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AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION
BY DR. ANDREW M. SOULE
Stop the Leaks
We are credited with importing
$150,000,000 to $200,000,000 worth
of food products into Georgia each
year. These are the figures present
ed by various individuals who have
made some statistical inquiries into
what we are doing along this line.
If we can not help ourselves in re
spect to this situation, then we must
face the issues involved as best we
may. If, however, this flood of
money represents a tide of fortune
which we should undertake to con
trol, then action of a constructive
character becomes imperative. The
amount of money indicated above
shows that we are importing into
each of our 154 counties an average
of between one million and one and
one-half million dollar’s wortl) of
food products each year.
Os what do these food products
consist? Meat appears to head the
list. Our county imports average
around $37,000.00 worth of beef, pork
and lard annually. We still have ten
million acres of unoccupied land in
Georgia, fourteen million acres of
land that are in farms but unimprov
ed and twelve million acres of im
proved land. Thus we have twice
as much land which plainly could be
used for grazing- as is included in
agricultural production at this time.
There are less than 600,000 head of
beef cattle in the state. It would
thus appear that there is no reason
why we should not raise all the beef
we need. In fact, there is no sound
reason save that we are overlooking
a God-given opportunity to. make
ourselves more prosperous and inde
pendent than we are at present.
What we need to do is to study and
encourage grain production on a
basis that will enable us to main
tain beef cattle the year round, grow
the aninflals out to desirable propor
tion and so develop an industry that
will add millions of dollars to our
revenue and thus cause the food we
are now producing to circulate at
home rather than go to the advance
ment of states lying north of the
Ohio river.
What has been said of beef applies
with equal force to pork, t is true
that we have developed our swine
industry very materially in the last
five years, but we yet have a long
way to go because we are still im
porting large quantities of pork. We
must also improve the grade and
character of the animals we are
maintaining on our farms and ranges.
We must increase the acreage devot
ed to grazing crops. We must study
and consider means for increasing
the acreage devoted to cereals and
the means of insuring the finishing
of a large percentage of animals
which will kill out and yield a finer
or what is termed a “hard” meat.
We should eliminate in a very short
time and to our advantage the meat
bill we are now paying to the west.
This is but a form of tribute being
exacted from us for the furnishing
of supplies which we can provide
at home in a thoroughly satisfac
tory manner.
The next item on the list appears
to be feeds including hay, oats, corn,
meal and chop bran. This item
amounts to §125,000 to $150,000 per
county Again we are committing
the error of purchasing food stuffs
from foreign sources which we can
provide at home. We can make the
iiost excellent alfalfa hay on the
red lands of Georgia. It can be pro
duced at a profit in competition with
the west. There is no section of the
country where winter oats can be
grown more advantageously than in
Georgia and in the southeastern
states in general. If we will in
crease the yield of corn but five
bushels per acre there will be an
abundance of this cereal available
for all local uses. We can replace
bran by peanut meal, velvet bean
meal and soy bean meal. Let us get
out from under the obligations we
are now paying to the west for feed
stuffs of this character.
In the matter of canned goods the
imports per county amount to $59,-
000 a year. This represents canned
vegetables, milk, meat' and fruit-
Can it be true that the home state of
the famous peach still imports
thousandss of dollar’s worth of canned
peaches a year? Can it be true that
a state where animals can be graced
or maintained on silage for twelve,
months is Importing milk? Is it pos
sible that the state which ships out
thousands of car loads of water
melons and muskmelons and where
every known type of vegetable can
be produced effectively and in grea
diversity is still buying car load t
after car load of canned beans, corn, i
potatoes and other staple vegetables?
The records appear to indicate that
these are the facts in the case and
force us regretfully to the conclu
sion that cotton after all, when han
dled on the basis followed in Geor
gia, may be the means of making us
a great deal of money, but also
causes us to lose a very large
amount of it through our failure to
diversify on a basis adequate to our
needs.
We are even importing poultry
and eggs to the extent of $15,000 per
county. We are evidently not giving
the attention to this industry which
it deserves. We are evidently acting
on the theory that the hen can take
care of herself. It is possible that
she can exist when left to look after
herself, but she will not likely be
a profitable investment. There is no
condition that pertains in Tennessee
which does not exist m Georgia, and
that state has become a great poul
try state probably because cotton
cannot be grown to the exclusion of
other crops for the promotion of es
sential industries.
In the matter of Irish potatoes
and fresh vegetables Georgia im
ports $125,000,000 worth annually
per county. One hundred and fifty
to 200 bushels of’lrish potatoes can
be produced per acre in Georgia.
Lettuce will grow out of doors for
a considerable part of the year, and
onions the year-round. Beets, car
rots, radishes, cucumbers. corn,
beans, peas and almost every other
desirable vegetable may be grown
in abundance to perfection. Why
should we be paying tribute to any
section for potatoes or any other
fresh vegetable under such condi
tions as exist in this state?
We are importing $150,000 worth
of flour annually' per county. Evi
dently, only a very small percentage
of our farmers raise the wheat
which provides* the bread so essen
tial for their families. It would
take a comparatively small amount
of our landed area to make us in
dependent in the matter of bread
supplies. We cannot be prosperous
to the degree which is both desirable
and essential, until we become inde
pendent of Minnesota and tne Da
kotas for our bread.
In the matter of butter and cheese
there is) imported at least SIO,OOO
anuually per county. Four cheese
factories have been established in
Georgia, and they manufacture a
product equal to that made in any
other section of the United States.
We have great unoccupied ranges
as previously pointed out. We Can
grow a great variety of grasses ana
forage crops and still we are not
raising the live stock so essential
to the economical cultivation of our
landed areas. The records show that
we are importing at least $102,000
worth of horses and mules annually.
In spite of this fact as fine a type
of purebred and grade horses have
been bred on the college farm at
Athens as can be raised in any oth
er section of the country. There are
a few farmers who are breeding
mules of a fine type. Why not ex
tend this Industry on a Iwisis com
mensurate with our needs?
Why not keep the $150,000,000 to
$200,000,000. which we are contrib
uting to the prosperity of other
sections of the country at home?
let us become Independent through
the proper utilization of our local
facilities for the production of the
diversified crops so essential to the
economical maintenance of our peo- >
pie and the industries of our state.
If we could save the handsome sum
of money indicated above and put
it into circulation in Georgia and
make it a part of our permanent
wealth, who could foretell the de
cree of hanpiness and prosperity
which wotlld come into the homes
and the hearts of the people of our
states? Tt is f consummation to
he devoutly sought, and everv ob
stacle standing in the way of its
i’HE ATLANTA TRIAVi'IEKLk JOURNAL..
i attainment should be ruthlessly cast
I aside.
Data Relative to Brown Corn
Cultivation. 1
E. T. A., Luthersville, Ga.,
writes: I would liek to know
when to plant, and how to culti
vate and fertilize broom corn.
What variety would you recom
mend?
Broom corn should be planted and
cultivated very much like ordinary
field corn. It may be sown in drills
three and a half to four and a half
feet apart, depending on the fertility
of the land. It should be seeded at
the rate of about six pounds per
acre. The stalks should be thinned
out so they will stand six inches or
more apart in the drill row. Wider
standing will be desirable on the
poorer types of land. This crop may
be planted any time during May
or June. May is generally regarded
as the best month in which to plant
broom corn in this section. It should
be fertilized much the same as or-
I dinary field corn. An 8-3-3 will
answer very Avell on our heavier
types of soil. On the lighter lands,
a 93-4 may be used to better ad
vantage. There should be no trou
ble in securing seed from any relia
ble dealer as this crop is now quite
extensively grown in various parts
of the country.
There are several so-called stand
ard varieties. The principal strain is
known as the Evergreen broom corn.
It is not so early as some of the
Japanese varieties recentlv intro
duced into this country. It'is worth
while to spend enough money to in
sure the purchase of a good, reliable
strain of seed. The profit from
the cultivation of broom corn in re
cent years has been quite large.
There does not appear to be any rea
son. why this crop cannot be advan
tageously cultivated in Georgia.
Destruction of Bnglisli Sparrows
J. J. 8., Hawkinsville. Ga.,
writes: Please send me a recipe
for poisoning English sparrows
as they are destroying the gar
dens around here.
i You may poison English sparrows
as follows Bait the part of the
garden that is frequented by spar
rows with wheat for several days
previous to putting out the poison.
Scatter the wheat grains out sepa
rately. Secure one-eighth of an
ounce of strychnine sulphate and dis
solve it in three-fourths of a gill of
hot water, it will take boiling water
to accomplish the purpose. Then add
one and one-half teaspoonfuls o*
starch to the solution thus prepared.
Take a quart of the wheat and work
into the mixture so thoroughly that
each grain will be carefully coated.
Then allow to dry. Spread along
the garden rows very thinly whore
the sparrows mostly congregate. Any
bird consuming about twenty grains
will be killed. After each treatment,
you should clean up all killed birds
and repeat the operation if neces
sary in a new section of the garden.
Remember, .tHat when the poisoned
gram, is spread out. you should make
; certain that no chickens or
farm animals can gain access to
Replanting the Cotton Crop
_ J"-,®- D,, Rogers, Ga., writes:
I had to plant my cotton over on
account of the cold having killed
V- When I planted I put down
o0t) to 600 pounds of a 12-3-2 fer
tilizer. Do I need the second ap
plication of fertilizer? If so
when should it be applied?
Under existing conditions we hard
a?.vlse use °f a second ap
plication of fertilizer under your cot
ton. You used quite a large appli
cation when you planted the seed
originally, and I feel quite certain
P lant food is still
under the drill row waiting the de
velopment of the cotton planted the
c °? d tjme When this develops
t ly u £ lllze this » ,ant food -
JL think it will absorb most of it. No
aoubt tlip’-e has been some loss from
leaching, but not as great as i imag
ine you might think. B
In making the second application
m^ er th«^f Sti w?- conditi °ns. I would
fer tihze.r on as soon the
cotton is chopped to a stand I
would prefer to use it as a side
think- C tn On ’ a m’f in that cve nt, I
’?a ° u *’ ould find nitrate of soda
used at the rate of from fifty to
flatiJr Un ? red P? unds Per acre a more
satisfactory formula to use than
the one you Tiave suggested
Spraying Apple and Beach Trees
Emory University. Ga
m’ach S: tA ha V Should a PPI e « ad
poach trees be spraved
now? When should they be
™F? yea a s aln ? Will long staple
cotton grow here? If not. what
v WO , u J d you recommend?
H hat should a cow be fed and
m ucll of each feed? What
will keep worms out of sweet
corn? What fertilizer is best
lo l’ a rather heavy but rockv
soil. Must fertilizer always be
put m before planting? Are you
in position to give advice re
garding the small gasoline plows
and cultivators which are adver
t’Vngs? tO sucl * wonderful
n 4 °c U -n h S U,< l ”P ray a PP Ie trees with
a4 ; 6 -’ O . Bordeaux in which arsenate
°„,A ead IS m ’ xed - Use two pounds of
no., ° n n pound Powder to!
fifty gallons of Bordeaux. This
treatment is advised for use'in con
ti oiling the codding moth, scab and
bitter root. About two or three weeks
ti om the present date, you mav
5> pra , y tlle a PPI e trees with a
4-6-50 Bordeaux, and two weeks after
that date you may use the same ap
plication again. Do not apnlv Bor
deaux in cloudy or rainy weather or
on wet foliage. It is now too late
in the season to gain any benefit
from whitewashing the trunks of
trees.
e b ,® B Prayed with an
s;o-50 self-boiled, lime-sulphur solu
tion. To each fifty gallons of this
add one pound of arsenate of lead
powder. About two to three weeks
later repeat this spray. Peaches
should be sprayed with self-boiled
lime-sulphur solution alone four
weeks before the fruit is due to
ripen. This spraying is essential if
one would prevent rot in shipment
as well as on the trees. Never use
arsenate of lead with this applica
tion.
Long staple cotton can be grown
with some success In north Georgia.
Several varieties may be selected for
this purpose. We would give pref
erence to Meade because our experi
ence has been quite extensive as
well as satisfactory with this va
riety, Next to this, certain strains
of Express will be found quite sat
isfactory and then would probably
follow Webber. Reliable growers
should be able |o furnish you with
good seed. It ■would, presumably, be
almost impossible to obtain seed of
any of these strains at the present
time. This is due to the fact that
only a limited quantity of seed of
this variety has as yet become avail
able, while the demand has been very
great.
A cow should be fed according to
her sie, weight, age and flow of
milk. She should be given all of the
roughage of a desirable character
she will eat. Grass is the best food
for summer, and following that soil
ing crops such as corn, sorghum,
cowpeas, soy beans or combinations
of these crops should be used. Tn
the winter, silage is the ideal food.
The individual keeping one cow, how
ever, must depend on roughage made
from some of the crops enumerated
above and cured as bay and fed as
needed. An excellent concentrate may
be made up of one-half corn, one
half cottonseed meal or velvet bean
meal or peanut meal. Bran may be
fed for a few days at different times
whenever there is evidence of the
need of giving stimulating and in
vigorating fpod. From a pound to a
pound and a'half of concentrates per
100 pounds of live weight should or
dinarily be fed. depending on live
weight and the flow of milk. A dairy
cow of one of the pure-bred strains
will now nrobably cost you SSOO and
upward. Cows of the type you seek
are very rare. Guernseys and Jerseys
probably give about the same flow
of milk. If anything, the milk of the
Guernsey is a little richer than that
of the Jersey. Shorthorns are. as a
rule, moderate milkers, hut yield a
good quantity of milk. Hnlsteihs give
more milk than any of the dairy
breeds, but it is not so rich in but
te v fat.
It is very difficult to control bud
worms in corn. About the only
thing you can do -Is to make a m'x-
ture of one pound of arsenate of
lead or Faris green and fifty pounds
of corn meal and dust this in the
ends of the ears.
Garden soil in the vicinity of At
lanta should respond to the use of
a formula containing 9 per cent of
available phosphoric acjd, 4 per cent
of available nitrogen and 3 to 4 per
cent of available potash. Apply at
the rate of 500 to 1,000 pounds per
acre. As a rule, a complete fertilizer
should be put under the drill row
and mixed with the soil. Top dressers
carry quickly available forms of ni
trogen.
The State College of Agriculture is
in position to give advice of the
character you seek relative to the
purchase and use of agricultural im
plements and garden tools. We have
the largest division of agricultural
engineering of any institution in the
south.
A GOOD FERTILIZER MIX
TUES TO USE
C. R. S.. Macon. Ga., writes: I am
thinking of mixing m.v own fertilizer
as follows: 1,200 pounds of acid phos
phate, 600 pounds es cottonseed meal
mid 200 pounds of nitrate of soda.
What do teu think of 400 pounds of this
for cotton? what would this mixture
analyze? Whnt do you think of using
tawkag-r in plr.ee- es cottonseed meal, as
I can get it mi ch cheaper?
The formula which you propose for
use on your farm would contain ap
proximately 66.6 pounds of available
nitrogen per ton and 192 pounds ot
available phosphoric acid. I have
figured the cottonseed meal as con
taming 5.76 per cent of nitrogen, and
I have not credited it with the small
amount of phosphoric acid or potas.i
it would contain. On the other hand,
this material might be of higher or
lower grade and so affect the figures
slightly. On the basis indicated, a
ton of this mixture would contain
9.6 per cent of available phosphoric
acid and 3.3 per cent of available
nitrogen. This would be a very good
formula to use for the purpose you
have in mind. It is relatively low,
however, in nitrogen and would, in
our opinion, be somewhat better if
strengthened in this respect.
There is no objection in the World
to using cottonseed meal in the man
ner you have indicated except that
at present prices, the available ni
trogeh it contains will cost you much
more than that provided through the
agency of nitrate of soda. There is
an impression that nitrate of soda
cannot be used extensively as a car
rier of nitrogen. There is no real
basis of fact behind this proposition,
ajid as for ourselves, we expect to
use nitrate of soda as thevsole car
rier of nitrogen this year on our col
lege farm. We do this 'simply be
cause it furnishes us the nitrogen
so much cheaper than we can secure
it in iiny other form.
There is no reason why a formula
such as you have suggested cannot
be mixed at home if you wish to do
so. There is no secret about combin
ing it in the manner Indicated, and
no objectionable results will follow
its use on the farms you have sug
gested. Personally, we would prefer
to increase the application to 500
pounds per acre and to; put all or
the material under the drill row at
the time of planting the crop.
With regard to your inquiry as to
the merits of tankage, permit me to
say that this is a very good source
of nitrogen and phosphoric acid. The
phosphoric acid contained in bone be
comes relatively slowly available. The
nitrogen would probably becoine
availabe about as quickly as that in
cottonseed meal. There would be no
objection to using this material in
place of cottonseed meal as it would
supply nearly as much nitrogen. You
could not count on much benefit the
present year from the phosphoric
acid it contains, but it would benefit
succeeding crops grown on your land.
Correcting a Depraved Appetite
C. E. F., Jefferson, Ga.,
writes: I have a mule four years
old that eats dirt and trash.
He will eat hay and fodder but
will not eat ear corn or oats
very well. He is thin und does
not look in good condition. Can
you give me a remedy ?
The trouble about which you en
quire is due to continued feeding
of an improper ration. This is the
result of the development of a more
or less chronic form of indigestion.
This trouble is characterized by an
Irregular appetite, the ravenous con
' sumption of food at certain times
and its rejection at others and by
a disposition to eat such foods as
you describe. In treating a case of
this character, you should proceed
at once to examine the food and
the water supply. Make certain that
these are not contaminated. Be
sure that the feed is free from dust
and mold. You cannot be too Par
ticular about this matter. Next, be
sure that the teeth are in good
condition so that proper chewing
and mastication of the food may be
accomplished. Sometimes it will be
found on examining the droppings
that the animal is infested with
worms. In that case proper treat
ment should be given at once. It
there is a tendency to the forma
tion of gas in the stomach, proceed
as follows: Take equal parts of
baking soda, powdered gentian and
powdered ginger. Mix them together
as thoroughly as possible and give
a heaping teaspoonful as a dose
twice daily before feeding. A good
plan is to dissolve a powder of the
above nature in one-half pint of
warm water and administer it as a
drench. The observation of the sug
gestions made and the use of medi
cine indicated should effect a cure
in a comparatively short time.
Seeding Lespeueza on Bermuda Sod
J. W. R., Rome, Ga., writes:
When is the proper time to
sow lespedeza on Bermuda sod,
and what is the best method of
sowing?
Lespedeza as you doubtless know
is a member of the legume family.
It is known commonly as Japanese
clover. It is a valuable \summer
growing grazing plant. It combines
well with Bermuda grass. The best
time to seed it would be in late
April or early May. Broadcast it
over the ground at the rate of
eight to ten pounds per acre, and
then harrow the land very thor
oughly. You could greatly hasten
the growth and development of the
lespedeza if you will apply crushed
lime rock at the rate of one ton
per acre. This may be put on
immediately.
Combining Manure and Fertilizings
•»' For Cotton
H. E. R., Tallapoosa, Ga., WTteis: 1
have about sixty tons of manure and
wish to use about 400 to 000 pounds of
9-3-3 fertilizer. Under boll weevil con
ditions would it be best to drill the *na
nure or broadcast this amount? The land
has been in cotton for n lons time with
nothing but commercial fertilizer. Should
we use potash for corn on sandy bot
tom land ?
The method of applying manure to
land intended for cotton will be de
termined entirely by the nature ana
character of the manure you ex
pect to use and the extent of the
area to be fertilized. Our own
thought is that about five tons of
yard manure should be used per
acre. This may be distributed broad
cast and especially if it is rather
loose or strawy. Where nianure has
been composted and is in a finely
divided condition, it is all right to
use two or three tons in the drill
row. We often apply it in this way,
using a manure spreader to obtain
a uniform and desirable distribu
tion. We then put our fertilizer en
top of the manure, mixing the ma
nure an dfertilizer with the sub
soil by means of a bull tongue, bed
thereon and plant the cotton. We
believe this to be the most desir
able method of preparing and han
dling' land for a cotton crop. M’r
are certain that no better practice
could be instituted in a section
where the boll weevil is likely to
prove very destructive. We do not
believe that it is desirable in sec
tions that the boll weevil has infest
cd to defer the application of any
fertilizer to be used until after the
planting period. On sandy land ws
think you will find it desirable
use potash in the fertilizer intend
ed for corn. The corn crop makes
heavy demands on this element, and
our experience leads us to think
it an esential constituent to use
with this crop. More especially dr<
we advise its use on sandy soil
than on some of our heavier red
lands,
FOOD’S “LONG, LONG TRAIL”
A BIG ITEM IN LIVING COSTS
A line from a popular song—
‘‘There's a long, long trail a-wind
ing"—applies to at least one of the
many and devious paths which old,
man H. C. L. treads in his effort to
make living complex and expensive
for the average person.
The particular byway referred to
is that which wholesale shipmc ~ts
of food follow in their costly travel
from the railway car to the retailer.
A carload of fruit or vegetables can
be sped half way across the conti
nent in a day or .two, but on arriving
In the city where the food is to be
retailed, the shipment starts on a
winding trail which too often adds
little but unnecessary costs and de
lay.
Eliminating Expensive Carting
This expensive shunting and haul
ing of foodstuffs from point to point
in the cities and the spoilage which
the unnecessary handling causes
are the big items centralized whole
sale terminals eliminate. The Bu
reau of Markets, United States De
partment of Agriculture, has been
on this trail, literally, following
shipments step by step to determine
how much expense is added to the
cost of food by unnecessary hand
ling between the shipper and the re
tailer. The route followed by a car
load of peaches entering a middle
western city over a railroad not pro
vided with team tracks well illus
trates this phase of the distribution
problem.
This car had to be switched- from
the railroad on which it entered me
city, through the crowded switch
yard, to another track which is ac
cessible to teams. Here it stood un
til the receiving wholesalers’ team
sters could finish another job. After
this delay two wagons were drawn
up beside the car, in turn, and were
loaded with the peaches. Thereupon
they started for the wholesale house
which was two miles away.
The teamsters’ route lay through
the most congested part of the city,
the wholesale district being close to
the busy retail section. The wagons
were a full hour and a quarter mak
ing the trip. Meanwhile, the sun
beat down on the peaches and the
city’s dust and dirt filtered in
through the crates so that the fruit
was far from being as fresh and at
tractive as when taken from the car.
Moreover, the journey so jostled and,
bruised the fruit that some of it
had to be sold at a discount.
Though the wholesalers were par-
GET BETTER CORN YIELDS BY
MAKING CULTIVATION COUNT
Farm labor is scarce this year, and
yields are likely to suffer unless
available labor is utilized to the best
advantage.
Unnecessary or misdirected culti
vation is always a serious waste, but
it is particularly so when mah power
is not adequate to crop requirements.
Make all labor count at full value.
In cultivating the corn crop, say spe
cialists of the United States depart
ment of agriculture, use a two-row
cultivator if possible. It consumes
only half as much man labor as a
one-row cultivator and only one
fourth as much as the half-row cul
tivator or double shovel.
Cultivate when cultivation is need
ed, but refrain when it is not needed.
Cultivation may be a waste of time
or actually injurious under certain
conditions. Cultivation by a hard
and-fast rule is likely to do more
harm than good. Government corn
specialists give the- following prin
ciples as to time and manner of cul
tivating corn:
Cultivation Has Three Objects
There are three main purposes of
cultivation—to store moisture, to de
stroy weeds, to warm the soil.
Keep the soil surface loose and
open. This will let the ra'in soak in
quickly and reduce waste. In fair
weather it will • prevent the subsoil
from drying out. A. properly culti
vated surface soil will send moisture,
laden with plant food, up through
the corn roots and stalks to make
ears.
Every. weed in a cornfield is an
enemy. It drinks up moisture and
consumes plant food that should go
to make corn kernels instead of weed
seed. Destroy weeds when they ap
pear. Attack them, if possible, in
fair weather. You will then have
the sun as a powerful ally.
Evaporation of moisture lowers
temperature. A wet, evaporating soil
surface is cold. A dry soil surface
is warm. A loose soil surface dries
quickly, and the blanket of loose, dry
soil then checks evaporation, drinks
in sunshine, and becomes warm.
Watch your soil—its condition
should determine when to cultivate.
Do not let cracks form. They are
holes through which valuable moist
ure escapes. Do not cultivate when
your ground •is dry or wet enough
FARMERS’ MARKETING COSTS
LOWERED BY GOOD HIGHWAYS
The highway is coming into its
own in America.
Neglected, abused, undervalued,
subjected to cheap remedies for de
cades, at last the country road is
being accorded the treatment it de
serves. At a cost of hundreds of
millions, the United States is rap
idly overcoming the economic handi
cap which highway neglect has so
long entailed.
This stupendous movement, the
scose of which the public even now
does not fully comprehend, is found
ed on sound business considerations.
Good roads pay. . If they did not,
the nation would not now be con
structing and planning them on
an unprecedented scale. They pay
by promoting the social life of the
people, by encouraging outdoor
door recreation, and by helping
maelstroms of municipalities. But.
more important still, they pay in
dollars and cents, for poor roads add
a heavy toll to the buying and selling
of farm productsJa toll far in ex
cess of adequate improvement.
Unprecedented. Read Program
This is a lesson cities as well as
rural districts are learning. In the
bureau of public roads. United
States Department of Agriculture,
which administers the federal aid
road act, is centered supervision of
all highway construction which fed
eral funds help carry on. At the
close of last year, project statements
had been approved calling for fed
eral aid to the amount of $110,840,-
773- —a sum which indicates how ful
ly the nation is convinced that bet
ter roads mean better business. The
total federal funds available to aid
the states in their road-building pro
grams up to July 1, 1920. will be
$169.750,000 —and this total is ex
ceeded by the combined expenditure's
of state, county, and municipalities.
Bettor Roads, Better Business
The"business considerations back
of these vast investments are not far
to seek. Better roads mean cheaper
and quicker hauling. It has been
estimated, for example, that on a
level, muddy earth road the amount
which one horse can draw in an or
dinary wagon varies from nothing to
a maximum of SOO pounds; on a
smooth, dry earth road, from 1.000
to 3,000 pounds; on a gravel road in
bad condition, from 1,000 to 1,500
pounds; on a gravel road in good
condition, about 3.300 pounds; on a
macadam raod, from 2,000 to 5,000
pounds; on a brick road, from 5.000
to 8,000 pounds.
If the speed of travel is the same
on all of these surfaces, the horse
will haul on a good macadam road
from three to five times, as many
miles a day as upon a moderately
muddy earth road. Assuming that
one horse is capable of a certain fix
ed amount a day, then, with a given
load, his effective radius of travel
from a given point on a macadam
road is from three to five times the
radius of travel from that point on
r moderately muddy earth road —and
earth roads are moderately mudd»
many months in the year.
Several years ago information se
cured by the department of agricul
ture from 2,800 correspondents in
dicated that the average cost ol
hauling on an unimproved country
road was 22.7 cents a ton-mile. To
day, with price levels much higher,
tile cost would be even greater. ,
While it is difficult to estimate ac l
cnrately what the saving would be
if all highways were improved, in the
districts represented by these replies.
ticularly anxious to get the peaches
delivered to their sales room on the
day of arrival, because of the favora
ble market, only about one-third of
the shipment came in by closing
time, and it was noon the next day
before the remainder was delivered.
The long, winding trail did not
end at the wholesalers’. Once un
loaded, the peaches were put on dis
play for the benefit of various job
bers, some of whom purchased a
few dozen crates and some larger
amounts. Some of these men were
situated within two or three squares
of the wholesaler and their purchases
were delivered on hand trucks. In
the case of other jobbers another
wagon transfer was necessary.
Next in this process which eco
nomists call distribution, came the
retailers to look over the lots, in
the end buying small quantities such
as they could sell in a day or two.
This, of course, necessitated another
handling and carting over the city’s
rough pavements.
Last, but not least, came the con
sumers, each buying only a small
fraction of a crate and paying a big
share of the expense all the handling
had entailed.
This instance is no exaggeration.
A very large part of the foodstuffs
brought to American cities goes over
some such devious trail. One Wash
ington, D. C., wholesale merchant
has stated that he spends $20,000 a
year for cartage which could be
saved if the city had a wholesale
terminal where cars could be un
loaded directly into premises occu
pied by the wholesalers. Following
an investigation in New York City
it was estimated, by a lacal organi
zation that the saving in handling
costs which would result if adequate
terminal facilities were established
would be $2,000,000 annually by the
Borough of Richmond; $8,000,000 by
Queens; $16,000,000 by the Bronx;
$21,000,000 by Brooklyn, arid an even
vaster sum by Manhattan.
Marketing experts admit that there
are many baffling aspects to the
high-cost-of-living problem, but con
tend that the remedy for the phase
of our costly distribution syetem
just described is plain. Cities which
will protide modern wholesale ter
minals, where shipments can be de
livered from the railroad cars direct
to wholesalers a few feet away, will
make possible the saving of immense
sums of money now charged up to
the consumer.
to form large clods. Clods tie up
plant food so that the roots
cannot use it.
Watch Soil and. Plants ,
Do not waste cultivation. Culti
vation may be actually injurious
when your soil is so dry and hard as
to break into large dry clods.
Failure to cultivate promptly when
it is needed to prevent the soil from
becoming cracked, hard, or weedly
will materially lessen the corn yield.
In addition to watching the soil,
watch the plants. Their progress de
termines how you should cultivate.
While the plants are small, culti
vate as deeply as the condition of
the soil makes necessary. »If your
Seed bed was not well prepared be
fore planting, deep cultivation when
the corn is small is desirable. Get
your soil into open condition so that
the corn roots can reach out for food.
After the plants become a foot
high, shallow cultivation only should
be given. The roots have spread out
close under the surface of the soil
and would be injured by deep culti
vation. Never cultivate deeply close
to corn plants after they are a foot
high. Such cultivation will break
feeding roots and cause injury to the
plants'.
Conserve Labor and Land
Corn is the main support of the
nation. Grown in every state of the
union, it exceeds any other crcp in
acreage, production, value, and multi
plicity cf uses
When land and labor were abund
ant, production could be increased
to meet increasing demands by plant
ing more acres to corn. But the de
mand for corn is still increasing
while available labor is decreasing,
Thi' Only way to increase production
is tc make each acre yield more
bushels of co, n.
The average yield of corn per acre
in the United States is about twenty
seven bushels. With good seed,, fair
soil, and timely, careful cultivation
the yield can be doubled, the special
ists say. That may be too much to
strive lor this year, but props.' meth
ods should enable you to obtain, wilh
limited labor, as good yield.? as you
formerly grew—unless, of nourse,
you ha\ e always ■ folio wed the test
cnl’.uril methods.
a specific instance makes the bene
fi; plain. A farmer in a southern
siate had to haul a ton of barbed
wire 23 miles, over unimproved roads.
He found that with a two-horse
team his maximum load was 500
pounds, and that three days were
required to make one round trip. To
haul one ton, therefore, required 12
days to make one round trip, Al
lowing $6 a day for man and team,
the cost was $72. After the roads in
this region were improved, the same
team could draw a ton to the load
and make one round trip in two days,
at a cost of sl2. The ton-mile cost
under'old conditions was $3.18, and
this cost was. reduced to 52 cents by
the improved road.
Roads and Wheat Marketing
Take the saving in the cost of
hauling wheat as another example.
If the construction of narrow, single
track roads with improved surface
will reduce the hauling cost 5 per
cent a ton-mile, and if the average
yield of wheat in the vicinity of these
roads is 30 bushels to the acre, there
results, for an average haul of 5
miles, an economic advantage of 22.5
cents an acre or $36 a quarter sec
tion. This is 4 per cent on s'9oo.
Calculations of this sort have shown
thousands of communities the wis
dom of borrowing .money to the ex
tern of $2,000 a square mile ot wheat
area, so that roads could be improv
ed to effect a saying on wheat haul
ing equal to that cited above, and,
at the same time, effect a corres
ponding saving in each of the other
crops.
The lowering of distribution costs,
it is now recognized, is one of the
most important problems in reducing
livins costs. While business is
searching for more economical meth
ods of handling goods, the farmers
have not been neglecting other
phases of this problem. On the
prices at which he sells, all other
prices must depend. Good roads, en
abling him to get his products to
the market at materially reduced
cost, are among the big factors in
more econom.cal commercial distribu
tion.
Send No Money
Don’t miss thia chance to cut yourtire coat (.3®
50% and more. We ahid at once on up- /MB
Froval. These are standard make used IQcX, RS
ires, excellent condition, selected by our AZS, ml
experts—rebuilt by expert workmanship. n/‘-a
Can readily bo guaranteed forSOOOmiles. xy> B
NOTE—These are not used sewed to- I a
tether tires—Enown os double treads, i
SEE THESE PRICES CO
Size Tires Tubes Size Tires Tubes 1 rvfS, S
30x3 $5.50..51.60 34x4 .$ 8.75..J2.60 I XX7 i
30x314 6 .50,. 1.75 34x414. 10.00.. 3.00 i
31x314 6.75, 1.85 35x414 11.00 . 3.15 II
32x314 7.00, .2.00 36x414. 11.50 . 3.40 xSeS. i
31x4 8.00 . 2.25 35x5 12.50 . 3.50 DOC
32x4 8.25. 2.40 80x5 12.75. 3.65 fct
33x4 . 8.50.. 2.50 37x5 . 12.76,. 3,75 XX?
Remember, we guarantee your V-sis
sin:. 4fa perfect satisfaction. Fay only yvS
sn arrival. Examine and judge for your- Vixjr—i nil
self. If not satisfied—send them back at Vt/
aur expense. We will refund your money
without question. Be sure to atnte size j
wants!—clincher. S. S., Non-Skid, Plain. \
G EVELAND TIRE AND RUBBER CO.
Ave,, Ciuc&go, j
i_Ai L<;,
'Here Is the Right Feed for
Your Baby Chicks to Eat
The feed for baby chicks which
has been used with success by the
Poultry department of the North
Carolina State Agricultural College,
is according to Dr. B. F. Kaupp,
head of this work, composed of in
fertile eggs, boiled hard, rolled oats
and bread crumbs.
One hard-boiled egg, one teacup
heaping full of breakfast rolled oats,
and one heaping teacupful Os fine
pulverized stale bread. Either wheat
or corn bread will do.
The egg contains much stimulative
substance called vltamine, and great
ly aids in starting the chicks off.
Feed mixture for ten days to
two weeks and then gradually
change it to the following dry mash
and grain feed; 2 parts ground oats,
2 parts corn meal, 2 parts wheat
bran, 1-2 part bone meal, and 1
part meat meal.
Mix well and keep in small hop
pers before them at all times, and
three times a dfiy feed small quan
tities of small Chicken feed or fine
ly cracked corn and wheat. Keep
green feed and grit before ' the
chicks at all times. Keep their quar
ters clean, supply plenty of fresh
water in clean vessels, and they
should grow well on this ration.
Give them milk to drink.
Dr. Kaupp will be glad to furnish
information on how to brood chick
ens, how to operate an incubator,
or to send plans of types of coops
and houses, free of charge.'
It’s Mostly Up to You,
Mr. Farmer
When your farm’s a-growin’ poorer,
Or it looks that way to you,
Somehow seems there’s little profit
In ’most anything you do;
When you start out of a springtime,
To prepare your land for seed,
And the tools you have to work with
Are not just the kind you need;
And your soil, though thin and shal
low,
You will sort o’ scratch it through,
Such times, if you want things bet
ter,
Friend, it’s mostly up to you.
Taint hard farming with the
showers.
But it’s during long dry spells,
When your crops are growing yellow,
That the depth of plowing tells.
No, you won’t have showers alius,
In the soil you’re skimming
through;
Still, if you want things better,
Friend, it's mostly lip to you.
Between 1913 and 1918 the money stocks
of gold in France decreased from $1,200,-
000,000 to $G64,00Q,000.
The American library system is being
widely adopted In foreign lands.
GUARANTEED BEST QUALITY STANDARD
SPECIFICATIONS DIRECT TO YOU AT
(WHOLESALE PRICES
Why pay middlemen’s high prices when
you can get highest grade new goods
direct from us by parcel post or fest
express at wholesale prices and save
60 to 75 per cent, on each purchase? No
bettor goods made at any price.
Front Spring (wt. 18 lbs.) $2.25
Rear Spring (wt. 42 lbs.) 7.8 S
Radius Rods (wrt. 7 lbs.) 2.25
For quick action send money order and
say how to ship. If by parcel poet add
enough to cover postage and revenue—
your postmaster will tell you exact
amount. AU orders filled within two
r hours after receipt. Satisfaction guar
anteed.
GOLDEN EAGLE GUARAN-V
TEED INNER TUBES (21bs.)g=?-*° ■
Write for Money-Saving Catalogue
of Auto Parts and Accessories.
jfiOLDEN EAGLE BUGGY CO.
202 Golden Eagle Building
ATLANTA. GA.
Makers of tho famous Golden Bagle Bnggies -*
write for new catalog
■■■■BHRMaBBRMBBMBNRattMRBMBan
E* l ’ Mink and Muskrats
I .JsTf*!! O' I nil. In large numbers, with the
X kOkty N(JW Folding. Galvanized
n»!■ SteelWira Net Catches
tkem like a fly-trap catches flies. Made in all sizes.
Write for Price Liat, and Free Booklet on best bait evev
discovered for attracting all kinds of fish. Agents wanted,
WALTON SUPPLY CO. R. 22. St-Louu.BAa»
Side dress your Cotton with
GERMAN POTASH
KAINIT
20 per cent MANURE SALT and
NITRATE OF SODA
100 pounds of Manure Salt go as far as 160
pounds of Kainit and have the same effect as
a plant food and plant disease preventive—
Neither one will injure your crop.
For prices write nearest Office of
Nitrate Agencies Company
New York Norfolk Savannah Jacksonville New Orleans Houston. Tex.
Stocks at other leading Atlantic and Gulf Ports
BARNESVILLE PRIDES AND BEAUTIESIi
dixsct mom factobv to you.
We make what you want—a quality buggy—and we sell it the right way—
direct to you. Our buggies have that style, elegance, strength and dura
bility which insures satisfaction. They are the choice ot thousands
Any Barnesville Pride or Beauty Buggy will be shipped upon deposit
ot SIO.OO, safe delivery guaranteed and subject to our 60 days' driving trial.
Wt guarantee our Pride AA-Grade buggies for all times agains’ defects in
material or workmanship. Open Buggies S7B up. Top Buggies $89.90 up.
Harness $15.75 up Write foi catalog of out complete line and factors orices.
B. W. MIDDLEBROOKS BUGGY CO. SO Main St., BARNESVILLE GEORGIA
OTTAWA FNGINES
ij, .ster Built —I'e okcue, 1
Easy to start—easy to oporato. Fewer parts to
adjust, l.’s's less fuel. I.owest price for highest quality
s MB engine. Reliable, even power always nt any minute.
- Each size 20% to 50% surplus power. Use cheai>.
. esf I"’' 1 without making any changes on engine.
Zy L'tmost durability. Very latest design. More
sizes to choose from—2, 3,4, 5,6, 7,8,
, !-• 16 Hid 22 horse-power.
■ cvrr.as’jsyK
—cash or easy terms, Thou- Y ‘
sands of shopmen mid farmers
in every section of America prefer IW
the OTTAWA Engine because it deliveis
lowest cost (tower. GEO. E. LONG, Pres. 4'7 ‘J '' A
Book Free I™ JI; 7 :ISKSL
it. Gives pres'uit prices and 18-year guar-
I nntec. Write today. J. '' T
| ZSfff. 00., CC-lJZinff St,, O’-.tr.vza. Kanc.
6,000 MILES
\ Less than Half Price
/W&ASEND NO MONEY
II Hereistheabßolutellmltintire
I 1E offers—never before such won-
I IH derful values I Pay only when
RwT I l§ convinced. Used standard
B makes rebuilt by our own ex-
RgCX IB ports to (riye 6.000 miles—or
10 more. No comparison with
. I B double tread tires which are
I s sewed.
Eb f /Lowest Prices
Delivery
Size Tires Tubes Size Tires Tubes
\\ £l7 30x3 $ 6.45 $1.75 32x4k; $12.25 $2-70
n&L. \\/3f7 30x3K 7.25 1.95 33x4% 12.50 2.85
,82x312 8.75 2.15 34x4K 12.90 3.00
XjKf 7 V 731x4 9.45 2.25 35x414 13.25 8.15
KTi V—y 32x4 9.90 2,40 36x414 13.90 3.40
33x4 11.25 2.50 35x5 14.90 3.60
34x4 11.90 2.60 37x5 16.90 3.75
Y Send your order today while we have
» big stock on hand and can ship same
day order is received. Send no money with order, just
your name and address and size tire desired, whether
clincher or straight side.
MITCHELL TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY
115 E. 39th Street Dept. IGS Clilcago
HOWTO RAISE
BABYCHICKS
Put Avicol in the drinking water.
Most people lose half of every hatch,
and seem to expect it. Chick cholera or
white diarrhoea is the trouble. The U. S.
Government states that i over half tha
chicks hatched die from this cause. •
An Avicol tablet,
placed in the drinking
< * X •. water, will positively
3* Jp save your little chicks
from all such diseases.
Inside of 48 hours tife
sick ones will be as lively
as crickets. Avicol keeps
them healthy and makes
them grow and develop.
Mrs. Vannie Thackery, R.. F. D. 3, St.
Parig, 0., writes. ‘‘l had 90 chicks and
they all died but 32. Then I commenced
on Avicol and haven’t lost any since.
They have grown wonderfully
It costs nothing to try Avicol. If you
don’t find that It prevents and promptly
cures white diarrhoea, chick cholera and
all bowel diseases of poultry,.tell us and
your money will l? a refunded by return
mall. Avicol is sold by most druggists
and poultry remedy dealers, or you can
send 25c or 50c today for a package bv
mail postpaid. Burrell-Dugger Co., ize
Columbia Bldg.. Indianapolis, Ind.
mg
Government Shoes
$2.90 JHf
We have purchased
direct from the Gov
eminent 20,000 pairs
of GENUINE RUS
SET ARMY SHOES,
which we are repair
ing with oak leather.
This is the Ideal WORK SHOE for the
farmer or stockman. Easily worth $12.00
wearing value. Many of these shoes have
been tepaired in Government repair shops..
Our price $2.90. Send SI.OO, giving size
desired and we will ship the shoes, balance
on delivery. All sizes frjm 5 to 11.
NOTE: Men’s sizes 5, ohj, 6, are just
the shoes for the boy’s vacation. Special
price on these sizes $2.79.
Kingsley Tire & Shoe Shop
3550 Cottage Strove Ave., Chicago, 111.
N 6 Money
\ Positively greatest tire offer
VvA \ ever made! Sensational valuo
MctT If WA I aweepcawayall competition
ii ÜbA ■ miles—ot- more— from
// iWa 1 ourspeciai reconstruction proc
/ I ’1 css double tread standard tires
j |Bl | —practically puncture proof.
||| Low Prices
JHrx. I I ifhze Tires Tubes Size Tires Tubes
I 1 128x3 $ 5.95 $1.50 34x4 $10.95 $2.85
I 1/30x3 6.25 1.70 33x414 11.15 2.95
I 1130x314 6.96 1.95 34x4)4 11.45 8.10
'Ba/ I £132x3)4 7.85 2.15 36x4’4 12.85 8.25
>®6S l 885 2.45 36x414 13.00 8.85
SMC » ligS2x4 9.95 2.65 35x5 13.45 8.45
Kellner FUEE
V*/j / with each tire
vwE7 Send your order today—-sure
yNK y XZijr —whilethese lowest prices last.
State size,also whetherstraight
sideorclineher. Remember,you
need send no money, just your name and addrees.
and tire with free reliner, will be shipped same day.
MORTON TIRE & RUBBER CO.
8901 Michigan Ava., Dept. 358 Chicago. 111.
7