri was sunk in the Med nnd S 111(1 noT'tnna t and 3,130 persons April 23, more than ij lost in a collision beti cruiser and a transpo: February 2, the Dnijin was sunk In a lives were lost. 1 February 9, the Admiral Cliarnier wi sunk with a loss of 3' 16, nine persons were opera house at -Mexii stroyed by fire. FebJ snowslides in the Sal: nearly 100 persons, j persons were killed lision on the New Y< & Hartford railroad; /him. U'eDr a mine at K men. March 5, jtj cipe de sank off ti loss of 1! March and many wi on the New near Cleveland, April 19, Ka: swop.;, by tornui persoifft- Tune, persons in Arka| middle western steamer Kirby, and 20 live: explosion in the at GIbbstown, N| Hundreds of a monsoon off July 20. July 24,| by nil explosion oj nel at Clevdfi at Johnstown, Pal lives, August 12. ed States cruii wrecked by a stoi Santo Domingo ah! Twenty-seven nr ternber 12, when tl great bridge beJn, Lawrence river lapsed and fell. 'great dam near l| burst nnd 300 peri A fire In the Chrisj lege at St. Louis, Mi October 5, and 19 lives in a fire whicl pital at Farnhnm, November 3, the st and Retriever in the Irish st November 7, 1 a Boston “L” ear An explosion at Bi November 21, resul 341 persons. THE LAV Congress was in j ly fron POLITICS IN UNITED STATEl The presidential election and, campaign which preceded it occupied a large part of the attention •yt the people of the United States through out the year 1910. June 5, tin** Wom an’s party was originated and opened its first convention in Chicago. Two days later both tlie Republican and Progressive national conventions open ed in Clfiengo. June 10, former Presl- inlt lives ate and on Aligns? a compromise pic to tlie Philippines wlil are fit for self-goverjj February 2, the hof prohibiting child laU fucture of products f6 merce, and late in thd was passed by the se by the president, senate ratified lh«SH viding for American J the finances and poll<| the republic. Legislation provldid creases In tlie stren and navy receive The navy appro