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A I' the School of Gyinuastics and
Feuciug at Joiuvllle, France,
where the French soldiers re
ceive instruction and training in
those subjects, Lieutenant-Colonel
Boblet, the director, is now using
the camera as a valuable adjunct to
his work.
Gymnastic instructors have al
ways found it hard to pick out the
flaw in the work of their pupils and
even harder to demonstrate to the
' pupils just wherein they fall. There
is all the difference In the world
between the way in which a given
feat should be performed and the
way it is actually performed by the
student, but this difference is fre
quently hard to detect and always
hard to explain.
This difficulty arises from the fact
that the eye is not quick enough to
analyze the myriad successive mo
tions involved in every gymnastic
feat, and the more rapid the feat the
more the eye misses. In fencing
this is particularly true, for the foils
move through the air with the great
est rapidity and even Ian expert
fencing instructor cannot always fol
low them and show the fencers
wherein their strokes were deficient.
To overcome this difficulty in ath
letic instruction Lieutenant-Colonel
Boblet is now using the chrono-cam
era. This instrument is a sort of
cross between the ordinary camera
and the moving-picture machine,
combining features of both of those
instruments.
Like an ordinary camera. It uses
but a single plate, but like the mov
ing picture machine, it portrays as
onany of the successive motions of
the subject as the operator wishes to
obtain. The result is obtained by
the use of an extra fast lens and a
specially constructed shutter. Suc
cessive exposures at the rate of
twenty or thirty a second, if neces
sary, may thus be made, and on a
. single plate a mai jumping frbm a
chair to the ground, for instance,
will be depicted in several succes
sive stages of the jump.
Pictures made in this way readily
disclose to both instructor and pupil
exactly bow the pupil performed the
athletic feat in question, and it is a
simple matter for the instructor to
point the mistakes the student made.
Lieutenant-Colonel Boblet has
found this method of analysis par
ticularly valuable in such athletic
events as the broad jump, the high
jump, the hurdle, the pole vault, the
vaulting horse, the somersault, tl
start of a sprint and in fencing. Er
rors in technique which would in
evitably escape the keenest eye, are
plainly disclosed in these pictures,
and the student is easily made to
understand how to correct them.
One of the most remarkable pic
tures of this character is shown iu
the centre of this page. It shows
one of the soldier athletes in the
act of executing a somersault over
a vaulttng-horsf from a spring
board. As a matter of fact, the
picture apparently shows nine dis
tinct men performing on the vault
ing-horse, but the effect thus pro
duced is due to the use of a very
speedy shutter and a fast lens,
'which makes rapidly successive ex
posures feasible.
The moving picture machine used
A Remarkable
Photograph
Taken on
a Single
Plate but
Showing
Nine
Successive
Stages of
an Athlete
Executing a
Somersault
Over a
Vaulting
Horse.
Athletic
Instructors
Are Using
These Pictures
in Their
Work.
Pictures of
This Kind
Are
Made
Possible
by the Use
of a Fast
Lens and
a Rapid
Shutter.
Nine
Distinct Ex
posures
Made While
the Athlete
Was
Somersaulting
Were
Necessary
to Produce
This
Picture,
Diving for a Fish
Another Under-Water Photograph
A Seal
by Light Rays the
Human Eye Cannot
Grasp
A Water Heron Swimming Up to the Surface. An
Unusual Photograph Taken Under Water.
in making the films displayed in
moving picture houses takes six
teen pictures per second, but each
picture is on a separate section of
film, which is passed behind the
lens on rollers. Sixteen separate
pictures are thus obtained in the
course of a second. But in chrono-
photography only one plate or film
is used, the successive pictures all
being taken on the same plate.
The reason there is no appreci
able blur is because the specially
constructed shutter is fast enough
to prevent it. From the time the
athlete leaves the spring-board un
til he has landed on his feet on the
other side of the vaulting-horse, not
quite a second elapses, and during
that comparatively brief space ot
time the shutter opens and shuts
no less than nine times, making
nine distinct pictures, all on the
same plate.
In the pictures taken of fencers,
the rapidly moving foil is clearly
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shown. As it strikes the body of
an antagonist and bends, the curves
It makes are caught by the camera
and produce a very remarkable pic
ture.
Most of the athletes whose work
liaH been studied through the me
dium of chrono-pliotographs have
readily recognized the errors they
make and their work has improved
considerably through the informa
tion thus derived.
In the high jump and the pole
vault and similar athletic feats, the
position of a hand or foot may make
considerable difference in the result
obtained. A jumper whose record is
5 feet 6 inches in the running high
jump may add an inch or even two
to his record by improving his tech
nique in some such minor detail.
By studying his eccentricities as
revealed in the chrono-photograph.
the athlete can keep on experiment
ing until he has found
out how lie can secure
the best result. The
photographs supply a
permanent record of
these things which is
far more reliable than
the memory and obser
vation of even the keen
est-eyed instructor.
There is nothing new
in submarine photogra
phy in itself, but the
methods employed in
this valuable scientific
work have been so vast
ly improved by Dr.
Francis Ward, the
well-known scientific observer, that
the results he has obtained are far
above anything before secured.
To make a thorough study of the
habits of aquatic creatures, Dr. Ward
constructed a photographic chamber
How a Wading Heron Looks to an
Under-Water Camera. The Wavy
Lines Are the Portions of the
Legs Above Water.
below the surface of a pond which
fishes and aquatic birds of all kinds
inhabited.
Concealed in this observation chain
her, which has walls of plate glass,
the observer can watch the fish as
they appear to each other in the
water. In consequence of the dark
ness in the chamber and the light
in the pond, the glass is converted
into a mirror, and the 'fish merely
sees himself and his surroundings
reflected; while the observers can
plainly see into the pond. It is
thus possible to observe the most
timid fish without disturbing him.
But Dr. Ward was not satisfied
with watching his subjects. He
brought into use the moving picture
machine and made some very re
markable exposures. To inure the
fish to the sound of the cinematograph
in operation he installed in the
water a specially constructed con
trivance to make a noise exactly like
the moving-picture machine. This
machine was kept in operation at all
times and proved so successful that
fishes, accustomed to its noises,
came within range of the real cine
matograph without the slightest hes
itation.
Dr. Ward was able to make some
particularly interesting observations
•t trout, correcting some precon
ceived notions of the customs of that
Hah.
It has previously bWn understood,
for instance, that the female trout
dug a hole iu the gravel, and after
depositing her egga therein, covered
them carefully with sand, using her
snout for the purpose. Dr. Wa d
ascertained, however, that the actual
operation was Just the reverse. He
found that the trout, lying on her
side, removes the grains of sand
• about her, and digs a sort of trench
in which ghe deposits her eggs.
Then she draw* heraell along a
little distance and regent* the oper
ation. While she is laying a new
quantity of egg* in tht new trench
she waves her tnll about and thus
replaces the Mod previously re
moved.
Dr. Ward describes the fierce
fights which go on among the male
trout, while the female is thus use
fully engaged.
“I placed in my pond three large
rainbow trout,” he declare*, "one of
which was a female. One morning
i noticed that the surface of the
pond was much troubled and I hur
ried down into my observation
chamber. The two male trout were
engaged in a fierce combat which
last fully twenty minutes.
“They chased each other around
the* basin, and one sometimes suc
ceeded In biting the otheris tail.
Suddenly the latter turned on hia
antagonist and the fight began in
earnest.
"After some swift lunges the
stronger succeeded in grasping the
weaker with his jaws and threw him
violently on his back. Exhausted, he
finally let go, and the victim rose
slowly to the surface, where he sooa
expired.”
Dr. Ward has taken some mar
vellous pictures of herons in his
pond. These pictures show the
acquatic bird In almost every con
ceivable position and form a valua
ble addition to the knowledge hither-
to available regarding the habits ot
rhese creatures below water.
Training Soldiers by Pictures That
Pick Apart Each Motion, Revealing
Under- Water Life by Photographs
Taken from River Bottoms, Pictures
“Through the artificial eye of the camera and the moving
picture machine, we are now able to analyze motions too fast
for the human eye to perceive unaided, and through this an
alysis of motion science is now able to get a keener insight
into the processes of natural phenomena than could be obtained
in any other way. The camera and the moving picture will
ultimately lay bare many of Nature’s darkest secrets.”
—THOMAS A. EDISON.
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