Newspaper Page Text
6
AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION
BY DR. ANDREW M. SOULE
Drainage in Relation to Our Food
Supply
There are two great problems af
fecting the progress of the world at
the present time. The first of these
deals entirely with food, and the
second with t the necessity of a con
stant and uniform supply of raw
materials upon which to base and
sustain adequate commercial enter
prises. In many parts of the world
people are now suffering for food.
There are positive famine conditions
in certain sections. The whole world
is more or less slwrt-ratloned. This
is not always due to a scarcity of
fo6d, but to the exceedingly high
Price which it commands. There has
a rapid increase in wages, and
ift a few Instances laborers are prob
ably receiving wages proportionate
Jn amount to increased living costs,
but this only pertains to a small
part of the population. Most peo
ple, therefore, are oppressed by high
living costs. In the face of this con
dition, one would naturally suppose
that we were bending every effort
and energy toward the production of
a superabundance of food. The con
verse of this condition, however,
seems to prevail in most localities.
Instead of there being an abundant
labor supply on the farm, the short
age in this direction has really as
sumed alarming proportions. It would
not seem, therefore, as though relief
as to lining costs was in sight, and
it is self-evident that the restless
ness and unhappiness prevailing
in many parts of the world cannot
be alleviated until the food supply
catches up with the demand and
there is some reduction in the cost
of living.
The condition portrayed relative
to food applies with equal force t<_.
that of raw materials, of which there
for a thinkofit-twostand-
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only You can get
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32x3}$ 10 20 15.30 2.25 34x4}$ 15.80 23.70 8.50
81x4 11.00 16.50 2.75 35x4}$ 16.35 24.50 3.75
82x4 13.25 19 90 3.05 36x4}$ 16.75 25.10 885
88x4 13.80 20.70 825 35x5 16.85 25.80 4.00
34x4 14.85 22.30 3.25 37x5 17.25 25.90 4.00
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Dept. J Savannah, Ga.
j rjMKI i! IB *1
THE ~r,Lt<LY JOURNAL.
is now a world scarcity of such pro
portions as to threaten the continued
prosperity of many essential lines or
industry. Again we see evidences or
excessive labor costs, short hours and
under-production. Thus, a vicious
circle’ is completed which ultimate
ly spells disaster to the welfare of
mankind and to the progress of civil
ization. In Georgia, as in other parts
of the world, we need to increase the
aggregate of our food crops. Up to
1920 we had made commendable
progress in diversification. Sixty per
cent of the products of our farms
might fairly be regarded as repre
senting diversified foodstuff essential
to the maintenance of men and ani
mals, and 40 per cent cotton. This
year conditions seem to be reversea
and particular effort is being made
/to encourage the growing of cotton
/under the impression that it will
bring prosperity to the state on ac
count of the high price which it is
expected the staple will bring next
fall. Fifty or even 75 cents a pound
for cotton will not do so much good,
how’ever, should hay bring S6O a ton
and corn $3 or upward a bushel. IT
we were raising all the hay ajid all
the grain needed in addition to the
effort we are making to grow cot
ton. all might be well, but the
basis of procedure we are now fol
lowing opens up no road to perma
nent prosperity. ,
‘‘Live at home and let cotton be
a surplus money ciop,” sever a
more or urgent slogan
than it Is today. To meet the exigen
cies of the present situation, what
type of food de we need to produce
in largest amount? Undoubtedly,
corn is the answer. Os course, we
should emphasize the raising or
wheat, oats, rye, hay, sweet and
Irish potatoes, peanuts and many
other legumes, but, after all, corn
is our most essential crop, not ex
cepting cotton. The boll weevil last
year ate up $40,000,000 worth of cot
ton. With the Increased price ana
the extension of the area infested,
he may do a greater amount of dam
age this year. The figures could easi
ly reach $60,000,000. It is sincerely
/to be hoped they will not, though I
I regret to say that present conditions
| point in that direction. There is thus
I a loss, or a tax if you please, on our
I farm operations which we cannot
I hope to sustain for any length of
■ time. We must replace this drain
I upon our coffers. How can we accom-
I plish this to the best advantage is,
therefore, as urgent a question as
ever confronted the agriculture of
Georgia. We can accomplish this
through emphasizing our animal in
dustries. They constitute the chief
asset we possess for offsetting the
damage by the boll weevil.
What type of animal industry
should we emphasize? All of them,
but particularly swine production. In
a period of about five years we in
creased the number of hogs in Geor
gia by nearly one million head. We
raised our position in the production
of hogs from sixteenth to sev
enteenth plaoe. We can forge
ahead and become the greatest hog
producing state In the union. The
hog multiplies more rapidly and it
requires less capital to establish a
hog ranch than to engage in any .
other type of farming. Throughout j
a great part of the state we can !
furnish hogs on grazing crops. Some
of these, however, make a soft pork
and we must find means of hardening
these animals off before they are
sent to slaughter. To this end" most
exhaustive tests were conducted by
the State College of Agriculture in
co-operation with Swift & Co,, at
Moultrie, Ga. These tests shbwed
conclusively that the cheapest and
best grain "for the hardening off of
hogs was corn. Corn proves more
desirable and economical when com
bined with tankage or with a proper
combination of peanut meal or pea
nut meal and sweet potatoes. We
can grow unlimited amounts of pea
nuts and sweet potatoes in Georgia.
There are no other crops better
adapted to our soil and climatic con
ditions, but we must have the sup
plemented corn to feed with them in
order to produce the type of pork
that will command the highest price
on the market and make hog raising
our most desirable and profitable form
of animal industry. Can we grow
this corn? We can undoubtedly in
crease our production very materially
through the use of better types of
seed, better preparation of the land
and its proper fertilization. Our
uplands are not as well adapted for
the cultivation of corn as the bottom
lands. They never have been and
they never will be. Corn is a lover
of a moist, deep alluvial soil. It
makes a comparatively heavy drain
on soil fertility.
How can we undertake to extend
[the area of land are devoting
to this crop and insure lour raising
one hundred to one hundred and fifty
million bushels of corn at a reason
able cost and so stabilizing forever
our-hog industry? Through the drain
age of our ’first or second bottoms
or our low-lying, overflowed or
swamp lands. We have about nine
million acres of land of this type in
Georgia. There are about 2,800,000
acres of this land located along the
coasts and the flood plains of our
principal rivers. These lands can be
diked and drained at a moderate cost
considering their value for agricul
tural purposes. If this were done,
we could raise 100 bushels of corn
per acre on literally millions of
acres of land that are now practi
cally non-productive and really con
stitute a menace to public health and
the progress of the community. Much
of this land could probably be re
claimed at a cost of $lO to $25 per
acre. Why waste energy on putting
this much money into the clearing
of some steep hillsides or some sandy
tract that nature intended to be con
tinued in a forest area for the pres
ervation of the low lands contiguous
to it.
I take it that we have not thought
out clearly the economic situation by
■which we are confronted, and have
not realized the fundamental impor
tance of drainage in its relation to
the agricultural progress of the
state. Surely, the time has arrived
when we must give consideration to
these problems. Take the Okefeno
kee swamp, for instance. It is de
sirable to preserve it for sentimen
tal reasons, as a scenic spectacle,
as a haunt for botanists and natur
alists and the lover of wild game.
This area if drained would probably
add about five million bushels of
corn to our annual production in
Georgia. This would go a long way
towards helping the farmers in that
section of the state to finish off sat
isfactorily their peanut and sweet
potato fed hogs. I am a lover of
nature and a believer in the lessons
she teaches; I am inspired by her
scenic beauty and by the lessons of
thrift, industry and progress which
she typifies. In the long- run, how
ever, the progress of civilization and
the adequate sustenance of mankind
depend on food, and the time is not
far distant in this country when we
must choose between sentiment and
necessity.
Let us bond the state of Georgia
for whatever amount may be neces
sary. Fifteen million dollars would
probably be adequate if the co-opera
tion of the federal government were
secured to drain ever-increasing areas
of our low-lying and swamp lands
and thus bring under the plow the
best soils in Georgia for the produc
tion of the amount of corn and other
grain crops we must have in order
to make our state self-sustaining.
In this way we can readily wipe out
the damage and loss which the boll
weevil has inflicted, put our agricul
ture on a safe and sane basis, main
tain the. prosperity of the state
through an indefinite period of time,
remove the present menace to health
which lowlands constitutor, and open
up and utilize those vast areas of
bottom land which represent one of
the chief undeveloped and unappre
ciated sourqes of wealth in Georgia.
Planting a Pall Crop of Irish Po
tatoes
L. Y., Edison, Ga., writes: I have an
acre of land that I wish to plant to fall
Irish potatoes. What variety would
you advise? When is the best time to
plant them?
Irish potatoes for the fall crop
may be planted in late July or at
almost any time in August in your
section of the state. If you get
them out of the ground by early
September, they should mature be
fore frost in the southern part of
Georgia. Situated as you are, the
most important facts to consider are
as follows:
First, you will need a good friable
piece of land on which to plant this
crop. You should handle it so it
will hold moisture as long as pos
sible. You should enrich this ground
with one hundred pounds per acre of
fertilizer containing 9 per cent of
phosphoric acid, 4 per cent of
nitrogen and 3 per cent of potash.
We would plant these potatoes in
rather deep, narrow furrows. We
would not cut the potatoes for this
purpose, but would select small po
tatoes left over fro/n the first cron
and which have been so as
to insure their sprouting readily.
This will best be accomplished by
harvesting such potatoes as you may
have on hand now and storing them
in a relatively dry place in thin lay
ers. When they dry out .so they
will start to sprouting, the should
then be transferred to the furrows.
Plant the potatoes about two feet
apart in the drill and make the
rows three feet wide.
We would then cover the potatoes
to a depth of 9 inches. Next, make
a mulch of trash, leaves or manure.
This should be done to conserve the
moisture and insure earlier germina
tion. Getting a is the most dif
ficult proposition by which you will
be confronted, and we have indicat
ed the best method we know for ob
taining this result.
Bedding Cabbage for a Winter and
Spring Crop
B. P. C., Baxley, Ga., writes: What
is the time to bed cabbage for winter
and spring plants, and how should
the ybe protected from the cold? What
varieties are best?
The earliest cabbage are produced
in the south from carried ove'.‘
plants. They are set out in th e au
tumn and develop during the winter
months. The seed should be sown
in Septamber. When the plants have
developed sufficiently to transplant,
they are set in the open field in shal
low, open furrows. This may be
done at any time during November
or December. Plants raised and
handled in this manner will usually
stand the’winter. An extreme freeze,
however, may destroy them. As a
rule, they will head up two weeks
or more before spring-set plants.
Among the best varieties to use are
the Wakefield, the Sucession, the
Drumhead and Flat Dutch.
Onions may be seeded from Jan
uary to April and from September to
November. Where one wishes to
grow onions for sale in the early
spring or for eating purposes in
late August or early September, the
plants may be transferred when
they are the size of a small lead pen
cil. This may be accomplished any
time during November or Decem
ber. One, of course, may put out
sets any time from September on.
Another plan is to sow the seed in
the spring and not thin the rows,
when this Is done, the plants die
down say in June or July. The sets
can be gathered and, if kept dry lit
erally- hundreds Adil be made avail
able for planting out any time for
September on. The onions may be
made ready for use in the green
form by November Ist and from that
date forward.
CONTROLLINGTHE CAUSES OF
LUMPY MILK
R. K. F.. Toccoa, Ga., writes: I have
a cow which gives lumpy milk out of
one of her teats. She has ben that
way about every two or three weeks
for several months. Can you tell me
what to do for her?
Lumpy milk is often caused by
congestion of a part of the udder.
This may be due to an accidental
injury- ors to a sudden blow of some
kind. The method of procedure in
treating a case of this character is
to knead the section of the udder
very gently, but persistently. Do
not bruise it, but soften it as ef
fectively as possible. Bath it three
times a day for twenty minutes at
a time with water just as hot as
the hands can bare. Then cover it
with a camphorated lard or some
other soothing and healing lotion
which will prevent its chafing and
help to keep it soft, and thereby- re
duce and eliminate the inflammation.
The purpose of the treatment is to
restore the normal function of the
part of the udder affected. Very
thoroughly and completely milk out
the udder at least two or three times
a day, until a cure is effected. It
is seldom desirable or necessary to
2ise medicine administered through
“GOLDEN CALF” GOES
UNDER THE HAMMER
t ■ —i>rrv„ 1 ■”*
Alcarta King Sylvia, whose sale at St. Paul, Minn., is expected
io bring the highest price ever paid for' a calf,..two months old.
When the auctioneer knocks down
his hammer on the final “Gone” at
St. Paul, Minn., some one will be the
proud possessor of the finest calf in
the world. /
Under the auspices of the National
Holstein-Freisian association, -the
young son of Tilly Alcartra, world’s
record cow, will be auctioned this
week by its owner, A. W. Morris, of
Woodland, Cal.
The youngster’s father is Carna
tion King Sylvia, owned’ by a firm
the teat for the purpose of curing
a trouble of thi,s kind.
Controlling Hog Cholera With
Serum
C. F. 8,, Milan, Ga., writes: Is
there a vaccine for the preven
tion of swine plague? Can it be
used by any- one or does it take
a veterinarian?
\
A great many cures have been put
on the market for hog cholera.
About the only thing which has stood
the test of time is the protective
serum which this institution, by the
direction of the state legislature, has
been making arid forwarding to the
state veterinarian, for distribution at
the actual cost of production. The
serum for the most part may be
used alone, but ‘‘simultaneous inocu
lation” may also be practiced. This
is intended to give permanent im
munity to the hogs treated. The
“serum alone” treatment is generally
used by farmers who wish only to
protect their hogs to put them on the
market. The “simultaneous” treat
ment is used in the case of breeding
animals. Only a veterinnarian or an
individual holding a certificate from
the state veterinarian is presumed
to administer the “simultaneous”
treatment, The county agent may use
the ‘serum alone” treatment or, after
a little reading up and experience,
you may be able to use it success
fully and satisfactorily yourself. The
principal thing is to secure a high
grade of serum and then administer
it under the most sanitary and effec
tive conditions possible.
The amount of serum required va
ries with the condition, size and
weight of the hog to be treated Se
rum now costs about 1 cent per c. c.
equivalent to about twenty drops It
will take from 10 to 20 c. c. to treat
a 25 to 50-pound hog. 20 to 40 cl c. to
treat a 50 to 100-pound hog, 40 to
C ‘ C ‘ J treat a 10 9, t 0 200-pound
t'Z.inZ 60 J-°. 80 c ‘ c treat a 200
to 400-pound hog. It would be verv
rtunate for the average layman
jo attempt to use virus evbn if he
could secure it and were it permis
sible to use it under the state law.
Destroying Worms on Cabbage
J. H. D., Unadilla, Ga., writes: Please
advise me tyhat will kill worms on cab
bage and will not be injurious to the
cabbage or render it unfit’for food.
The cabbage worm is the progeny
of the white butterfly so often seen
in our gardens. These insects
emerge very early- in the spring and
are certainly easy- to recognize." They
begin laying eggs shortly after they
come out. These eggs hatch in a
period of about a week and quickly
develop into a little, green worm.
This worm attacks practically all
the plants belonging to the mustard
lamily He is a very- vigorous eater,
ana also grows with amazing ra
pidity. In ten days to two weeks
they are fully grown, and are then
about one and one-fourth inches in
length. They attach themselves to
some plant to pupate, and in about
two weeks appear as butterfles and
start another generation.
These worms /an best be con
trolled by either spraying or dusting
with paris green. I prefer to use
the dusting method myself. This
preparation should be made up by
using one pound of paris green in
thirty pounds of air-slaked lime
shorts, or low-grade flour. The dust
ing should be done very early in the
morning yvhile the dew is on If
the cabbage are well washed before
using there is no danger of thfe fam
ily being affected by the fact that
they were sprayed with paris green.
Treating a Cough of Long Standing
J. C. M ~ Carticay, Ga., writes:
I have a horse, seven years old,
that has had a cough for several
months. It is very dry and
deep-seated and seems to be in
pain when he coughs. I have
been feeding him good. sound
corn and well-cured fodder and
he seems to be healthy with the
exception of the cough. Wilh be
glad* if you can give me a
remedy.
In treating a cough," the first thing
to do is to determine the nature and
cause A trouble of this character
may follow diseases pf the respira
tory organs. It may be the result of
pneumonia, bronchitis or laryngitis.
A cough often follows influenza/ It
may result from heavesl. It is some
times caused by chronic indigestion
or from worm infestation. One of
the most common causes of a cough
is heaves. This is brought about
through improper feeding and han
dling as a rule. When the disease
is well established, there is no cure
Z bl ! t atte ntion to the dietary
will often relieve the animal quite
materially. Over-feeding is to be
avoided, especially wi"th coarse,
rough fodders, which mav be moldy
or dirty. This class of feed should
be discarded altogether. Coarse fod
der before it is fed should be cut
and dampened. An animal suffering
from heaves should be watered be
fore feeding and never directly aft
er meals. An animal should not be
worked immediately after meals
Turning on pasture will often give a
considerable amount of relief.
The b£st medical treatment is to
use Fowler’s solution of arsenic
When Fowler’s solutjon is used, the
damage is one ounce in the drinking
water three times daily. This medi
cine should be used very cautiously.
If there is not regular and (frequent
action of the bowels, then give a
pint of raw linseed oil once or twice
a month. A handful of glauber salts
iitythe feed twice daily will often an
swer the same purpose.
Using Nitrate of Soda on Watermel
ons
F. G., Quitman, Ga., writes:
I have been using 50 to ' 100
pounds of nitrate of soda on my
watermelons and I have been in
formed that this will cause the
melons to decay badly in ship
ment. The melons are planted
in squares ten by ten, and I put
the soda in the middle and cover
same with a plow. I would appre
ciate your advice regarding this
matter.
There is no reason why nitrate of
soda should affect watermelons in
the manner you suggest. We are in
clined to think that this very im
portant and essential plant food is
charged up with causing a great
many troubles for which there is
no foundation, in fact. Situated as
you are, we would not hesitate to
use fifty pounds of nitrate of soda
as a top dressing on melons. Out
idea would be to put it a'round the
vines immediately. It should not
be put on, of course, when they are
wet, and it is necessary that it be
placed not too close to the hills. It
may be iiut on in two applications
in Seattle, which bought him as a
six-months-old calf for $106,000.
Tjlly, its mother, has given 180,-
460 pounds of milk in the last seven
years, or two big railroad tank cars
full.
“The Golden Calf” is called “Al
cartra King Sylvia,” and at two
months of age is insured for $50,-
000. .He is expected to bring the
record price paid for a calf.
His advent in St. Paul in a palace
stock car was marked by a procession
and ceremony at the. front door of
the state capitol building.
rather than in one. Fifty pounds at
a time would be a very good quan
tity to use, and the applications may
be made about two weeks apart.
We think the real cause of the
loss of melons in shipment is most
likely due to what is known as stem
end rot. You can control this trou
ble with a considerable degree of
success by proceeding as follows:
When the melons are out in the field,
leave a long stem on them. When
they are transferred into the car,
take a good, sharp knife and cut a
piece of the stem off. Daub the fresh
cut ends with a mixture made up of
water and starch and containing
about 6 per cent bluestone.
Improving a Stand of Blue Grass
i R. L. S., Commerce, Ga.,
writes: The blue grass on my
lawn is not as thick as I would
like to have it. Should I let the
blue grass go-to seed and let it
j fall, and come up volunteer
another year, or would it be bet
ter to have the seed cut when
ripe and threshed by hand and
sown on the thin spots? Which
is the best time for sowing,
spring or fall? My front lawn is
well shaded anfl I think blue
grass should do well on it.
There is no reason why blue grass,
when it attains proper maturity in
this climate should not produce vi
able seed. Os course, comparatively
few seed is produced in Georgia on
account of our climatic conditions,
but there is no reason why more of
it should not be developed under fa
vorable conditions. This grass is
quite likely to make a desirable de
velopment and reach a satisfactory
state of maturity on a lawn which is
well shaded as yours appears to be.
It would be an advantage, therefore,
to let your blue grass mature and
drop after it ripens on the ground.
When its transformation has been
completed, then you might harrow,
rake, or scarify the soil so as to cov
er it. It would be a good plan to
cover it well next fall with decay
ing vegetable matter obtained from
a low place in the forest or with
I thoroughly rotted yard manure.
One desiring to seed blue grass on
a lawn should sow it about the fif
teenth of October to the first of No
vember. A good deal depends on
' seasonal conditions. Os course, you
j should sow the seed more thickly on
those parts where the grass is now
i thin. We de not think you can hope
! to have much satisfaction from seed-
I ing blue grass in the spring in our
climate.
I believe a formula running high
j in nitrogen is desirable to use on
your lawn. I generally use about
two sack# on my own lawn of a for
mula containing from 4 to 5 per cent
of nitrogen, 8 to 9 per cent of phos
phoric acid and from 3 to 5 per cent
of potash. I generally put one ap
plication on in late March or early
April and the other some time in
May or June, when there is a good
season in the soil. I seldom use any
fertilizer in the autumn, preferring
to enrich the land in the manner in
dicated above.
Feeding Barley to Work Stock
H. C. E., Bostwick, Ga., writes:
My oat crop this year is about
10 per cent barley, and after be
ing cured the barley heads are
very hard and dry, and wish to
know if you think it is safe to
feed it in the straw.
There is no reason why you should
not feed the oat hay containing a
little barley to your live stock. This
crop is extensively grown in the
north, and the straw is largely used
for stock feed. Occasionally the
beards may make the mouths of ani
mals sore temporarily. ■ This is a
passing condition which soon adjusts
itself. Our experience with feeding
hay of this kind makes us feel that,
we can recommend its use to you in
the manner indicated with safety.
GROUND OYSTER SHELLS AS
V POULTRY FEED
1). G. E. writes: I would like to know
something of the value of ground oyster
shells for poultry feed, and also as a
fertilizer.
Ground oyster shells make an ex
cellent grit food for poultry, and
this material is used when properly
prepared to a considerable extent
by up-to-date poultrymen. Pulverized
oyster shells are of much value for
supplying calcium to land deficient in
this element as any other carrier 0f
this material. The strength and
value of oyster shells is influenced
to some extent by the arrft>unt of
mud or dirt adhering to them. Under
normal conditions, oyster shells run
high in lime, containing 90 to 95
per cent of calcium carbonate. There
is no reason why material of this
kind, if relately finely ground, should
not be a valuable amendment to any
soil deficient in calcium.
In the south we grow a consider
able quantity of leguminous crops,
and we are adding annually to the
arejfs of land devoted to this type of
plant. Land intended for alfalfa,
cowpeas, soy beans, velvet beans, pea
nuts, vetches and other standard farm
crops wil] be benefited bv an appli
cation of finely ground oyster shell
lime. This material should be used
in proportion to the needs of the
soil and the requirements of the
crop. Under normal conditions, an
application of one ton every three to
five years will be found satisfactory.
When preparing the land for planting
to alfalfa as much as four to six
tons should be used per acre.
Grading Saves Big Loss in
Marketing Products
Standardization of farm products
is being widely recognized as funda
mental to improvement in market
ing. Without well-organized, accept
■ able, standard grades, the various
I market news services of the bureau
lof markets. U. S. D. A., cannot be
i made fully effective because there
! must be recognized basis for buy
| ing and selling, a common language
! through which grower, shipper, trans-
I portation company and dealer may
I clearly understand one another.
Standardization, moreover, elimi
i nates waste and prevents the ship
i ment of diseased with sound fruits
j and vegetables and of overripe with
properly matured specimens. Fail
| ure properly to classify products be
! fore shipments frequently results in
| deterioration, decay and inefficient
. distribution. Much of this loss might
j be prevented by sorting products into
i grades at the point of production,
| packing each grade Separately to
j minimize contamination and convert
; ing inferior or unmerchantable grades
' into by-products.
Would You Wait for Permission?
This Is What Happened to Hodge
What do you think of/ having to
telephone for permission to run from
a flock of bears—and then having
your more or less palpitating pro
posal turned down?
That Is what happened to J. W.
Hodge, a fire guard on the Shenan
doah National Forest, a few days
ago.
Hodge was stationed at the look
out tower on Hankey Mountain. It
was his job to scan the skyline and
to make expert diagnosis of far
away smoke smudges or any other
indication of fire in the forest. This
particular morning when he went to
the lookout tower on the mountain
top, he failed to attach his gup to
his person. It was a mere formality
anyhow—and guns are cumbersome
things to carry around.
Well, he got into his lookout box
and began searching the dim blue
distances that look like the further
fringes of the world. He was very
busy at that for a while. Then his
eyes came back closer home, and
GARDENERS SHOULD REPLANT
WITH MOST IMPORTANT CROPS
To get the most out of the home
garden a number of crops, such as
snap beans, beets, lettuce, radishes,
and peas, should be planted at in
tervals to insure a continuous supply.
In the case of snap beans as many as
five plantings may be made in some
sections of the country. Ijj the
southern part of the United States
special attention should be given to
the late planting of the semihardy
crops for late fall and winter use.
These crops include spinach, kale,
cabbage, collards, turnips, lettuce
and winter onions. The la.te-planted
crops generally give the best veg
etables for winter storage. Beans,
peas, carrots and beets ?®r canning
purposes should be grown either very
early in the season or quite late in or
der to get the finest quality of canned
goods. A late-planted crop of snap
beans often yields an abundant sup
ply of very tender pods which are
ready for canning just before the
first frosts. These usually make a
better quality of canned product than
do those grown at a time when they
mature during the heated portion of
the season.
More Irish Potatoes Urgent
Too much stress cannot be placed
upon the need for gardeners to pro
duce Irish potatoes during the re
mainder of the season. It is now
time to begin thinking about planting
a late crop in sections where a late
crop is grown. In the southern part
of the United States a late crop may
be planted in July or August, provid
ed enough moisture is in the ground
to give the seed a start.
Gardeners are advised to plant the
standard crops and varieties, leav
ing the fancy kinds of vegetables and
the novelties off their list.
Throughout the greater portion of
the south a very excellent crop or
sweet potatoes may be grown by tak-
FARMERS FIND CO-OPERATIVE
HAULING OF PRODUCE PAYS
A steadily increasing number of
shippers are looikng toward the mo
tor truck forU the solution of their
transportation problems. Farmers
are included in this category and it
may therefore be well to point out,
as the result, of avtual experience of
others, the things they should con
sider in connection with the use of
motor trucks to haul their produce to
market.
In very few instances, say experts
of the Bureau of Markets, United
States Department of Agriculture, is
it advisable for a farmer to purchase
and operate a motor truck solely for
his own needs, as the initial invest
ment, cost of upkeep, and the lim
ited time the truck is likely to be in
use make the venture expensive and
disproportionate to the convenience
secured.
Where trucks are operated by pri
vate individuals for profit the owner
of the truck usually operate between
certain points on a fixed schedule.
The farmer assumes no risk. He
simply pays whatever the rate for
cartage may be, and many find the
use of this means of transportation
an advantage over the railroad or
over hauling his produce to market
himself by team. At the same time
it has often occurred that when the
farmer had learned to depend upon
this service, the rates would be rais
ed to a point that the farmer could
ill afford to pay, or that another mo
tor-truck operator ivould enter the
field with the result that both opera
tors were compelled to go out of
busines, leaving the farmer without
any truck service at all.
It may be well to consider the
basis upon which a farmer may se
cure motor-truck transportation at a
nominal cost and create a service
upon which he can place full reliance.
There are several co-operative md
tor-truck asociations in existence of
which perhaps the Farmers’ Co-oper
ative Co., of Hartford county, Md.,
has had the largest measure of suc
cess. The territory served by the
association is a very productive ag
ricultural region. Many of the farm
ers ship milk to Baltimore, some
raise truck crops, and other prac
tice general farming.
The association rates on many com
modities are decidedly lower than
those of the railroad. The members
say that the saving of time in mar
keting their produce is a big ad
vantage, also. For example, when
the farmers hauled their produce to
market by wagon they had to start
out at midnight and did not return
home until 9 o’clock the next morn
ing. Now, at least 8 hours of that
time is saved for other work.
But while the Harford County
company has had considerable suc
cess, it would not have been possi
ble had the condition not been fa
vorable for the operation o" a co-op
erative motor truck route. This fact
should not be lost sight of; and for
the benefit of those contemplatin'”
the e.ta blishment of co-operative mo
tor truck associations the following*
points should receive careful con
sideration :
A careful survey should be made
to determine the adequacy of pres
ent transportation facilities, the rea
sonableness of the rate charged, the
approximate daily tonnage available
for movement in each direction, the
character of the roads over which
the trucks must be operated, and the
general sentiment of the community
toward such an association. The dis
tance from market should not be
more than forty miles, and there
should be sufficient volume of pro
duce to warrant reasonably constant
operation of the trucks throughout
the year.
It having been concluded that the
co-operative enterprise will be a de
cided advantage, only men who have
demonstrated their business abilltv
in handling their private affairs and
who exercise a good influence among
the members of the community
should be selected as directors. The
secretary should be a man with en
ergy, tact, business abllty, and a
high appreciation of the farmers’
interests. The capitalization of the
association should be large enough to
permit the issuance of enough stock i
to pay for the trucks in cash, to as- !
sure a sufficient amount of cash on !
hand as working capital, and to h?,ve ;
enough unissued stock to provide /for !
future .sound extension of the busi- '
ness. as well as a depreciation fund j
to replace worn-out equipment.
The trucks should be selected only ;
- J
About Bees and Bee Work i
CLEMSON COLLEGE.—-Many peo
ple still insist that bees cause dam
age to fruit, and some even assert |
thatS-'beest damage crops by sucking
nectar from the flowers. Careful in
vestigations prove that these beliefs
are not only not true, but that bees
are a great help in pollination of
flowers. Bees do not puncture fruit
and suck the juices. Observations of ’
trained investigators prove that bees
visit fruit and suck juices only after
the skin has been broken.
Many bee keepers are disappointed
at the failure of the entomologists
to meet requests for help. It is phy
sically impossible for the extension
service bee specialist to meet.
TUESDAY, JULY «, 1920.
what he saw made him wish for an
airplane to take him immediately
to one of those far fringes. Three
bears were browsing around only i
little distance from his lookout tow
er. They were not apparently giving
him any thought, but he did not
know how soon they might become
hungry. There being no airplane at
hand, he decided to use his legs.
Then he remembered he could not
leave his post without permission, so
he called up District Ranger Shank
lin, laid the case before him, and
requested permission to go for nis
gun. He x was promptly told that
the rhing was impossible. The for
ests were dry, and fire might start
anywhere at any tir jears or no
bears, it was Hod,«e'„ business to
stay in that 10€>X- box. Being a
perfectly good st guard, he stay
ed. Fortuna - -’’, another lookout
happened to listen in on the tele
phone conversation and succeeded in
sending- help to Hodge.
ing vine cuttings from those that
have been previously planted and in
serting these in ridges in place of
rooted plants. The sweet potatoes
grown from vine cuttings are usually
free from disease and are smooth
and uniform, making them very de
sirable for winter storage.
In many sections peas can be
planted as late as September and
will yield a very nice crop before
cold weather sets in. For this pur
pose the early or quick maturing
sorts should be used.
Can or Store Vegetables
Large quantities of garden vegeta
bles are lost through want of suit
able means of taking care of the sur
plus. This can be done either by
canning or by storage, depending
upon the kind of vegetable to be
cared for. The secret of filling the
pantry shelves with canned goods is
to can a little every day during the
season when vegetables are plentiful
in the garden. Storage facllties
either in the form of special room in
the cellar or a suitable outdoor stor
age pit should be provided. In a few
instances arrangements with the lo
cal cold storage or ice factory for
the partitioning off of a small com
partment in their ice storage room in
which vegetables that should be
stored at a temperature near the
freezing point may be kept. This
class of storage is especially desir
able for apples and Irish potatoes
Sweet potatoes should always be
stored In a warm place and given
plenty of ventilation.
In planning the garden operations
for the balance of the season, it is
well to take into consideration all of
the above features. First, grow the
kind of vegetables that are needed
for canning and storage, and, second,
make provision to can or store all
that are not needed for Immediate
use.
after a thorough and unbiased con
sideraton of the various makes. Rec
ords of performance, of cost of op
eration and maintenance, furnished .
by actual operators of trucks rather
than by agents of truck manufactur
ers, should be carefully considered
in the light of present and prospect
ive needs of the association. z
In employing operators merit
should be the sole consideration.
Rates should be based on a careful
analysis of complete, adequate, and
accurate information regarding costs.
i Accounting methods should be sim
ple but sufficiently comprehensive to
■ show the exact financial status of
I the association at all times.
I In determining matters of policy [
the interests of the members as a
whole rather than as indviduals must
be considered. Service must be the ■
watchword. And to make the asso ■
?lation a real success, each member
must feel that It is his association. I
WOOD’S SEEDS
Crimson Clover
The Wonderful Soil Improver
Sow it in your corn and cotton at the working, and
next year you can plant these two crops on the same land and
. make bigger crops. It is considered w'orth S2O to §3O per acre
in the increased productiveness and improved mechanical con
dition of the soil.
CRIMSON CLOVER also makes an excellent winter and
spring grazing crop, the best of early green feed and a good
hay crop.
Cow Peas • .
For Forage and Soil Improving Crop
Pound for pound, cow pea hay is as valuable a feed as
clover hay; it is nearly equal in value to alfalfa and wheat
bfan. The U. S. Department of Agriculture says: “No ,one
thing can add more to the agricultural wealth of the South
than growing of cow peas."
Write for copy of our 1920 Fall Catalog giving prices and
full Information about fall crops for Farm and Garden. Mailed
FREE on request.
T. W. WOOD & SONS, Seedsmen,
Richmond, - - - Virginia.
1 "'"ii /' ' —." ~
r r —....
Sir? dress your Cotton with
: GERMAN POTASH
j KAINIT i'
20 per cent MANURE SALT and
NITRATE OF SODA
ICO pcuirJs of Manure Salt gu as far as 160
pounds cf Kainit and have the same effect as
a plant feed and plant disease preventive—
Neither one will injure your crop.
For prices write nearest Office of
Nhrate Agencies Company
INovz Ycrk Norfolk Savannah Jacksonville New Orleans Houston. Tex. Si
ji Stocks at other, leading Atlantic and Gulf Ports
► -raw- --.■w'-ttjv -»» —i- .w..««rrmrr-n rni —n —r~r^' l i’-rnTT-MrTrn~Bi~Trirwim~~rTßnnnrr ■■■■ »7i i—nemij. a-J?
White-Shelled Eggs
Are Better for Breeding
The Mediterranean or egg breeds
are best suited for the production
of white-shelled eggs. Representa
tives of this class are bred largely
for the. production of eggs rather
than for meat production. Among
the popular breeds of this class are:
Leghorn, Minorca, Ancona and An
d a 1 u s i an.
Care in Feeding Chicks
Results in Good Profits
The first rule for getting a good
profit from poultry is to get the
chicks hatched early, and the next is
to keep them growing sc :s.*: they
will reach laying maturity before the
commencement of cold weather.
There is no profit in keeping a chick
en just alive, whether it is intended
for laying stock or for the market.
One reason why more care should be
exercised in feeding chicks than in
feeding fowls is that the chicks
know less about what is good for
them than do the fowls. The healirijr
chick is a hungry thiwg and r—cat
what is given it; the or
gans being weak are less able to dis
pose of objectionable feed than are
those of older fowls.
Young chicks should be fed a lit
tle at a time and often, poultry spe
cialists in United States department
of agriculture say. They should be
fed early in the morning and just
before going to bed at night, and not
less than three times in the inter
vening period. For the first two
weeks they may be fed three meals
of soft feed and two of hard, and
after that age two of soft and three
of hard, less soft feed beirig fed as
they grow older. No more moistened
soft, feed should be given at one time
than they will eat up clean.
A standard-bred male at the head
of a mongrel flock will improve tha
quality of the stock materially. A
mongrel male will produce no im
provement in quality.
Send No Money
Don’t ml«a thii chance to ent your tir* coat pCaA
50% and more. We ahi|} at once on ap- AT I
proval. These are ttandard. make uaed QcK I [
firea, excellent condition, selected by our il
experts—rebuilt by eXpert workmanship, ' V?
Can readily be guaranteed for 6000 miles. . fJTJ
NOTE—These are not used sowed to- XjC k
(ether tiros—known a* double tresds. < F/
fiF e^e«^ igg I
30x3 .$5.50. .$1.60 34x4 .$ 8.75..52.60 1 H
30x3}$ 6.60.. 1.75 34x455. 10.00.. 3.00 g
31x8}$. 6.75.. 1.85 35x455. 11.00.. 8.15 1
82x35$ 7.00,. 2.00 36x455. 11.60.. 8.40 1 gi
81x4 8.00. 2.25 35x5 . 12.60.. 3.W DOC gl
32x4 8.25 . 2.40 86x6 12.75.. 8.65 fiOC EE
33x4 . 8.50.. 2.60 37x6 . 12715.. 3.75 I Efl
iMDITI? Remember, we guarantee your V ■
Unilfc perfect satisfaction. Pay only Vff
an arrival. Examine and judge for your- OOt- VXS
lelf. If not satisfied—Send them back at tp
aur expense. We will refund your money vjSmuXs
without question. Be sure to state size 1
wanted—Clincher, 8. S.. Non-Skid, Plain.
CLEVELAND TIRE AND RUBBER CO? i
8105 Michigan Ave,, Chicago, 111,
Best
“Reo” Cluster Metal Shingles, V-Crimp, Corru
gated, Standing Seam, Painted or Galvanized
Roofings, Sidings, Wallboard, Paints, etc., direct
to you at Rock-Bottom Factory Prices. Positively
greatest offer ever made. *
Edwards “Reo” Metal Shingles
cost less; outlast three ordinary roofs. No painting
orrepairs. Guaranteed rot,fire,rust .lightning proof.
Freo Roofing Book
Get our wonderfully
,ow Prices and free
ajßjyojJl:Hr—lfif Samples. Weselldirect
ft profit*. Aik for Boo|sJn|
LOW PRICED GARAGES
Lowest prices on Ready-Made W fly »< V
Fire-Proof Steel Garages. Set
up any place. Send postal for f JBtwHßCkWrafi
Garage Book. showing styles, f*/ 1 1111 ul
THE EDWARDS MEG. CO.,
7308-.0.; Pike St. Cincinnati,o.