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HKAKST'S SI M)AV AMKKK’AN. ATLANTA. OA.. SUNDAY. MAY 18. 1013.
a Minimum Wage Law Cannot Make Girls Moral—
By Dr. KATHERINE B. DAVIS
Superintendent Bedford Reformatory.
Dr. Katherine Bement Davis, One of the Fore
most Woman Sociologists of the World,
Points Out the Absurdity of Making Two
Dollars a Week a Standard of Morality
II
Ry r. KATHBRINE BEMENT DAVIS
E our modem social and economic
condition* developed a new morality?
Are we creating a new and dangerous
„r.oard of morality? Has It come to pass that
morality is to be measured by dollars and cents?
• Will the addition of two dollars to her weekly
wage make the working girl "good"? Does the
lack of this two dollars make her "bad”?
Immorality Is on the increase. Those of ns
who have to do with the 'girl sinner" are on^
two well aware of the truth of this assertion
It Is Increasing, not because of the lack of that
two dollars, not because the standards of
womanhood are lower than they were a genera
tion ago, but because more girls of an Impres
sionable age, ignorant, inefficient, are sent out
Into the world to earn their living More girls
are .exposed to temptation than ever before The
greater majority of them withstand temptation,
not because of the two dollars but because they
are stronger mentally than those who succumb;
because they have social and family standards
, that hold them back IT temptation assails them;
because they Instinctively know the true from
the false. The girl who "goes wrong" does not
do so because of the lack of the two dollars, nor
usually because she wants to he bad or virions,
but simply because conditions are too strong
for her; because she Is mentally unfit t,o know
the false from the true.
How is the problem of the girl criminal to be
solved? By legal action? Not the ordinary
kind. Laws do not make men and women moral.
I feel that I am safe In saying that the minimum
wage, if it is ever made obligatory, will have no
direct bearing on this problem It Is one strand
In the web, but not the vital one. There are
many students of this social-economic question
who believe that the minimum wage will prove
the panacea for all social Ills. 1 do not agree
with this belief, it may minimize the evil for
some it will undoubtedly Increase It for others.
Luring a recent Investigation I personally ex
amined two thousand women and the number
who gave low wages as the reason for their sin
was so small as to be practically negligible. I
know that the reasons lay too deep for these
'omen to appreciate. Being unused to self
analysis, they gave the first reason that oc-
cured to them .and almost never was It low
wages.
. 1 do. however, believe In the theory of the
minimum wage, but I do not see how It can be
- irressftill.' put Into practice. Tho average em
ployer pays for what he gets. If he 1b forced
to pay nine dollars, for Instance, what will be
come of the girls who are not worth five dollars?
I have had hundreds of girls at Bedford to
whom I would not pay four dollars. What 1b to
become of them when the minimum wage be
comes a law?
Tho employers will carefully weed out all the
undesirables and keep only those worth the
legalized wage. There are times when 1 fear
that the minimum wage may become a Franken
stein monster that will turn and rend those
who created It..
There is hope under the present conditions
for the untrained girl who <s really only worth
what her employer pays her, hut what will be
her condition under the minimum wage law,
what will be the condition of the girl who is
mentally unfit, who is mentally Incapable of
being trained? What profession will she turn
to most naturally? On the face of It does It
look as If the social evil would be decreased?
Rather would it be Increased.
Society, these emotionalists who cry for the
law to remedy this world-old disease, and the law
makers themselves, must realize that there are
depths to this problem that they have net
reached. That It Is a web of many strands. If
all the feebleminded girls were taken In Infancy
and segregated, the social evil might be partly
solved. It must be always kept In mind tlin.t the
girl who will be mentally unfit to earn her living
under the minimum wage law will be legally and
physically fit to have children, but her children
will be worse than feeble minded!
Of this later.
Although in all my Investigations I do not’flnd
'low wages" to be the surface cause of the
present conditions, I do find that the economic
conditions are to blame In nine cases out of
ten. It Is patent that the underlying cause, the
cause too deep for the delinquent to realize. Is
purely economic. It Is In "getting behind" the
delinquent herself that we find the cause that
breeds the woman criminal. Personally I he
lleve that every woman criminal Is a mental
defective. Girls do not "go wrong,” do not
steal, or commit murder for the pleasure of it
Find the reason back of the sin. the crime, and
In nine cases out of ten you will find It the out
growth of a mind diseased, a mind unable to
discriminate between the true and the false.
The crime, the sin, springs from the dis
eased mind; the diseased mind Is undoubtedly
the result of the economic or social condition of
the girl’s parents, or grandparents. It is be
cause the parents or grandparents are to blame
that we find It necessary to get behind the girl.
Our field workers connected with the Bureau
of Social Hygiene search out the family records
of every delinquent. Our charts show the fam
ilies to the third and fourth generation, If pos
sible, with their numerous branches
Even so far as our records go at present our
charts show many instances where our charges
are connected by blood ties. In many of these
instances this relationship Is unknown to the
delinquents themselves. At the moment there
are seven girls In my charge who are first or
second cousins. They belong to a family that is
purely American. They bear American names
They are all here for the same cause -Immoral
ity. They are all mental defectives, practically
Incapable of aoqulring a workable, payable
knowledge of any trade They lack absolutely
the power to direct their own lives along the
lines demanded by society. They are decidedly
antisocial.
These girls might be called typical of the girl
delinquent. They should not he, must not he
Dr. Katharine Bement Davis, the Distinguished Sociologist. In the Left Comer
an Inmate of the Vineland Training School. Apparently Normal, She Is Really
Undeveloped. Thousands of Such Girls, at Large and Earning All They Are
Worth, Will Suffer Through' a Minimum Wage Law, Dr. Davis Believes.
But they are,
allowed to perpetuate their kind
legally.
Dr. Henry Goddard of the Vineland School
advocates the segregation of all mental de
fectives for one generation Such a procedure
would practically eliminate the birth of the
“professional" feeble minded child, the child
blasted before birth for the sins of the world.
The child of normal parents who through ac
cident of birth is born feeble minded presents
a different problem.
Let us see how segregation would have
worked out in the family whose seven members
are at Bedford. And let us see how the econo
mic condition of that family is to blame for
their being there. Out of eighty-eight members,
twenty-six are supported by the State. One
feeble minded mother has given birth to thir
teen children, of which three are in institutions
for the feeble minded, seven died In Infancy,
always n sixn or had economic or physical con
ditions; three are professionally immoral. An
other fpeh'p minded mother in this family gave
birth to thirteen children, five of whom died In
infancy, three are tubercular, five are profes
sionally immoraL
Think of the economic waste represented here.
Take these twenty-six births, not one child of
any value to Society, those living a constant
expense and menace to Society. The State
should have prevented these births. Our charts
are proving that such cases are the usual,
rather than the unusual. They can be pre
sented ad nauseam.
1 am not quite ready to say that all feeble
minded men and women are more prolific than
the men and women of normal mentality, but
there is no denying that the offspring of such
parents are Invariably more numerous than
those of the higher class economically and so
cially, and they average more vicious and men
tally defective children than otherwise.
In Justice to the human race. In justice to the
child, some form of segregation must be adopted
by the State. What chance has the child born
to any member of this family or born In any
similar family? Back of such a child lies what?
Generations of poverty, of shiftlessness, of In
dulgence, of unrestrained emotions. Naturally
ahe la condemned to grow up In the society to
which she was born. She Is surrounded by
squalor, dirt, disease; she has no standards
higher than those of her wretched surroundings.
There Is no social degradation for her in "going
wrong,” therefore if she finds no Job when she
goes forth to earn her living she easily slips
along the line of least resistance. She does not
do this because she wants to. hut because she
Is physically and mentally unfit to follow any
other line. Invariably we find that the fathers
of the girls sent to us, if living have no position,
are alcoholic, and the mother immoral.
The minimum wage will not help girls of this
class. They are utterly incapable of earning
It; they are not worth four dollars a week. They
can not live on four dollars a week. If they are
permitted to live in the world what will become
of them? What has become of them In the past?
The State Institutions are full of them At
present It Is all very well to sav that they
should not have been born. They are In the
world and Society, which Is responsible for
their being here, must take care of them.
I have been able to carry ofit many theories at
Bedford, also my work at Bedford has leaped
far beyond many preconceived theories that I
have had; but oh, the things that I want to see
done In this State and every State!
When I tell the minimum wage enthusiasts
that I do not believe their remedy will cure the
social evil thev get back at me bv asking "what
will, then?” Reverently I say "God knows.” I
am not looking for a speedy cure for this evil.
More has been, done to miminize the evil during
the last five years than since the world began.
Education, training, knowledge of many things
now hidden under hypocritical modesty will all
help. It will be a slow cure, but a sure one 1
believe. And when education has made the girl
efficient commercially she will be worth a living
wage and she will get it. There is one phase
to this wage question not generally appreciated.
When the girl receives her nine dollars weekly,
her wants and standards will change so that
Dine will go no further than six dollars.
I am looking for a cure for the girl who has
fallen h victim to the evil. We have her at
Bedford tfve hundred strong. Naturally 1 am
unable to put all my theories to practice, but I
am hoping! Fifteen years ago such an Institu
tion as Bedford was looked upon as a phantasy
of an over-wrought Imagination. Today Bed
ford Is almost what I want It to be—It Is a
school for girls, not an institution for criminals
We have five hundred girls In our "school,"
we have proper accommodations for but three
hundred. Last year more than fifteen thousand
female prisoners were arraigned in the courts
of New York City' alone. What then was the
number of woman criminals, potential and real,
arraigned throughout the State? And of all this
number, but five hundred are placed at "school."
It is no exaggregation to say that hundreds of
girls are lost because there are not enough
"schools” for them.
I want a series of clearing houses to deal ex
clusively with the delinquent woman, be she
murderer, thief, social parasite. Under my charge
to-day at Bedford are these three kinds of crim
inals, and not one of them is kept behind bars,
under lock or key. Well, the doors are locked
at night, but every housholder locks his doors
at night to keep people out.
I would have the State divided into three dis
tricts; a non-political commission, composed of
the best specialists possible should be appointed,
Its members apportioned from each district
When a woman is arrested she should be taken
before a judge or Jury and her guilt determined.
But the province of the court stops right here
It should neither fine nor sentence to jail. If
her guilt is proven, she should be turned over
to the Commission and sent by it to the clear
ing house, of the district In which her crime Is
committed. Here her Individual record, her men
tal and moral characteristics should be constte
ered by experts—the feeble minded sent to
Institutions created for them, the hopeless in-
corrtglbles sent to 'Institutions created espe
cially for them, and in all cases they should tu
carefully graded that those utterly depraved
shall not contaminate those wrho are incorrig
ible In a lesser degree.
The remainder capable of reform, whetnm
they be murderers or thieves or social parasites
should be sent to an institution where they, can
be given practical Instruction to fit them to earn
their living honestly. They must be started by
the State in their new career and carefully
guarded until tljey have become self-supporting
decent members of society.
This Is a hope I have for the future, and con
sidering the tremendous strides we have made
during the past ten years 1 know I am not
hoping too much.
In the institution for Instance for the hope- 1
fult. each case must be given Individual treat
ment; the girl herself, not the crime she com
mitted, must be considered. Take two women,
one may have committed murder, the other may
be a common breaker of the moral law—they
may need the same treatment, although their
crimes differed; they may be In the same men
tal and moral state. Take two women who have
each committed murder, each may need en
tirely different treatment to the other. The
value of this whole system Is that it be based
on the special needs of the offender. Praotlcally
every woman criminal who has come under my
observation has led an Irregular moral life.
To the best of our ability this is what we are
doing at Bedford. The new Bureau of Social
Hygiene made possible by Mr. John D. Rocke
feller, Jr., Is our Clearing House. It Is this bureau
that helps us to try psychology rather than pun
ishment In our treatment of the girl delinquent.
But It Is the State that gives those girls the
chance to learn, the chance to develop mentally
and morally through the advanced methods. We
assume that the girl is simply an Ignorant
child and we send her to school. She learns
reading- writing and arithmetic. We have girls
who can neither read nor write. One girl sent
to us recently was born and brought up In
Brooklyn and had never been Inside a Bchool,
church or Sunday school In her life. How can
such a girl earn a minimum wage? How can
she be anything but what she is? The average
girl sent to us Is mentally the age of a nine-
year-old. Is a nine-year old child fit mentally to
cope with the world, to plan her life as Society
orders it?
Salvation lies In training, and to thg best of
our ability we train our girls to the trades they
personally favor. We have dressmaking classes
where they are fitted to earn more than nine
dollars weekly. The head draper in a large Fifth
avenue establishment was one of my girls.
mestlc service Is the solution of many, and
they receive training in every department of
household science.
Farm work, gardening and dairy work ap
peal to others. Bedford In a way is self sup
porting. The girls do everything about th#
place, cooking, laundry work, cleaning Every!
article of clothing they wear, even stocking! is
made here.
The grounds are cared for by the outside
workers. They laid our concrete walks, they
have built our concrete pig-pens, a silo, and
8 rls who are eager t0 try th eir hand
at building some of the dormitories
The term at Bedford Is three years and when
it ends these girls are put to the test of keepfni
straight out In the world. Meny fall but a
large proportion win Those who fall, however,,
fail not because they were not given a chance
dition eCaUSe W6re nnat>le t0 r0pe w,th ron -
How a Young Pastor Fought Riches lor Righteousness
A
T 9 o’clock that evening Hod-
der stood alone in the arched
vestry room, and the sight of
the heavy gothic chairs ranged about
the long table brought up memories
of comfortable, genial meetings pro
longed by chat and banter
The noise of feet, of subdued voices
from the coat room in the corridor
aroused him. All of the vestry
would seem to have arrived at once.
He regarded them with a de
tached curiosity as they entered,
reading them with a new instinct.
Gordon Atterbury hemmed and
hawed. "All. Mr. Hodder," and seated
himself beside Mr. Constable, in a
chair designed to accommodate a
portly bishop. Both of them started
nervously as Asa Waring, holding
hts head high, as a man should who
has kept his birthright, went directly
to the rector.
"I'm glad lo see you. Mr. Hodder,"
he said, and turning defiantly, sur
veyed- the room.
Phil Goodrich entered looking pos
itively belligerent, and as he took
his stand on the other side of Hod
der his father-in-law smilod atfhlm
grimly Mr. Goodrich took hold of
the rector's arm.
T missed one or two meetings last
Hodder,” he said, "but
he on hand after this,
e, never missed a
eting in his life."
Phil Goodrich’s well
for a fight this was
idmit ol' a reply, but
las spared the at-
entranee of Nelson
. am—raid The lawyer, as he greeted
i hem, seemed to be preoccupied, nor
did he seek to relieve the tension
wtft his customary joke. A few mo-
nsauts of silence followed when El
don Parr was seen to be standing
in the doorway, surveying them.
Good evening, gentlemen," he
.sin coldly, and without in re ado
went to/hts chair and sat down in
ji Immediately followed a scraping
of other chairs. There was a donti
piling quality about the man not lo
i he rector called the meeting to
oide After tlii regular business
winter, Mr. H»
I’m
going to b
My
father, 1 b<
vesi
try meeting
Hi view of
kno
wn liking
too
pointed to
Mr.
Plimpton
tempt by the
had been disposed of a brief Interval
was allowed, for the sake of decency,
to ensue. That Eldon Parr would
not lead the charge In person was a
foregone conclusion. W r hom, then,
would be put forward? For obvious
reasons, not Wallis Plimpton or
Langmutri or Francis Ferguson.
Hodder found his glance uncon
sciously fixed upon Everett Consta
ble, who mover nervously and slow
ly pushed hack tils chair. He was
called upon, in this hour and in the
church his father had helped to
found, to make the supreme pay
ment for the years of financial pros
perity.
‘‘Gentlemen.” Mr. Constable said,
"I feel it my duty to say something
this evening, something that dis
tresses me. Like others of you who
are here present, I have been on this
vestry for many vars. and ray fath
er was on it before me. I was
brought up under Dr. Gilman, of
whom I need not speak. All here,
except our present rector, knew hint.
This church, St. John’s, has been a
part-r-a large part—of my life. And
anything that seems to touch Its
welfare touches me.
“I wish to make it clear that in
spite of the pain Mr. Hodder’s words
of last Sunday have given me, 1 re
spect and hotter hint still, and wish
him every success. But, gentlemen, I
think it is plain to all of you that he
has changed his religious convic
tions.
"As to the manner in which that
change has come about, \ do not
pretend to knuw. To say the least,
the transition is a startling one—one
for which some of us were totally
unprepared. To speak restrainedly,
it was a shock—a shock which 1
shall remember as long as 1 live.
"There are. no doubt, other fields
for Mr. Hodder’s usefulness. But 1
think it ntay safely be taken as a
principle that this parish has the
right to demand from the pulpit that
orthodox teaching which suits it, and
I to which it has been accustomed.
And 1 veuture further to give it as
| my opinion—to put it mildly—that
I others have l>eeit as disturbed and
shocked as 1. 1 have seen many.
FROM HEARST’S MAGAZINE FOR MAY
T HE intense interest of the readihg public in Hearst’s Magazine is evidenced by the eagerness with which each new num
ber is awaited. Not only is the magazine replete with live features, the best serials by the best authors, inimitable
short stories and illuminating reviews on current topics, but it is illustrated by the most famous artists. Two serials
are now running in its pages, Hall Caine’s fascinating and big novel, “The Woman Thou Gavest Me,’’ and Winston
Churchill's “The Inside of the Cup.” Both are masterpieces.
Among other articles of timely interest in the May nuumber now on sale at the Newsstands are;
Letters to Standard Oil Faithfuls; ’ The Red Man’s Burden,” by Francis E. Leupp, illustrated byy photographs by
Edward S. Curtis; “When the Rappahannock Ran Red,” General James R. O’Beime; “Overruled,” by G. Bernard Shaw;
“Conohan,” by Larry Evans; “Algernon Knox, Accidental Detective,” by E. Philips Oppenheim, and adequate reviews on
art, the theater, books, science, politics and finance.
Following are a few excerpts from “The Inside of the Cup.” The story tells how John Hodder, a young minister,
is called to the ultfa-conservative, wealthy parish of St. John’s, in an industrial center of the Middle West. He meets with
the opposition of the rich men and plunges into tenement work. He finds his own vestrymen are responsible for much misery
and immorality. He breaks with his vestry. Just how is shown in the accompanying article.
talked with many since Sunday. For
these reasons, with much sorrow and
regret. I venture to suggest that Mr.
Hodder resign as our rector.”
Mr. Constable sat down, breathing
hard. He had not looked at the rec
tor during the whole of his speech,
nor at Eldon Parr. There was a
hhavy silence, and then Philip Good
rich rose, square, clean cut. aggres
sive.
“In that sermon which he preached
last Sunday, Mr. Hodder, for the first
time in my life, made Christianity
intelligible to me,” he said. “I want
him to know It. And there are other
men and women In that congrega
tion who feel as I do. Gentlemen,
there is nothing I would not give
to have had Christian!^ put before
me in that simple and Inspiring way
when I was a bo^. And in my opin
ion St. John’s is more fortunate to
day than it ever has been in its ex
istence. Mr. Hodder should have a
unanimous testimonial of apprecia
tion from this vestry for his cour
age. And if the vote requesting him
to resign prevails, I venture to pre
dict that there is not a man on the
vestry who will not live ten regret
It.”
Phil Goodrich glared at Eldon
Parr who remained unmoved.
Mr. Langmaid, Mr. Plimpton and
Mr. Constable sat still. Mr. Ferguson
made no move. It was Gordon At
terbury who rushed into the breach,
and proved that extremists are al
lies of doubtful value.
He had, apparently, not been idle
since Sunday, and was armed, cap-a-
pie, with time worn arguments that
need not be set down. At the end
of twenty minutes he declared
(much as he regretted the necessity
of saying it) that Mr. Hodder’s con
tinuance as rector would mean the
ruin of the church, in which all pres
ent took such a pride. That the
great majority of its members would
never submit to what was plainly
heresy.
Asa Waring was about to rise,
when he perceived that Hodder
himself was on his feet. And the
eyes of every man, save one, were
fixed on his irresistibly. The rector
seemed unaware of it. It was Philip
Goodrich who remarked to his fath
er-in-law, as they walked home after
ward, of the sense he had had at
that moment that there were just
two men in the room—Hodder and
SHOPPERS IN THE STORE OF LIFE
“W
By Ada Patterson
HAT bad bargain* we
make! What poor shoppers
We are! What high prices
we pay! ,
The woman who said this was not
a pessimist. On the contrary, we
who know and love her. and to know
her is to love her. have named her
“Mme. Sunshine.” because she ha-
bitually radiate? hope and happiness.
But she was facing one of tho grim
mest and ugliest realities of life, and
the shock and surprise had brought
these exclamations from her. We
were seated in the orchestra chairs
in one of the playhouses of New
York. The curtain had fallen, upon
the second act of a play and our eyes
followed those of many of the audi
ence who stared at a man in the stage
box. a man distinguished in the life
work he had adopted, a successful
man, one who had achieved the power
it had been his ambition to compass.
He had risen from a sick bed to come
to the play. But his stout battle with
illness had failed. He tried three
times to rise from his chair. Each
time he slipped back in very weak
ness. The third time his compar-fc^
a man who worked in his offices, of
fered him his arm. The man whom
many call “The Chief” waved it away.
At last, leaning unwillingly upon his
unaccustomed cane, he struggled to
his feet and dragged himself out of
tho box. conscious that many eyes
\ver«* upon hifn, furious that hi9
wf-nkness had thus been displayed
in public, ashamed and abashed by
his impotence. The dark velvet cur
tains settled back into their straight,
rich folds when he had gone, but
4he pale face and beaten figure re
mained, will always remain in the
memories of those who uaw, silhout-
ted against the velvet background.
He was feeling the weight of the
chill hand of death. This man, rich,
powerful, with a name as magic—
working in his little world as Napo
leon’s was in a greater. was pocr
indeed, and would soon be far poorer,
poorer than any pauper of the streets
in whose pulses life throbbed.
'What bad bargains we make!
What poor shoppers we are! What
prices we pay!” exclaimed my com
panion, while staring at the memory
outlined againet the curtain* of the
box. She knew the man well and
9he talked of him while the orchestra
played a gay little waltz.
“He was very kind to his employees,
very thoughtful when they were ill
cr In trouble, but he never rested him
self. and he never could guess that
they needed rest. He ate a great deal
of food at irregular times. Now he
is dying at middle age, because he
nas paid too high a price for success.
When we are yourrg we want some
thing tremendously and we buy it at
any price. Fifteen or twenty years
later we realize that we overcharged
ourselves for It. We know we have
made a bad bargain. We find out
what poor shoppers we are.”
That pretty little woman w T ith the
moist, sympathetic eyes and the gray
ing hair, wrapped in her blue opera
cloak, uttered a great truth.
Fifteen or twenty years afterwards
w© rue a bad bargain. We* see the
object of a former tumultuous, ro
mantic attachment, and think how
high a price for this commonplace
creature were the doubts and tor
ments and agonies which we endured
for his or her very ordinary sake.
We view the business we builded
and wonder how much of the health,
strength and time, the mental con
centration expended oh it, it is worth.
We think of the so-called amuse
ments and pleasures of our lives, and
are sure that two-thirds of them were
not worth the time we spent for them.
With the realization/that we have
shopped badly, haxe paid too high a
price for all these, comes the new and
true sense of values. VY« »w« that.
success in the sense of having devel
oped our talents to the uttermost, and
given the world such service through
the right use of those talents as we
could, is worth much time and
thought and strength, the major part
but not all of these. If we have neg
lected the fine art of true friend
ship, for it we have paid too high a
price. If we have passed true, worthy
love by in the pursuit of it, we have
paid for it more than it is worth.
If at middle age our strength is a
memory, our health a ghost, our lives
empty because of it, it has been too
costly % for our purse.
If we see ourselves, and if others
see us, in the zenith of our lives, fully
developed, well rounded beings,
healthy of mind and body, with one
talent or quality of usefulness de
veloped to its* highest degree, we have
made good bargains. We have paid
a reasonable price. We have shown
ourselves good shoppers in the depart
ment store of life.
Eldon Parr. All the rest were ci
phers. ( -
There could not be the slightest
doubt that the rector did not mean
to yield, and yet they might have
been puzzled if they had asked
themselves how they had read the
fact in his face or manner. For he
betrayed neither anger nor impa
tience.
No more did the financier reveal
his own feelings. He still sat back
in his chair, unmoved, in apparent
contemplation. The posture was fa
miliar to Langmaid. . . . Would he
succeed in destroying, too, this cler
gyman? For the first time in his
life, as he looked at Hodder, the
lawyer wondered.
Hodder did not defend himself. )
made no apologies. Christianity was
not a collection of doctrines he re
minded them, but a mode of life.
If anything were clear to him it was
that the present situation was not,
with the majority of them, a matter
of doctrine, out of unwillingness to^
accept the message and precept of»
Jesus Christ and lead Christian lives.
They had made use of doctrine as a
stalking horse.
There was a stir at this, and Hod
der paused a moment and glanced
around the table. But no one inter
rupted.
He was fully aware of his rights
and he had no intention of resigning.
To resign would be to abandon the
work for which he was responsible,
not to them, but to Cod
He had hardly resumed his seat
when Everett Constable got up again.
He remarked, somewhat unsteadily,
that to prolong the controversy
would be useless and painful to all
concerned, and he infinitely regret
ted the necessity of putting his sug
gestion that the rector resign in the
form of a resolution. . , . The vot«
was taken. Six men raised thei»*
hands in favor of his resignation—
Nelson Langmaid among them; two,
Asa Waring and Philip Goodrich,
were against it. After announcing
the result. Hodder rose.
“For the reason I have stated, gSp
tlemen, I decline to resign,” he said,
“I stand upon my canonical rights.”