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Copyright. 1»13, by the Star Company. Great Britain Right* Reserved. AUL OVER ANIMALS That LOVE, MARRY and Get DIVORCES I T SEEMS rather unusual to speak of lore and mar riage in connection with animals, yet It is an estab lished fact that practically every form of marriage contract known to man, from free love to the “soul mate" theory, can be found In the animal world. And not only marriage, but a regular process of courtship, too, as romantic as any that ever graced the pages of a novel. While some young human couple are pouring out their hearts to each other beneath the spreading limbs of some apple tree, very likely, amid the sheltering branches of the same tree, some scarlet-crested, magnifi cently plumed Romeo is making ardent love to his coy, coquettish Juliet. Sometimes, though, it is the other way, for many of our feathered sisters have most advanced notions of women’s rights. A dozen birds have sometimes been seen grouped around one poor, hunted male, who looked in vain for a way of escape, but found none. John Bur roughs says that among birds the choice seems to rest with the female. The male can court as ardently as he pleases, but his labor will be in vain unless the fair one is persuaded that he is the proper one to share her home with her. But when Mr. Bird tries to persuade her he doesn't have things all his way, as one might suppose The story of one such feathered courtship as described by an eye-witness has all the romance one could wish for. A gaily plumed bird was discovered busily preening himself and making as careful a toilet as it is possible for a bird to make. This done, he carefully balanced himself on a choice limb and uttered a tender note of love. Another tender note answered him from a neigh boring tree Looking up. the watcher saw a demure How BIRDS and BEASTS, Like Human Beings, Are Striving for little female, looking saucily across at her admirer. He edged a little nearer and made another remark. But alas! A new complication arose. A second gentleman appeared on the scene and put in hlg word. An Interest- ing trio of endearing remarks now ensued. The two male birds called out in turn, and for each the female uttered a different note. Finally, the first bird screwed up his courage to the point where he determined to approach his charmer and plead his suit at close range. So he flew toward the other tree, but waB met halfway by his rival, who col lided with him head-on; and scolding and fluttering, the two dropped to the ground, while the little flirt who had made all the trouble, flew gaily away. For ages the entire animal world has been seeking for the Ideal form of marriage, and in so doing has passed through the same stages as has man In his search for the hlghekt form of union. Many animals have nearly approached this Ideal stage, and others have drifted farther away from It than they were In the beginning The general belief that all animals are polygamous is an erroneous one, based on the knowledge of our domestic animals. Like man, the best type of animal has but one mate. There are four distinct forms of marriage among monogamous animals. The first closely resembles the trial marriage, and Is the type represented by moose. The male moose selects the mate that pleases him and is faithful to her as long as she pleases him When she can no longer charm him he leaves her and finds an other. It is not uncommon for a moose who is rather hard to please to have as many as a dozen or more wives in one season. The second type of animal mar riage Is that which lasts during the breeding season only. It Is a type common to nearly all mammals. Some animals seek their old mates again the next season, but among rats, rabbits and squirrels the sep- ratlon Is permanent Among foxes, coyotes and similar animals the fath er jjjually stays away nntll the chil dren have been reared. In some hu man tribes of a low order it has been found that the fathers do the same thing. Ninety per cent, of all animals are monogamous. The father in this case is needed more than among humans, for he must provide the food while the mother hatches the eggs. While. In rare Instances, the male bird sits on the nest, the general rule in bird dom is that the place for the female is in the home. The nearest approach to the ideal married life is found among wolves. They marry for life, and only the death of one leaves the other free to marry again. There is often great affection between the mates, and something very close to chivalry on the part of the male. It is recorded that two wolves in the London Zoo were very jealous of each other, and frequently quarrelled. One day during an unusually fierce dispute, the male approached the female angrily as 1f to bite her, but just as he reached her he stopped as if held back by something within him. The female then ap proached timidly, gently licked his face and domestic happiness was once more restored. Wolves have been known to show respect for other females than their mates, simply on account of their sex, apparently. The fourth type of animal marriage Is that common among wild geese, pigeons, parrots and possibly owls. The union lasts through life and when one of the pair dies the other never seeks a second mate, but mourns disconsolately until death. This is a marked exception to the uusual short period of animal mourning. Many animals that were formerly monogamous have become polygamous through domestication. It has been discovered that only polygamous animals can be suc cessfully domesticated. Many attempts have been made to domesticate zebras and other monogamous ani mals but they have never been successful. Deer are naturally polygamous and form the one great excep tion to the rule of animal marriage. It Is suggested by some that the looseness of moral3 on the part of our domestic animals is due to the ef fects of their association with man. The dog. now polygamous, was formerly a monogamist. So also was the pig, the most polygamous of all domestic animals. All domestic fowl are polygamous. The geese which in the wild state are removed from polygamy have be- Th* llluitration Show* Four Type* of Animala Which Exemplify the Proportion That Love and Marriage in theAnimal World Is not Very Different from Love and Marriage as We Know Them. 1, The Moose, Who Practices the Trial Marriage. 2, The Rabbit, Who Favors a Form of Absolute Divorce. 3, The Wolf, Who Marries a Second Time only When Death Takes His First Mate; and, 4, The Parrot, Who Never Marries but Once. the IDEAL MARRIAGE come as polygamous as the other fowl on domestica tion. The story of the fall from ry^ce of one of these virtuous birds makes an interK*J5*$ bit of farmyard gossip. In a certain farmyard, so runs the tale, lived a hand some pin-head drake with his beautiful and accom plished wife. He was a most beautiful fellow, was this drake, clothed in the finest of white duck suits. But he was a strict monogamist. Ip the same farmyaru was a handsome young duck, rcently married to a staid, plodding old drake, but a good fellow in his way. In the course of time this pretty young duck fell in love with the handsome drake and began to cast ador ing glances at him. He, virtuous fellow, paid no atten tion but continued his domestic duties. Finally the pretty young duck became too insistent and he yielded. Leaving his patient wife he dashed at the unsuspect ing spouse of his tempter, gave the old fellow the thrashing of his life, and, with his bride, departed that farmyard to begin life anew. The sequel is not re corded, but doubtless the two jilted spouses found con solation in each other’s presence. The homing instinct among animals is very strong. Mother love Is with animals as with human beings, tho most enduring passion of the race. A mother animal will protect her little ones with her life and will grieve for them sincerely if they are taken away. Marriage Is almost universal in the animal world. Bachelors and spinsters are very rare. Yet, after the brief period of mourning js over, a bereaved animal has little difficulty in finding a new mate. The animals have, through ages of experience, reached certain conclusions regarding the marriage state, that are interesting because they correspond so closely to human marriage laws. Animals have proved in the same way man has proved that monogamy is the ideal marriage state. A polygamous race increases faster for a time and produces offspring of apparently unusual intelligence and development, but it is a nota ble fact that the deer, which are most polygamous, are lowest down in the scale of development and are most seriously scourged by epidemic plagues. The great objection of animals to polygamy is that only one parent, the weaker, has the care of the offspring and that at the death of the father, serious trouble and frequently internecine war occurs among the survivors. Through the animal world careful investigation shows that the nearer the animals have approached tho ideal form of marriage the higher they have reached in the scale of development and the better and more enduring is their offspring. How SMILING Helps to Prevent APPENDICITIS IW “S Why You Should Seek Moisture If You Would Be Beautiful MILE”—that is the latest and cheap est and. according to one authority, the surest preventive for appendi citis Loosen your facial muscles into a broad beaming smile at least six times an hour and you'll never so much as scrape a speaking acquaintance with a high-priced sur geon. This Is the advice of Dr. Carlton Barker, an eminent surgeon of Washington, D. C. He asserts that many cases of this intestinal complaint can be traced directly to gloomy habits of thought. ‘ Worry and you’ll get a pain In your side" is his warning to those who insist on going through life with a grouch. “Cheer up” is the word that goes out from his camp, “and the more you laugh the healthier you’ll be and the less aches you're liable to nurse in your stomach.” Mental worry Dr Barker declares to be almost as frequent a cause of appendicitis as the lifting of heavy weights, with its re sultant strain. Imperfect mastication, to be sure, is one of the primary causes, and the bolting of food is generally a habit of the man who lacks the rosy view of life. Jt is the persons who don’t take the proper time for consuming their meals who are in viting stomach troubles The man who emiles at his table companions and joins in the general table jollity Is least susceptible to physical ailments, and if we haven't con genial dinner mates we should make it our business to find them, says Dt. Barker. It has long been supposed that appendicitis Is hereditary, and is handed on from one generation to another. While observations have shown that this is frequently the case, it has Been proved that the main causes are improper diet, hasty eating and mental de pression. “Too much food,” says Dr. Barker, "such as an overabundance of game, spicy dishes and rich meats, are very often the cause. Other dangerous foods are nuts and other hard foods that are not well masticated, and seeds from the many fruits and berries, which swallowed In their entirety, very often tend to clog the intestinal tract." Dr. Barker gives the following simple rules to aid in the prevention of appendicitis, and for the upkeep of the general health: Learn to masticate all foods thoroughly. If your teeth are defective, give them Im mediate attention. Avoid eating tough meats Don't swallow lumps of any kind of food. Take plenty of open air exercise. Visit places of amusement frequently to keep your mind cheerful Take a glass of water the first thing on arising, and one every hour throughout the day. Stoop to a sitting posture, then rise up right, then bend forward from the hips, touch ing the tips of the fingers to the floor, keep ing the knees straight. Do this ten times in the morning and evening. Above all, smile and laugh every chance you get. HERE shall a woman live if she would be as beautiful as possible? Not, at all events, in a dry climate. Dryness is unfriendly to beauty. It spoils the complexion. It is asserted that the women of arid regions in this country are markedly less beautiful than the women of humid sections. Their skins too often have a parched look, and on thlB account they seem much older. The difference is very striking. They have not the fresh complexion and coloring of the women of our Atlantic and Gulf coast cities. Where the annual rainfall amounts to only ten or fifteen inches, there is lack of moisture in the air That is the cause of the trouble. The women of Portland, Oregon, are famous for their lovely complexions. It is a very humid region, with much rainfall. One hears a great deal about the foggy climate of England, where the women are reputed to possess the clearest and rosiest skins in the world. Be tween these two things there is a direct and intimate relation. English women say, “Let us go out in the fog; it is good for our complexions." The idea is no mere fool ishness; it is based upon substantial fact. If you would be beautiful, seek moisture—the more the better. The v orst foe to beauty is a dry and windy climate. -Lack of moisture in the air dries the skin; the wind helps. Unfortunately, even In humid parts of this country, the air people live in during the winter is excessively dry, indoors. Artificial heat runs the percentage of moisture way down, and the effect upon the skin is ex tremely bad. This dry indoor air, in fact, is responsi ble for most cases of chapped hands and dry or cracked lips—the latter a serious disadvantage to beauty. Have you noticed the effect that sleeping outdoors has upon people’s complexions? It is quite astonishing. The skin assumes a clear look and ruddy hue most beautifying. Folks say the fresh air does it. True enough; but it is chiefly the moisture in the air that is accountable. One is not obliged to sleep out of doors, however, to get plenty of fresh air at night. Open the windows wide, and it will serve the purpose just about as well. You will feel brighter in the morning, and look prettier, by reason of the plentiful supply of atmospheric mois ture which you have enjoyed during your sleeping’ hou r Perhaps you have spent most ef your time during the Winter in the dry atmosphere of artificially heated rooms. No wonder your friends tell you that you are looking pale. No wonder your nerves are irritable. A trip to the seaside will make you look and fee! like a different person, even after a few hours, largely be cause of the soft moisture in the sea air. A cubic foot of air at 70 degrees Fahrenheit will hold in suspension exactly eight grains of water. At a higher temperature it will,hold more, proportionately. If the temperature of this saturated air be reduced to 60 degrees, the moisture will be squeezed out of it, so to speak, and deposited on the walls and furniture. At 18 degrees, the cubic foot of air will hold only one grain of water. Dr. P. W, Goldsbury, of Warwick. Mass., who has made a special study of this subject, says that the per centage of moisture in the air of our dwellings in the Winter time is commonly less than two-thirds what it. ought to be for health. Such over-dry indoor air is irritating; it is bad for the nerves and the complexion. Methods for charging air in buildings with mois ture are still in the experimental stage. None tffus far tried has proved satisfactory. Tests made in one large city office building showed that the air of the rooms was dryer at times than that of the dryest parts of Arizona. In short, it was desert air, and then some. Furniture suffers in Winter from this excessively dry air. Paintings crack. Even the bindings of books shrivel and break. Is it not the most natural thing in the world that the delicate tissues of the body, and ’especially its binding, the skin, should suffer likewise? Americans complain of the poorly-heated, draughty buildings of European countries, but our own houses are too much heated and too nearly air-tight to allow for a proper percentage of moisture. Dr. Goldsbury suggests that porous dishes, such as flower pots, if set about with water in them (which, should be resupplied at frequent interva's), will help to furnish the requisite moisture by evaporation. They are especially useful in this way if placed in front of electric fans, which keep the air stirred and help it to take up the water House plants tend to soften the air, the water evaporating rapidly from their leaves and stalks. Anybody may verify this by stepping into a florist’s shop on a dry day in Winter and noticing tho soft feeling in the air, due to the presence of moisture. T Does TOO MUCH SUGAR Really Cause URIC ACID? (HE charge is made that sugar is really the cause of the vast majority of human ills. Vegetarians, 11 is claimed, are practically sugar-fiends, while those who eat meat at every meal, in combination with non-sugar-maktng vegetables, are actually the healthiest and the longest lived. It is admitted that the highest civilization already shows signs of degeneration. Over-civilization adopted the sugar for the significance of good taste, and it has done its work. Health, energy and power can only be acquired by partaking of proper food. Sugar is no food whatever, therefore it is an enemy of civilization, say the advocates of this theory. Dr. William Woodbury, of Boston, the well-known authority on dental hygiene, says: “The fact that bodily decay is far more common with civilized man than in uncivilized man or Brute creation is the weightiest of evidence that there is something wrong with what men eat.” That the wrong part of our food may be sugar we can Tea Habit All Wrong T HE spectacle of a working-class girl having tea tor breakfast, tea for dinner and tea for tea, represents to my mind a grievous physiological and social wrong," is the deliberate opinion of one of the most eminent British physicians. In the light of the latest scientific analysis of this very popular beverage, no one can afford to Ignore this mighty warning. The chemists have shown that there is ;i per cent of caffeine (the same alkaloid as ih coffee) in tea. and that there is from 10 per cent to 15 per cent of tannin, besides the other elements in the tea. The caffeine, formerly called theine. is the most virulent of poisons, but it would not be so bad if there were not il also the tannin one of the most powerful astringents !. known to chemistry. The longer the tea leaves are al lowed to steep or draw the larger the amount of tannin that is extracted from the leaves, and the greater the deleterious effect upon the system which absorbs the baneful brew. If tea be properly made, drawing not longer than three minutes bv ihe clock the amount of tannin ex tracted is comparatively small, and the ill effects are not so great, especially if it is taken with solid food. If taken unsweetened and without milk, as the Chinese and Japanese drink it. It is easily digested, the full flavor is enjoyed and there need be nr, ill effects. The excessive drinking of tea which makes certain persons tea drunkards is as bad for the system as aicohol could be. and the poor victims soon become nervous wrecks, fact that if milk be poured into the tea the com- a most indigestible- leathery drink that would Wthe digestive powers of an ostrich, and that tea lien of in this way is a commoi. can.-, of organic Tndlgi -tion It is not probable that the people will ever stop drink ing tea. but they may learn how to drink it, in the least harmful way. and how not to allow themselves to be come tea drunkards. Black tea yields but 10 per cent of tannin, while green tea yields 15 per cent, so the black tea is to be pre ferred as being leBs harmful. — Read Your BABY’S FORTUNE in Its FEET ui OLESTRY" is the name given to a new science I which, it Is claimed, enables up to tell what sort of a man or woman a baby will be by studying its feet. A French woman. Countess Melusine, a member of one of the best known families in France, is the dis coverer of this new science. She is a cultured woman who has given her life to study rather than society, and who has written a number of books on religion and philosophy. It was her interest in palmistry which led to her evolution of the theory that every baby’s feet are marked with certain lines and other characteristics which, if intelligently read, enable us to forecast ac curately what sort of life the child will lead when it grows up. “Solestry." according to the Countess, is unlike palmistry in that a reading of the feet can reveal noth ing about the person’s length of life or health. It has to do only with the moral nature and is therefore likely to prove of the greatest value when applied to criminology. On this account the Countess has asked the Parisian golice authorities for permission to study the feet of criminals in the jails. “I have never examined the feet of a murderer," says the Countess, “whose big toe was not pronounced in its shortness and stumpiness, even in comparison to the other toes, which are generally short in criminals. When the toes increase gradually in length from the little toe to the big toe it is a sign that the child will have an aversion to inflicting pain of any kind, and will not be able to stand the sight of blood. I have a num ber of friends who are particularly soft-hearted, and they al lhave feet of this kind. fidenee. B—A Stumpy Big Toe; In dicates Criminal Tendencies. C— Tumed-in Toes, Are Found in Stin. gy Persona, While D. A Large Heel, It a Sign of Indolence. “A high instep denotes self-confi- denoe and a nature leaning toward pride and haughtiness. If the instep is low it Is a sign of indecision. A big toe that is rather large and turns de cidedly in toward the other toes is found in persons of a sensually pas sionate nature. Seventy nine of the eighty-two women deported from France la6t year for irimes of a sensual nature had this peculiar type of big toe. "Bent, turned-ln toes are always found in cold, sel fish persons who are stingy and thoughtless of the rights of others. People who are very cleanly in their habits and prefer outdoor exercise to reading and study ing have very long toes. Toes of medium length, which are at the same time delicate and shapely, are an indi cation of a highly artistic temperament. “Large heels that extend far back are found on in dolent persons, while an energetic and careful person has a heel almost straight and not too thick.” “Solestry” takes Wito consideration not only the shape of the toes, heels, etc., but lays great emphasis on the lines appearing on the soles. These lines are important in indicating the extent to which the child's moral quality will influence its future. A long middle line running lengthwise of the sole is the line of the will. If the will be strong this line will be straight. If the line is straight but is broken directly in half, it is an indication that the will is strong but likely to be seriously broken by a love affair. The line running lengthwise on the outer edge of the right sole is the line of passionate love. If this line is long, straight and strongly marked, it indicates a person of a passionately affectionate natuer. The shorter and less strongly marked the line is the smaller the capacity for love a person possesses. If the line is crossed by the smaller lines which are found beside it, the child will prove to be a person capable of concentrating love on several different ob jects. see from the statistics of the consumption of sugar in America. Over $500.000,non was expended for sugar in the I nited States last year, not counting the sugar used to adulterate the various kinds of food. If we pass through the streets of the East Side in New York we find in every fifth house a candy store, and at every corner a candy dealer. All these are patron ized by the children of the laboring classes. It is impos sible to produce a strong labor contingent if children instead of eating wholesome bread, which is cheaper and nourishing, have their infantile digestion ruined by the acids of the candies. How can a laboring man get the necessary energy and strength by getting acids into his stomach? How can a man who does mental labor get mental energy if he, instead of being well nourished, suffers in consequence of acids in the stomach? What made it possible for tho great men of ancient times to show their strength? It was their simple and inexpensive food; sugar was too high-priced at that time for the intellectual lights. The loss of energy through the consumption of sugar in the last century can never be made good. Alcohol has been consumed for thousands of years, but it has not caused the degeneration of a whole race! because it does not contain destructive acids. What has been destroyed by sugar is lost and cannot be regen erated. Alcohol is eliminated by the skin and the respiratory organs, but sugar, never. According to the foes of sugar it Is a fallacy to believe that meat is to blame for the formation of an over abundance of uric acid in the system. Sugar, used only is a medicine, a counter-irritant, in ancient times, proved so pleasing to the taste that it has ended by becoming an actual food among all civilized people. No better example than rite sturdy Eskimos can be taken to show how beneficial and necessary meat is for the system. They live almost entirely on meat, yet rheumatism is unknown to them. On the other hand, the Australian bushmen, notorious vegetarians, are weak, stunted and short-lived. The excess of sugar in theii vegetables has effected their degeneration. “The safest diet,” says Dr. Robert Roessler, of Hobo ken. N. J.. * student of the question, “is beans, peas and lentils, in combination with meat. All other vegetables contain sugar to a great degree, or sugar-forming ele ments. Meat may be eaten without compunction three times per day with such vegetables as these. In fact, the man engaged in active daily labor, mental or phys ical, requires meat with every meal.” If certain vegetables really have a high percentage of nutrition, we must not overlook the fact that there are only a few. The rest are valuable only as fuel. So the Importance of sugar as a food has really been criminally boosted. Sugar is really composed of a long row of acids, all crystallized. This has been shown by the analysis of s typically dangerous vegetable, the sugar beet.