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- HUixson’s Seed
Catalog
Now Ready For You. Brim
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for both Farmer and Home
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THE ATLANTA TRI-WEEKLY JOURNAL.
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION
BY OK. ANDREW M. SOULE
Grass and Clovers for the Southeast
The tendency of the boll weevil
invasion is to Increase crop diversi
fication. On this account, there is
much interest evidenced •in an at
tempt to ascertain more definite in
formation about grasses and. .clpvers
and their adaptability to ; the soil
and climatic conditions prevailing
in the southeastern states. This sub
ject is of such an important and es
sential character that a great deal
of effort has been centered by the
experts of the Georgia State College
of Agriculture on this subject. Some
very valuable data has been collect
ed along the line suggested. It is
new information in that it has not
been put into definite shape before.
On account of its very great value
to our landowners, some of the more
important of these findings are re
viewed, summarized and set forth in
this article so that all who are in
terested in this matter may have
the best available data at heir com
mand.
Carpet grass is the most promising
grass in south Georgia. Already it
is very important in furnishing sum
mer grazing throughout that part of
the state and. is destined to become
more so. It is scattered in the low
moist places nad to some extent
over the uplands where heavy graz
ing or tramping has killed the na
tive wiregrass and broomsedge. Most
of it is along the railroads and pub
lic roads, .and near small towns. Only
a small per cent is found in pas
tures and there its introduction has
nearly always been accidental.
Carpet grass has creeping stems
that form a complete sod, but no
underground stems to make it a pest.
Its leaves are wider and more round
ed at the tips than those of Ber
muda grass and somewhat lighter hi
color. Seed are produced in slender
seed fingers, two to five to each
stem.
Carpet grass does not succeed well
in a very dry or a very wet situa
tion. For best development it re
quires moist lands free of standing
water. The better drained “bay
heads,” “cypress ponds” and borders
of swamps are ideal for its devel
opment. It grows also on the hill
sides if the soil is well packed. In
such places it prefers the clay near
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the surface. It will not endure shade
so cannot compete well with thick
broomsedge or wiregrass. It will
drive out Bermuda on land to which
.it Js well adapted, and in some In
stances Lespedeza and Dallis grass.
When once started it spreads by
means'of‘ runners‘and ’seed. It quick
ly covers moist areas, but scatters
over the hills more slowly.
Very little seeding of carpet grass
has been attempted in Georgia, but
excellent results have been secured
over the limited area on which it
was tried. This would be expected
because of the success of natural
seeding in spreading the grass. Five
I to ten pounds of seed per acre are
sufficient for a good stand in a sea
son. One to two pounds per acre on
the damper areas will give a com
plete sod in two or three years. Seed
ing should be done in the early
spring. Seed can be secured from
seedsmen or may be saved at home
if a good sod is available. The most
practical method of utilizing home
grown seed is to cut the grass in
late summer when a large number
of seed heads are mature and scatter
the hay over the area to be seeded.
When a part of the pasture is well
sodded the grass will spread in a
few years over the remainder.
Carpet grass can be grazed from
spring until winter. Its growth re
mains palatable and tender through
' out the season but is not regarded
as nutritious as an equal amount of
Bermuda grass. This deficiency is
offset, however, by a larger yield.
Carpet grass is excellent for horses,
cattle and sheep, but is not entirely
satisfactory for hogs unless spme
measure is taken to prevent their
rooting it. When completely uproot
ed or covered with soil, the plants
die, leaving bare places. Two or
three seasons are needed for the
surviving grass to form a complete
sod again.
Dallis grass is now found in all
parts of Georgia, occurring largely
in the low and moist places as road
ditches and bottom pastures, or in
the fertile upland spots as old yards
and vacant 10-ts. Its, spread has been
due largely to the scattering of seed
through hay. It is very common in
north Georgia and not so common in
couth Georgia, but is icing seeded
there on a larger scale than in any
j other part of the state.
Dallis grass normally grows in
I bunches, having a large number of
I basal leaves and a few seed stems
from one to five feet in height. When
Closely grazed, however, the seed
stems will be much shorter and the
leaves will spread out and exent
vslly make a complete sod on fertile,
land. Dallis grass appears in early
spring, being ready to graze two or
three weeks Bermuda grass. If kept
grazed it will continue to grow
throughout the summer and fall but
i if allowed to go untouched it will
mature a heavy crop of seed and dis
i appear for the remainder of the sea
son.
i Dallis grass will endure more ex
| tremes of drought and water, heat
i and cold than any other southern
! j grass. It needs fertile soils, how-
I ever, as its growth on poor land is
, i very limited.
■ The worst fault of Dallis grass is
• its seed. These are attacked by a
■ fungus during their development
and in this condition cause a dis-
1 ease among cattle if eaten in quan
tity. Close grazing obviates this
trouble by greatly reducing the
1 amount of seed produced. Dallis
grass seed also germinate very slow
_ly making a good stand difficult to
secure. A number of failures are re
ported from the use of seed. Re
cently a method has been discover
ed by which better results are se
cured. This is seeding in small
furrows. The furrows are laid off
from three to seven feet apart with
a small plow as a short two-inch
ripper, and the seed scattered in
them and left uncovered. In a few
years the grass will spread over the
spaces between the furrows if light
grazing is practiced. Where the
seed a/e broadcast a firm seed bed
is nece-ssary. Very little or no cov
ering is needed. Spring seeding is
favored by the majority but later
seedings are quite successful. From
one to five pounds of sed per acre
are used in the “furrow” method
and double that quantity in broad
casting. A longer time is needed for
Dallis grass to spread than for
Carpet grass or Lespedeza.
In north Georgia, White Clover is
found in the majority of old pas
tures on bottom'lands, but in south
Georgia It is not well established.
i?or early spring grazing and for
late , fall grazing it Is the most de-
oifier by n«i, v ftUr Pnetmacto r
pendable plant we have. Fertile
soils and plenty of moisture are
needed for its development.
White clover should be included
in the mixture to be seeded in north
Georgia, especially if the area be
bottom lands. In south Georgia less
is known of its adaptation but indi
cations are that it cannot be grown
so easily there. Like Lespedeza, it
will succeed on unlimed soils. Two
to five pounds of seed per acre are
sufficient. Inoculation is needed.
Fall seeding gives best results but
seeding in early spring is success
ful on lands well adapted to the
growth of the plant. When once
started, white clover will spread if
not graded too closely. It seeds in
the late spring and the plants large
ly disappear during the summer but
revive on the approach of cool
weather. It will also "salivate”
horses and mules to- some extent.
There are two new pasture plants
that have given promise enough in
Georgia to be recommended in a
small way. These are Rhodes grass
and Kudzu.
Rhodes grass Is a native of South
Africa, and is noted for its drought
resisting qualities. It will grow well
on our dry, sandy uplands of Geor
gia but needs soils above the average
in fertility. It is a summer grass
but remains green and continues
growth late in the fall. It is not
very cold resistant, so may succumb
to some of our winters. Seven to
ten pounds of seed are regarded suf
ficient for an acre when seeded alone.
They should be sown in the spring.
On fertile soils Rhodes grass will
produce two or three cuttings of hay
in a season and several months’
grazing.
Kudzu is a perennial vine similar
in appearance to the velvet bean. It
is well adapted to clay hill lands
on which it produces an immense
amount of forage after becoming
well established. For pasture ' its
chief value will be for grazing dur
ing the summer droughts when the
grasses are not producing well. It
will not endure continuous grazing
for a long period nor any grazing in
the spring. The surest way of erad
icating it is to turn the cattle on
shortly after th6 first leaves appear.
Kudzu is propagated from root
cuttings and is rather difficult to
get started. Planting should.be made
in three to seven-foot rows at least
on© month before growth begins. If
the soil is not fertile, a small amount
of acid phosphate and stable manure
or “leaf mold” will be of great as
sistance in getting the plants start
ed. Usually three years are required
to Kudzu to become well establish
ed. When a good stand is secured
Kudzu will produce a quantity of
good hay.
It is important that the grazing
season should be as long as possible
with a permanent pasture. The ideal
would be for grass twelve months
and consequently no winter feeding.
Our bfest pastures do not furnish
more than five to seven mpnths of
heavy grazing and two to three
months of light grazing. The heavy
grazing is during the summer and
early fall when plenty of moisture
is present, and the light grazing
during the early spring and late fall.
There are several plants that may
be regarded as possibilities in help
ing to increase the pasture during
the early spring and late fall. Among
them are:
Bur Clover,
Black Medic,
Rescue and Arctic Grasses, .
Red Top, ■*
Tall Oat,
Rye Grass,
Orchard Grass,
Kentucky Blue Grass.
These are not recommended as fur
nishing a great deal of pasturage,
but simply as a supplement to the
summer grazing. They will not be
as successful, except under special
conditions, as Lespedeza, carpet
grass, Dallis grass, white clover and
Bermuda grass.
Flant Food Needs of Our Bed Lands
E. R. R., Stonewall, Ga., writes:
What kind of fertilizer should be used
•on corn and cotton on poor and fairly
good red land. Don’t care for the cost
of the fertilizer and cultivation, but
want to use as much as will pay. Will
appreciate your advice in the matter.
The chances are that you wish to
grow your cotton and corn either on
what is known as the Cecil red clay
soil or the Cecil sandy loam. On the
Cecil red clays, it is good practice to
uge formulas containing from 2-3 per
cent of nitrogen, 9-10 per cent of
phosphoric acid and from 2-3 per
cent of potash. On the Cecil sandy
loams the same percentage of nitro
gen may be used in association with
about 8 per cent of phosphoric acid
and 4-5 per cent of potash. Our tests
all show that on the lighter types
of soil less phosphoric acid is need
ed, but more potash is needed than
on the heavier types. On the heavier
types, phosphoric acid is relatively
more important than either of the
other two elements.
Our experience indicates that where
land is in a fair state of cultivation
and well handled and managed that
500 pounds of formulas approximat
ing those suggested may be used to
advantage under either of the crops
mentioned. In the case of cotton, we
would put practically all of the fer
tilizer under the drill row. In the
case of corn, use 300 pounds under
the drill row and 200 pounds as a
side application when the corn is
about eighteen inches high.
Varieties of Corn to tlse for Silage.
W. I. D., LaGrange, Ga., writes:
Wliat variety of corn do you consider is
best suited for silage? Is it advisable
to plant velvet benns with the corn?
We have tried a good many varie
ties of corn for ensilage production.
In the end we have concluded that
Cox’s Prolific is one of the best to
use for this purpose on upland soils.
On rich bottom lands some of the
large growing varieties might be
used with advantage. We grew for
several years a strain known as the
“Virginia Ensilage.” We have also
tried ather varieties of the so-called
prolific types, and several of them
have given us very good results. In
growing corn for silage, one natural
ly desires to secure good tonnage ac
companied by a fair yield of grain.
It is for this reason that we suggest
the cultivation of a prolific type of
corn on our upland soils for ensilage
production. In other words, we have
found these strains to be the best
adapted to our climatic and soil con
ditions. In recent years we have not
grown corn at all for ensilage pur
poses. We now grow a mixture of
sorghum and kaffir corn for the pur
pose of hiring our silos. We find this
is an excellent crop to use for this
purpose not only in so far as the mat
ter of yield is concerned, but also In
the quality of the food obtained per
acre as well.
Cotton Yields and Calcium Arsennta
A. R. T., I.aprens. S. C., writes: I
have been reading your articles and wish
to know if I understand you aright that
when calcium arsenate is used as a spray
on cotton that it will tend to increase
the yield 100 pounds of seed cotton per
acre. Where do you think the weevil
will do the most damage—in north or
south Georgia? I was in Arkansas three
years ago and the farmers there did not
worry over the weevil and they made
more cotton than we do and that with
out fertilizer. They thought that acid
would burn up the roots of the plants.
We undoubtedly were able last
year, in the face of frequent rain
falls, to apply calcium arsenate as a
spray to cotton and increased the
PINK BOLL WORM THREATENS
COTTON INDUSTRY
“Worst Pest” of South’s Crop Found in Louisiana Parishes
From Which Seed Presumably Infested Has
Been Widely Distributed.
WASHINGTON, D. C. —The pink
bollworm of cotton, previously sup
posed to exist in this country only
in Texas, has been discovered at
i number of places in Cameron Par
ish, La., where it is believed to have
been for at least two years. It has
been found, also, in Calcasieu Parish,
but so recently that definite informa
ion as to distribution is not avail
able.
The old infested area around Trin
ity bay has also been somewhat ex
tended. Lots of cotton seed ranging
from 1 to 20 cars have been ship
ped from Cameron Parish to Alex
andria, Broussard. Shreveport, Bunk
ie and Monroe, La., San Antonio,
Fort Worth, Houston, San Marcos,
and New Braunfels, Texas. Several
of these points have no oil mills
and the seed was probably used for
planting. Thus, there is the possi
bility that the pink bollworm has
been scattered to all of these sec
tions and possibly to others not yet
determined.
This brings about a serious situa
tion for the cotton industry of the
United States, says the United
States department of agriculture.
Unless the radical but necessary
steps are promptly taken by the
states concerned in cooperation with
the federal department of agricul
ture, the pink bollworm will cer
tainly get out of hand and the work
of extermination already carried
out in Texas will be lost. Congress
has been asked to provide additional
funds and to make them immedi
ately available.
The newly discovered infestations
in Cameron and Calcasieu Parishes,
La., and Orange county, Tex., are
along the lower course of the Sabine
river near the Gulf of Mexico. In
addition, there is some reinfestation
of the old Trinity bay area in Tex
as, but the work of reeleaning that
area has almost been completed.
The work, however, has consumed
practically all the money that the
United States department of agri
culture had available for pink boll
worm eradication. Reinfestation
around Trinity bay was due to a
modification of the policy originally
agreed upon by the department and
state authorities of allowing no cot
ton to be grown in infested areas for
a period of two or three years. A
yields more than 100 pounls of seed
cotton over check plats which were
not so sprayed. The experiments
were, of course, conducted in badly
infested boll weevil territory. We
had varying results from the use of
calcium arsenate. In some instances
the returns did not much more than
cover the cost of the five applica
tions which were made. In other
cases the profit, after paying for all
costs and the extra labor involved in
picking the increased crop of cotton,
was as high as $24 per acre. In some
insances, where the tests were not
very satisfactory, the rains washed
the poison off the plants almost as
fast is it was put on.
In this connection I wish to say
there is much to learn about the use
of calcium arsenate. There is a
varying strength in the quality of
this material, which must be guarded
against. Some people will do the
spraying more carefully than others.
Some will do it at the time advised
by experts and others when they
take a notion. Spraying should be
done in this section of the country
presumably about the first of July.
In other words, there is no use
spraying with calcium arsenate until
weevil damage has approximated its
maximum, which will probably be
30 per cent of infestation. In the
southern part of the state spraying
should he done about the 15th of
June. At some season it might be
necessary to spray a week or ten
days earlier than others, or in the
case of a late season, ten days or
two weeks later than would be ordi
narily desirable. No one can say
just when spraying should begin.
The sprayings should probably be
made about one week apart and con
tinue, say, for five weeks.
The cost will vary, but probably
sls per acre will cover the materials,
the rent and interest on the spraying
outfit, and the labor necessary to
perform the work. We are satisfied
that calcium arsenate is an effective
means in helping to control the
weevil, but it will never take the
place of other agencies in fighting
it, such as proper preparation and
fertilization of the land, the efficient
and intelligent use of fertilizers and
the selection of proper planting seed.
We have advised all our farmers not
to depend on calcium arsenate alone,
but to use it as one of the means or
agencies in helping to control the
weevil and minimizing the damage
it will preform.
It has already been presumed by
some that the weevil will do less
damage in north Georgia, but we
have never subscribed to this opin
ion. The fact is, no one can tell just
what damage it will do until after
it has infested, this’ territory for sev
eral years. Presumably the climatic
conditions are not as favorable to
its development in this part of Geor
gia as in south Georgia. Apparently
we have more rainfall in the grow
ing season in this section of Georgia
than has fallen in some of the states
lying to the west of us. We are also
nearer to the ocean. Hence these con
ditions may be favorable to the
weevil and the damage might be
greater here than along the same
general line west of us.
I am disposed to think that most
of the cotton in Georgia and South
Carolina will be grown in the Pied
mont territory in the future. I
think undoubtedly weevil damage will
be more severe nearer to the coast
than further inland. I am of the
opinin that we will continue to grow
eventually as much cotton in these
states as we have ever grown and be
able to increase our yields in ac
cordance with the demands which
may be made upon us in the future.
We will have to change out practice
materially and use more skillful and
intelligent methods than we have
ever followed in the past.
Weevil damage will vary in so far
as I am able to judge from about 10
to 60 per cent. I look for about 20
per cent of damage in the Piedmont
section, taking a number of years to
the average. It may go as high as
40 per cent and it could go even to
60 per cent sometimes, though
I hardly think this is likely.
I must say, however, that I
claim the right to change my
opinion relative to this matter
as I have more information
and advice on the subject. No one
can prognosticate on a subject -of
this character with any certainty as
to the outcome.
I am familiar with the methods
you have described in Aakansas, but
assure you they would not be practi
cal in this section of the country at
all, and I am certain that if they
used fertilizers with more skill and
intelligence out there they would
also reap a larger reward for their
efforts.
The Jersey City landlord who
charged apartment tenants $1.50 per
month each for the privilege of
stringing the weekly wash on his
wire clothesline may have to pay
the reckoning in the hereafter.
SATURDAY, MARCH 27, 1020.
revis on of the state pink bollworm
act permitted cotton co be grown,
under restrictions, in the Trinity
bay area during 1919. The reinfesta
tion which has resulted from such
growth of cotton is scattered pret
ty weil over the old district, but
the actual points of infestation are
very few as compared with 1917,
and the amount of infestation in the
fields where the insect has been
found is insignificant as to numbers.
The results clearly indicate, say
the specialists of the department,
the possibility of extermination by
the method of establishing non-cot
ton zones and the cleaning up of
all volunteer cotton if continued for
a sufficient period. It was deviation
from this method that brought the
reinfestation in Texas, and the de
partment will insist that it be strict
ly followed in the tremendously
greater task that now confronts the
country. “This is the only means of
control,” says the department, “that
gives any hope of ultimately eradi
cating this most destructive pest
of cotton, and the success of the
work must necessarily depend on
the absolute cooperation of the
states concerned.”
Xiouisiana Action
Louisiana, immediately upon the
discovery of the infestation in Cam
eron Parish, declared a drastic
quarantine prohibiting the growth of
cotton and providing for the destruc
tion of existing cotton and cotton
seed within a radius of 15 miles of
any infested point in that stale. No
provision has been made, however,
for compensating planters for cot
ton destroyed. It is absolutely nec
essary, the department says, that
some provision be made to reimburse*
the planters for losses which they
must accept in the interest of the
cotton industry as a whole. The pay
ment of these losses, it is pointed
out, will be very small as com
pared with the risk to the cotton
crop should the pink bollworm get
beyond control. .
The possibilities of further spread,
due to the shipment of presumably
infested cotton and cotton seed from
Cameron Parish makes it necessary
that all such shipments be traced
to destination and that steps be
taken to safeguard any local infes
tations that may have resulted.
Oregon Fights Rodents
Typical of the work of the Bio
logical .Survey in western States is
that which has been carried on in
Oregon during the past year. A to
tal of over 20,000 pounds of poisoned
grain was spread on 150,010 acres of
government land by biological sur
vey employes or by farmers and
s*ockmen working under the direc
tion of field assistants. In addition.
100 ounces of strychnine and 2,000
pounds of poisoned grain were fur
rished the county agent in Wallowa
county. This was used in fighting
squirrels as they began to gather
from the public lands to the cultivat
ed lands and was sent as temporary
relief until the government could
undertake a more systematic cam
paign in that county. Seventeen
counties joined in the co-operative
campaign against ground squirrels
led by biological survey men. Over
7,500 farmers took part in the work
and treated 697,000 acres of their
own lands, using 85,480 pounds of
poisoned grain prepared Under di
rection of the biological survey rep
resentatives and county agents.
ScmNo Money
Don’t miss thia chance to eut your tire coat fifSA Ijm
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CLEVELAND TIRE AND RUBBER CO.
310bgticUgaa Avenue Chicago, Qb
B'YiW« FREE Today
par* ourlow fnctorr, FREIGHT PAID prioe®.
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THE BROWN FERCE& WIRE CO.. DeptCT . CLEVELAND, 0.
ENGENESg<ffi>l3**
Gasoline-Keroseno
Stat!onan’ < andJ Port" I'llON
for latest ..Direct
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,'47, WITTE-with Bosch Standard
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F IS 18. I n iame number., with the
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them like a fly-trap catches file.. Made in all aUes.
Write for Price List, and Free Booklet on best bait ever
discovered for attracting all kinds of fleh. Agents wanted*
WALTON SUPPLY COw R-22. St. Louis, Mo.
SAFETY RAZOR BLADES
Gillette, 87c doz. Durham-Duplex, $1 doz.
Gem and Ever-Ready, 73c doz.
Sent Prepaid.
ROSONE CO., Dept. 102.
4932 Armitage Ave., Chicago, 111.
made /J to your measure,
in the y latest style, would \
you be willing tokeep
and wear it, show
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beautiful samples and J, w
dashing new styles?
Could you use $lO a day Ts
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L. E. ASHER, President M
Banner Tailoring Co. 11 W
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Getting Maximum Returns *
HpHE PROFITS you get from your corn crop
depend as much on the yield as on the price
you receive per bushel. You can’t control the
price very well, but you can govern the yield to
a considerable extent—and because you natu- G.
rally want to get maximum returns from the seed
you plant, you will do everything within your
power to insure a big yield.
For instance, when it comes to the very im
portant matter of cultivation, you are not going
to endanger your crop by using a cheap, flimsy
cultivator that misses many weeds and, because
of its loose, bored bearings, wobbles so that it
dodges into a corn hill every now and then, up
rooting the young stalks.
You can hold an International riding culti
vator close against the corn rows with ease —-
it is steady and the wheels track straight, because
they are furnished with adjustable bearings so
that any play from wear can be taken up very
readily. And there are no weeds left behind
an International.
See the International dealer the next time yOu
are in town and ask him to show you his line
of International Corn Cultivators.
INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY T.
of America
CHICAGO USA 4
y r O?^W^/J^J<W///(7jKC
It is far cheaper to-protect it with a coat t
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Peaslee-Gaulbert Co., oepi. 34 ’
—gifflji ?
MiIWMM i
S%?K.Hand Stomp Wler
Giws%ttrHand 96,000
of Rwer
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HAND POWER.
■
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ior heavy pulls. Works equal- amlca
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■annot go.
Write us today for
special offer jnd
tree booklet ..
on Land .
C’ caring, f BSSSbK " : 'i 4
a
The Fitzpatrick Products Corp- -* 5
Box 72 99 j ohn St New y ork
Box 73 , . 182 Fifth St., San Francisco, Calif.
Stswlb© RrThe @ '
1
a
® oentatiTeineach locality to uso
n ciftds tirea. GourMito# BtMl
co.
7
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