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ARMY OF CANAL DIGGERS LAY ASIDE THEIR TOOLS
Leak in Miraflores lock, which followed after last barrier to Pacific Ocean was dynamited. Canal channel with Miraflores lock in the distance. The channel is 500 feet wide. Explosion of 20 tons of dynamite used in plowing up last barrier to Pacific.
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FLOODING OF COLEBRA
GUTMARKSENDOFTASK
Ditch in Which Major Portion of Work in Zone
Has Been Done Will Be Flooded October 5.
Labor AVorld’s Most Remarkable Engineer
ing Feat.
The greatest diggers the world has
aver known have laid aside their
shovels. The biggest ditch on this
earth of ours has been dug. Culebra
Cut is about to be filled with the
waters through which vessels in a few
short months will be steaming on
voyages between the Atlantic and the
Pacific via the Panama Canal. Al
ready a test has been made of the
ability of the locks to stand the water
pressure. The experiment was suc
cessful.
The work of the army of steam
ohovels which for nine years have
been eating their way through the
vitals of the Isthmian mountains
came to an end a week ago. Work
men are now engaged In taking out
of the nlne-mile Culebra Cut the
machinery, tracks and other equip
ment preparatory to the letting In of
the waters. This will begin gradually
on October 5, and five days later the
sole barrier between the waters of
the vast Gatun and the cut will
be demolished by dynamite. With the
blowing out of the Gamboa dike there
will disappear the last obstruction
with the exception of the canal locks
themselves between the waters of the
two oceans.
To be sure there remain In Culebra
Cut a few million cubic yards of earth
and stone which must bs taken out
before the job can be declared com
plete. But what Is this task com
pared to the removal of the 100,000,-
000 cubic yards of material already
taken out of the cut, especially when
any one of the fleet of dredges which
are to do the xvork can get away with
686 cubic yards of material an hour!
The force which has to its credit a
marvelous succession of world’s rec
ord-breaking performances in digging
can be counted upon to make short
work of the finishing touches to the
big job.
Biggest Job of Digging.
To the mind of the engineer there
are many features of the work of
building the Panama Canal whicli
presented much greater difficulties,
much more Intricate problems than
the digging of Culebra Cut. But to
the lay mind the making of the canal
hag always presented Itself as a job
of ditch digging—the biggest job of
Its kind ever known, to be sure, but
still essentially work for diggers. And
even the engineers who have worked
out all the niceties of the task of lock
construction are obliged to admit that
the digging has been the fundamental
of the great canal now so near com
pletion; that it has been the body of
which locks and dams and other fea
tures have been but the limbs.
That is why the practical comple
tion of Culebra Cut is an event so
thoroughly worthy of notice by the
American people for whose benefit It
has been dug, for it is in Culebra Cui
that the bulk of the canal digging ha.
been done. It Is also the cut which is
making the Panama Canal possible. .
What is Culebra Cut? It is simple
enough when expressed in figures,
quickly' spoken. It is a great ditch,
nine miles long, averaging 120 feet in
depth, not less than 300 feet wide at
the bottom, and from a quarter to a
half mile wide at the top. Its bot
tom lies 45 feet above the level of
the sea, and will soon be covered with
water to a minimum depth of 40 feet,
and thus will a great part of the
work which has been done there be
sbscured.
130,000,000 Yards Moved.
The cut represents the removal of
more than 130,000,000 cubic yards
of earth, counting what both the
French and the American diggers did.
The Americans alone will have spent
‘ibovt $90,000,000 In the cut when it
s all finished.
Passing through the canal from the
Atlantic side, Culebra Cut lies at the
distant end of Gatun Lake, that arti
ficial body of water, 34 miles long,
stlth a surface area of 164 square
miles, which has been created at Pan
ama. Gatun Lake will be 8o feet
above the level of the sea. and with
the blowing out of the Gamboa G*a e
next month vessels will be afforded a
continuous passage from Gatun Dam,
across the lake and through the cut,
without encountering any locks.
The vast difference between the
estimates of the amount of work nec
essary' to make Culebra Cut and "‘‘ a t
actually' has been done shows with
striking clearness how much bigget
the job was than anything engineers
had ever tackled up to ten years ago.
The digging of Culebra Cut has, for
one thing, given the engineering world
a new set of standards by which to
measure the requirements of future
works of a similar character.
It was estimated In the beginning
that 63,000,000 cubic yards of earth
would have to be taken out of the
Culebra Cut, not counting the 24,000,-
000 cubic yards removed by the
French. Yet next spring will see
more than twice that amount of ma
terial dug out of the cut. The original
estimate of the international hoard of
advisory engineers as to the amount
to be taken out if a sea level canal
wore constructed was only 5,000,000
cubic yards In excess of what has ac
tually been removed for a lock canal
the bottom of which is 45 feet above
sea level.
46 Shovels at Work.
It was then estimated that the cut
would accommodate 100 steam shov
els in operation. Experience has
shown that the maximum number
which could work at one time in the
cut was 46. and no one has ever chided
Colonel Goethals for not digging in
dustriously. Yet had the original es
timate of the capacity of these steam
shovels been verified by experience
the United States would be to-day
looking forward to a celebration of
the opening of the Panama Canal In
1926, instead of In 1914 or 1916. So
great has been the Increase of effi
ciency among the canal builders that
even though the estimate of total ex
cavation has been Increased from
time to time antil more than 100,000,-
000 cubic yards have been added, not
a single day has been added to the
time required for the digging nor a
single dollar added to the cost. It
was largely the men at work In Cule
bra Cut who made possible this vir
tual gift of 100,000,000 cubic yards of
excavation thrown into the job extra.
The slides alone in Culebra Cut
added about 25,000,000 cubic yards
to the work of the diggers there. If
all the horses in the United States
were hitched up to wagons contain
ing the material dumped into the cut
by slides they would not be able to
move it an inch. Think of a farm
of 67 acres sliding downhill into the
partially completed cut at one time.
Think of this happening not once but
scores of times though usually on a
somewhat smaller scale.
Cucurache Oldest Slide.
The Cucurache slide alone has
added 5.000,000 cubic yards to the ex
cavators’ task, while the Culebra
slide has brought in more than 6,000,-
000 cubic yards more. The canal en
gineers have records of more than a
score of Important tildes, great
masses of the banks of the cut which
have been in motion almost ever
since the Americans took up the
business of canal digging.
The Cucurache slide is the oldest
and the most active of all the slides.
It began in July, 1905, when cracks
and fissures were noticed far up the
banks of the cut. It hasn’t stopped
sliding vet and will not until the
slope of the banks has been reduced
sufficiently to lighten the pressure.
There is only one method of treat
ment of slides, that is to dig the ma
terial out as fast as It slides In. The
canal workers became so accustomed
to slides that when a million or more
cubic yards of earth fell into the "big
ditch,” burying steam shovels and
railroad tracks and sometimes whole
trains 20 feet deep they calmly pro
ceeded to dig everything out again.
Sometimes the slides moved as rapid
ly as four feet in 17 mintites and
often workmen engaged In digging
out a slide continued at their work
with great danger to their own lives.
Two Causes Responsible.
The geologists have divided the
slides Into four kinds, due to two
causes. The causes, are first, the
weak and unstable condition of the
rocks of the cut, attributable solely
to nature, and second, the oversteep
ness and height of the wall of the cut,
the blasting and other works due en
tirely to man. The four kinds of
slides are the structural breaks, the
most common and most difficult to
deal with: the normal or gravity
slides, the fault zone slides, and
fourth, the weathering and erosion
slides. It has been found necessary
PHOTOGRAPHS SHOWING REMARKABLE DIFFICULTIES CONQUERED IN THE DIGGING OF THE CULEBRA CUT, NOW READY TO BE FLOODED
..
Salmon Fishermen
Earn SSOO a Week
Crews Arrive in Tacoma With Ship
load After Shipload, Faces
All Smiles.
TACOMA, Sept. 20.—Five hundred
dollars a week for one fisherman is
the average earned bj’ salmon fishers
who began to return from the banks
to Tacoma with shipload after ship
load of their catches and their faces
wreathed in smiles over what they
declared was the most successful sea
son In history.
Jack Anlch, one of the dozen of the
i salmon fishers of Tacoma, said that
i during the comparatively short pe
i rlod, four weeks, during which they
are allowed to fish, no less than 2,-
000,000 cases of salmon had been
caught in Puget Sound and British
Columbia waters, valued at $15,000,-
000.
Only a small part of the fishing
' fleet arrived to-day. To-morrow they
’ will come in by the hundreds.
Tacoma and Gig Harbor fishermen
; are bringing $750,000 worth of sal
i mon to Old Town alone.
| Stupid Children
Menace to Nation
Dr. H. H. Goddard, Alienist, Advo
cates Segregation in Educa
tion at Conference.
i
CHICAGO. Sept. 20.—Addressing
the convention of alienists here, Dr.
Henry H. Goddard, of Vineland, N. J.,
declared that slow and weak-minded
children should be segregated and
given a special education. He assert
ed that the average stupid child re
cruits the criminal class when he Is
brought up among normal children
whose education leaves him still ig
norant.
"Often the stupid child Is the fa
vored and petted one of the family,
and many parents do not or will not
recognize that a child of theirs is men
tally deflcient," asserted the speaker
"The child thus becomes spoiled and
becomes a dangerous factor in so*-
clety.”
Lost Girl Is Found
At a Country Fair
Tells Police She Ran Away When
Father Made Her Wrestle
With Bear.
MARTON, IND.. ~cpt 20.—Mary
Stankovltch, a p tty 16-year-old
Roumanian girl, who disappeared
from her home in Chicago last April,
and fnr whom a country-wide search
had been made, was found In Rush
ville. Ind N and brought to this city by
local Police Sergeant James Clifton,
who saw the girl with one of the fair
attractions and recognized her from
the photograph sent out by the Chi
cago police department.
The girl said she ran away because
her father forced her to wrestle wltn
a bear in the Roumanian camp on
the outskirts of Chicago. She said
she expected she would be sold to
some member of the camp for his
wife when returned to Chicago.
girls bring as high as $1,500, she said.
to reduce the slope of the sides of
the cut to one foot of rise to every
ten feet of horizontal distance, or
less than half the slope which the
eminent engineers first estimated.
The slides were an entirely new,
unsuspected and vexatious feature of
the Culebra Cut, for the French never
dug deep enough in the score of years
they gave to the job to cause any
sliding of the sides. The Culebra Cut
was the only section of their pro
posed canal on which the French did
any work after 1889, when the first
failure occurred. In 1904, when the
Unllad States took over the canal
and the French equipment, the Cule
bra Cut looked as If the French had
done nothing.
Even in the places where they had
dug the deepest the channel waa so
narrow and the vegetation so thick
that there were scarcely any visible
traces of what they had done. The
maximum excavation by the French
was 33,000 cubic yards a month,
which is 30 per cent less than the
American diggers took out in a sin
gle day in the cut.
HEARST’S SUNDAY AMERICAN, ATLANTA. GA.. SUNDAY. SEPTEMBER 21, 1913
LMEHSIVES
LftUDWASHINGTON
Mrs. Borland, of Missouri, and
Mrs, Britten, of Illinois,
Write for Papers.
WASHINGTON, Sept. 20.—Several
Congressmen's wives, who remained
in Washington all summer because
their husbands were tied here by the
tariff session, have been featured by
one of the Washington papers as
contributors to its columns and also
favored by printing the ladles’ pic
tures along with their productions.
Mrs. William P. Borland, wife of
the member from Kansas City, wrote
clever articles a few days ago on
Washington as a summer resort, in
which she pointed out the advantages
of the city.
Another contributor is Mrs. Fred A.
Britten, of Chicago. The story con
tributed by Mrs. Britten, over her
signature and with her picture was
a tribute "to the new street traffic
regulations of Washington, which
she said were regarded by the ladles
with delight.
Union Forbade Man
To Paint Own House
Warrant Sworn Out for Business
Agent of Chicago Local
by Painter.
CHICAGO, Sept. 20.—Hugo Hahn,
business agent of the Painters’ Union,
was arrested to-day on a charge of
extortion, sworn out by Wolter Sea
man on advice of the State’s Attor
ney. Seaman holds a lease on a
building and was painting it himself
A week ago a wrecking crew, in an
automobile, rode by the house and
shot out the windows. Hahn then
called Seaman over the telephone and
told him he was wanted at the head
quarters of the Painters’ Union. Sea
man went there and met Hahn, who
told Seaman he was In bad with the
union and it would require S2OO to
square matters. Seaman refused to
pay and reported the affair to the
State’s Attorney.
Famous Old Town to
Have a Patented Site
Regular Titles to Succeed Squatters’
Right at Ancient Village of
Cherokee.
ORRVIDEH, CAE., Sept. 20.—The
old town of Cherokee, 12 miles from
here in the foothills, famous through
out the United States at one time for
having the largest and biggest gold
producing hydraulic mines in the
tvorld, Ir at la»t to have a patented
town site. A corps of surveyors un
der the direction of R. L. McCoy, of
this city, is making a survey, laying
out lots In regular form.
The people of Cherokee have had
only a "squaters” right. However,
the Government has recognized this
right, and will grant a patent for the
entire town site.
At one time there w*»re 2,000 people
living in Cherokee. Now there are
100.
CANADIAN GETS CHECK
FOR SERVICE DONE IN 1870
CENTRAI4A, WASH., Sept. 20.
The Canadian Government sent a
check to David Copping, a prominent
resident of Centralia, for services
rendered in the Fenian raid of 1870.
Copping, who ran away to loin the
Canadian militia, was a soldier at ,
the time of the raid, taking an active
part in that historical event.
About fourteen years ago he was
awarded a silver medal by Queen Vic- ;
toria. while the check received was
the result of an appropriation made
several years ago by Parliament.
NUNO WEARS
FBOMjCOM
Said to Have Left Canadian In
stitution and To Be Teaching
Music in New York.
NIAGARA FALLS. ONTARIO,
Sept. 20.—Sister Leocadfa, teacher of
music at Mount Loretta Convent, of
Falls View, a mile south of here, has
left that institution after spending
more than 25 years within its walls.
She is said to be in New York City,
where she is supposed to be support
ing herself giving music lessons.
Margaret Coulter, of Philadelphia,
when 8 years old, was placed in the
convent. At 16 she became a novice.
She took final vows five years later.
She is said to be a remarkable mu
sician and a beautiful woman.
It is said that Sister Leocadia had
discussed wdth her relatives her wish
to leave the sisterhood, but deferred
carrying out her plans until she went
to the abbey In Toronto, where her
uncle, Joseph Coulter, and a cousin,
Mrs. Mabel Werthan, were living. It
is said she took one of her pupils into
her confidence, and clothing was
smuggled into the for her.
A lawyer, who professes to know of
the departure of the nun from To
ronto. said: "When ®»he got out she
found that she knew nothing more
about the ways of the world than a
young child, and found the struggle
exceedingly difficult, but she has suc
ceeded. and is about able to hold her
head above water."
Studies To Win Suit
For $50,000,000
Law School Pupil Works to Repre
sent Mother In British Will
Litigation.
CHICAGO. Sept. 20.—Elmer S.
Owens, of Milwaukee, has been re
tained as special counselor in a leg
acy case involving $50,000,000. The
young man Is still a student in the
law department of Marquette Uni
venalty. His mother. Mrs. R. O.
Owens, has found that she ts one of
fifty possible heirs in the estate of
Sir William Jones, of (’aermarvar,
Wales, her great-grandfather. The
property was originally a large farm,
but it was *eased, and on it has been
built the city of Caermarvar, but the
lease has expired.
It is alleged that the property now
reverts to the heirs of tlie lessor.
Young Owens will specialize on the
legal questions Involved in this claim
and will devote his life mainly to Its
prosecuton until a decision 1*
reached.
Arctic Explorers
Slain by Eskimos
Inland Tribesmen Draw Spears
When One of White Men
Starts Altercation.
OTTAWA, ONT.. Sept. 29—George
Street, of Ottawa, and H. D. Radford,
of New York, northern explorers, ;
who have been missing, were killed 1
near Shultz Lake by Eskimos two
years ago, according to a report that '
reached here to-day from Chester- ;
field Inlet, on Hudson Bay,
The two men reached Shultz I>ake
from Chesterfield Inlet in the sum- j
mer of 191 L and there joined a party i
of inland Eskimos, with whom they
Intended to proceed to Bathurst Inlet
and on to the Arctic Ocean.
When a short distance north of the I
lake there was an altercation between
Radford and one of the* tribe, and the
Eskimo drove his. spear through the ,
w hire man. Street attempted to aid ,
his companion* and wajj killed in the :
same manner..
Police Teli Spooners
To Carry Lights
Canoeists on Romantic Lake Must
Have Illumination on Craft,
Is Order.
DULUTH. Sept. 20—Too late to
.spoil any "spooning" parties on the
lake this year, but in time to fortify
themselves for coming seasons, the
police to-day discovered a law that
will dispose of canoeists who have
made the lake and bay perform the
duties of a bench In the park.
Without laws or police surveillance
the "spooners” thought themselves
safe from view, but admiralty laws
covering lake navigation, show that
craft of all kinds must carry a light
that is visible at least 100 yards
away. Interpretations of the ruling
cover the lighting of rowboats and
canoes as well. A light that can be
seen for 100 yards suits the police,
they say. An old-fashioned lantern
will do, they say.
Sell Crops to Wives
To Evade Contracts
Apple Growers of Hood River Dis
trict Try to Deal With Rival
Oregon Sales Agencies.
HOOD RIVER. OREG.. Sept. 20
The North Pacific Fruit Exchange has
entered the Hood River field for the
first time in competition with the
North Pacific Fruit Distributers for
the handling of the Hoed River Val
ley apple crop this season that will
approximate 1.000.000 boxes.
It is learned that a large number
who signed up for the distributers
are crawling out of their contracts
by' selling their crops to their wives,
w’ho did not sign the original con
tracts, and they in turn are signing
up half wdth the exchange and half
with the distributers.
On this basis it is figured that
whichever concern reports the best
returns this season will control the
valley’s output for next season. It
is reported that the matter of "fluk
ing" out of contracts by selling the
crop to wives who did not sign the
original contracts may be tried in the
courts.
Mountain Grown-Ups
Taught by Moonlight
Remarkable Results Are Obtained at
Novel School in Highlands
of Kentucky.
LOUISVILLE. Sept. 20—Notable
results have been obtained from
moonlight school* in Eastern Ken
tucky. where illiterate men and worn,
en came In hundreds to learn how to
read and write. The Federal Bureau
of Education tells the story' of the
novel experiment, which originated
with Mrs. Cora W. Stewart, superin
tendent of schools of lU»wan County:
'Tn September, 1912. a moonlight
school-teachers’ institution was held
In Morehead, Ky., and the superin
tendent and teachers who had con
ducted the first moonlight schools in
structed others who wished to do
work of this kind in Rowan and ad
joining counties, and 1n the fall of
1912 tne movement spread to eight or
ten other counties, while the enroll
ment of adults in Rowan County
reached nearly 1.600.”
As October Will Be Our Stock-Taking Season
WE MAKE
SPECIAL PRICES
on all goods for this week only.
CAMP GROCERY CO.
345 Peachtree St.
Phones: Ivy 562-563-564
MED HEBE f.S
INML NOW
BULK ENVOY
Charles J. Vopicka, Appointed by
President to Post. Finds Amer
ica Land of Promise.
CHICAGO, Sept. 20.—Destiny has
played a pretty prank for Charles J.
Vopicka, of this city, to be United
State.** Minister to the Balkan States.
Mr. Vopicka was bom in Bohemia tn
1857. To him. as to many young men
of that time, the United States sA-m*
cd the land of promise. Stories of
"streets lined with gold" were heard
abroad, .so young Vopicka, with a
small store of experience to enable
him to battle with the world, and un
hampered by funds, sailed away from
the land of his birth.
Now he returns, if his appointment
la confirmed, and It is believed It will
be, honored by his adopted country as
its diplomatic envoy.
His appointment comes at the end
of a bitter fight waged upon him by
anti-liquor Interests.
Mr. Vopicka, after r brief business
career here, had gained a smile from
Fortune. The dream of his youth had
come true—he had found that this
was Indeed the land of promise. He
had become interested in several
breweries and because of this his ap
pointment was contested.
But Mr. Vopicka was in the fight to
stay. So he became a candidate for
the post of Minister to Servia. Rnu
mania and Bulgaria. Immediately the
fight upon him began. It was carried
to President Wilson. Mr. Vopicka was
sent for and hurried to Washington.
President Wilson gave him two
hours out of a busy day and Mr. Vo
picka related the story of hi® young
dream and his present ambition. He
desired to repay the United States by
service. It is believed that the senti.
meat pleased the President.
Woman Light Tender
For 29 Years Quits
Mrs. Williams, Also an Authoress,
Retires From Service on
Great Lakes.
PETOSKEY, MICH., Sept. 20.—Mrs.
Daniel Williams, authoress and keep
er of the Harbor Point Lighthouse,
on Little Traverse Bay, for the last
29 years, has resigned.
She will leave the lighthouse No
vember 1 and go to Charlevoix to livi.
Before taking charge of the Harbor
Point Lighthouse Mrs. Williams tend
ed the Rcacer Island Light for fif
teen years. Her writings dealt with
her own marine experience.
Chinese Elopement
Record for Chicago
Son of Wealthy Celestial Merchant
Weds Orphan Girl After Trip
From Coast.
CHICAGO, Rept. 20 —The first Chi
nes© elopement on record came to
light when David Lee and Dorothy
Chin were married. Roth the bride
and bridegroom were born in China.
Th** couple came to Chicago from
San Francisco, where David’s father
Is a wealthy merchant. Dorothy's
parents are dead.
The couple were married by a Jus
tice of the Peace In American style.
PM BOOK
HIS'WIN
HUGE BETTING
Gambler Always Found Consola
tion in Volume After Having
Bad Day at Track.
NEW YORK, Sept. 20.—That he a
a devout church member and always
carried with him a little prayer
book while bettlns thousand, of dol
lar, at the race track,, referring to
It constantly to r tde him tn the
lucky path, wa, revealed at the con
tinued examination to-dav of William
J Schepherd, the rug salesman by
day, who posed a, a millionaire real
estate dealer by night, and who lost
and won $500,000 on the races tn the
last ten year,.
When examined before Commis
sioner Tallman, In the United States
District Court, as to his affairs In
bankruptcy, Schepherd was asked to
produce all the papers he had. After
pulling out several letters from wom
en and a few note, scribbled on ths
backs of circulars, Schepherd drew a
little, worn, black leather-covered
volume from his inner pocket, but
quickly replaced It.
“What have you there?” asked he
attorney for the creditors.
“Only a little prayer book,” an
swered the witness.
Friend* of Schepherd who attended
the examination declared he was a
deep student of religion, and that, al
though he plunged heavily on the race
tracks, he always leaned on the teach
ings of the Bible to give him pa
tience and forbearance when he lost,
and to bear him up to hope for a vic
tory on the next race.
After he had become a confirmed
gambler nothing stood In his way.
Even the trouble with hta wife, who
refused to live with him while ho
gambled, failed to atop him. But al
wayi he carried the little prayer
book.
Buy Diamonds Now
Before Prices Advance
As soon as the President signs
the new Tariff Bill—which has
already been passed by the Sen
ate —a further advance of 10 per
cent on the price of diamonds
will become effective in the
wholesale market
Since our present stock was
bought, three advances have oc
curred, which we have not fol
lowed.
We bought a new supply in
May. anticipating the increase
in the duty to be levied by the
Tariff Bill. However, we shall
be compelled to partly follow
the advance in the next few
weeks.
Just now you can save 10 to
15 per cent on stones of fair
size and good grades.
Selections sent anywhere on
approval, prepaid.
Attractive monthly payments
allowed.
Call or write for booklet.
"Facts About Diamonds." It
quotes net prices and tells all
about our plans.
MAIER & BERKELE, Inc.
Diamond Merchants,
31=33 Whitehall Street
Established 1887
9A