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The Australian Bushman Is an Example of the De
%rading Possibilities of Breeding From a Fixed
Ybe.
CCORDING to Dr. C. B. Daven-
A port, the great American au
.thority on eugenics, it is quite
possible to breed types of people wio
will be fitted by birth for some
special line of work, Indeed, this has
already been done in the case of
many families, although rather as a
result of accident and circumstances
than from any deliberate eugenic in
tention.
Our best actors, for instance, are
the result of marriages between
members of the same profession
which have been going on for a hun
dred years or more. It is evident
that actors who spend much time
travelling must marry persons of the
same calling in order to enjoy
any continuity of domestic compan
ionship. In the earliest days of the
American stage this tendency was
very marked. The Booths, the Drews,
the Keans and other very well
known stage families are examples
of this tendency.
Miss Ethel Barrymore, one of the
most popular of American actresses,
is a striking illustration of the pos
stbility of creating a type of human
being of special aptitudes. Her
mother was a Drew, an actress be
longing to a family that had been on
the stage of four generations. Her
father was the well-known actor,
Maurice Barrymore, Both Miss Bar
rymore’s brothers are successful ac
tors. It is said that the members of
this family never showed the stage
fright or nervousness that invariably
attacks people from ordinary life
when they first appear on the stage.
This creation of a special actor
type was only one of many interest
ing facts brought out by Dr. Daven
port’s recent address before the
Anthropological Society of Washing
ton on “Man from the Standpoint of
Modern Genetics.” Dr. Davenport is
the director of the Carnegie Labora
tory at Cold Spring Harbor, Long
Island, which has been established
to study problems in human evolu-
tion.
The family or strain marked by
some special character or aptitude
is termed by Dr. Davenport “a bio
type.” The case of the actorsshows
that biotypes of special value to
humanity can be created, and there
are many other instances to prove
this. Dr. Davenport demonstrates in
a most interesting manner how the
remarkable yacht-building ability of
a well-known American family has
been handed down from generation to
generation, until to-day a girl of
fourteen in the family shows boat
puilding ability of a marked order.
‘Phese people, in fact, are now born
boat-builders.
Along with this boat-building abil
ity has gone a nervous instability
and tendency to certain physical de
fects, The appearance of these de
fects, though unfortunate, is addi
tional proof that the ability that ac
companies them {is hereditary.
The world is full of biotypes, and
the United States owes a great deal
to them. The leading Colonial fam
ilies of Virginia showed a marked
aptitude for statesmanship, which
they perpetuated by favorable inter
marriages. The class thus formed
was of great value in forming the
new government of the United
States,
An interesting transmission of a
family characteristic is shown in
Mrs. David Dows, formerly Miss
(twendolyn Burden, a noted beauty
of New York society. She hasa very
striking aquiline, patrician nose,
that has been handed down for six
generations from her ancestress,
Evelyn Byrd, a noted belle of Colo
nial Virginia.
Hiram Percy Maxim, the inventor
of the “Maxim silencer” that makes
a rifleshot inaudible, is a son of
Hiram 8. Maxim, who invented the
Maxim rapid-firing gun. Hudson
Maxim, who inveuted a smokeless
powder and other devieed along the
Preedind Just the Riaht People for Any
.
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Miss Ethel T L :
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Who Was , i S : e
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same line, is\a brother of the elder
Hiram Maxim,
Here we see strong evidence that
a peculiar kind of mechanical ability
is hereditary in this family. If the
daughter of Edison had been mar
ried to the heir of the Maxim family
we might have had a new strain of
transcendent mechanical, electrical
and inventive ability.
From what Dr. Davenport has ob
served in the case of these families,
and from his laboratory experiments,
it now appears certain that we can
breed races of men of special abil
ities. We could, for instance, breed
families who would make ideal Presi
dents, others who would produce per
fect singers, others who would make
invincible generals, and so forth,
Unfortunately, modern civilization
is developing a number of biotypes
which are the reverse of desfrable.
For instance, there are the feeble
minded people. The Public Health
Service states that there are now in
this country about 150,000, feeble
minded persons. It ig-a mischief
that is causing much alarm. Defec
tive mentality is one of the most
heritable of traits, and the feeble
minded have a tendency to inter
marry, for the simple reason that
they are not wanted as mates by
normal individuals.
There is no instance on rvecord
where a child born to two feeble
minded parents has been otherwise
than feeble-minded. Given a few
such marriages, and the result is a
feeble-minded “biotype.”
Such unfortunates have a tendency
to flock together. In tue woodlands
of New Jersey there is a whole pop
ulation of them, numbering several
hundreds. They are called “Pine
Rats,” and most of them are like
little children mentally.
Similar is the deaf-mute “blotype,”
which is being created in a deliberate
and systematic way. Deaf-mute chil
dren attend schools that are exclu
givoly for deaf-mutes; they are segre
gated in institutions of their own; in
later life they have their own soclal
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organizations; and it follows nat
urally that as a rule they marry one
another. In the last ten years there
were nearly 1,500 such marriages.
The offspring are in most cases born
totally deaf.
Dr. Alexander firaham Bell, the
inventot of the telephone (whoese
own wife is ‘a deaf-mute), says that
before very long there will be a
recognized deaf-mute race in the
United States. His opinion is that
eventually to protect society at
large against this dreadful affliction
laws will have to be passed forbid
ding marriages between deaf and
hearing persons.
The same sort of thing happens in
institutions established for the care
of paupers, alcoholics, “dope fiends”
and sufferers from mnervous com
plaints.
So-called ‘“hereditary” diseases,
says Dr. Davenport, are not trans
mitted direct from parent to off
spring. What 18 handed down is a
constitutional inability to resist at
tack by the malady, whatever it may
be-in other words, a “low relative
immunity,” as the doctors call it. If
there are repeated intermatings of
persons thus afflicted, the result is a
“biotype.”
Tendency to pauperism (s a dis
ease. It I 8 propagated in some fami
lies as recognizably as Is a tendency
to tuberculosis in others, appearing
in generation after generation, The
pauper “biotype” has become widely
established in the United Staves,
Among the most curious of in.
herited physical defects is c<lor
blindness, It 18 far more common
than i 8 generally imagined. Out of
every 100 men in the United States
two cannot distinguish red from
green! No wonder, then, that the
railroads nowadays refuse to hire an
engineer or signalman without a pre
liminary examination in color vision.
But the oddest feature of color
blindness is that women are almost
never afflicted with it. Not more
than one woman in 100,000 is color
blind,
Nevertheless, the daughter of a
color-bliand man may transmit the
defect to her male child. Herself re
ceiving it as an inheritance from her
father, she carries it hidden, but does
not develop it. .
This is one of the curiosities of
heredity,. Two black-haired par
ents (as often observed among the
Irish) may have one or more red
headed children. It {¢ because, says
Dr. Davenport, one or both of them
carries hidden an inheritance of red
Copyright, 1014, by the Star Company. Great Britain Rights Reserved.
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The Hairy Ainus of Japan Are a Curious Result of the Inter
marriage of Similar Types in a 2 Small Community.
Dr. C. B. Davenport’s Dia
gr.m Showing How Boat Build
ing Has Become Hereditary in
a Well-Known American Fam
ily. In the First Row No. 1
Was a Boat Builder; in the
Second Reow No. 5 Was a
Yacht Builder, No. 6 Was In
sane, and No. 8 Eccentric; in
the Third Row Nos. 8, 11 and
12 Were Yacht Builders, Nos.
10 and 17 Musicians; in the
Fourth Row No. 1 Is a Musi
cian, No. 2 Has Mechanical
Skill, Nos. 5, 11, 12, 13, 14 and
15 Are Yacht Builders, and in
the Fifth Row No. 3, a Girl,
Began Designing Boats at the
Age of Fourteen. The Square
Signs Represent Men and the
Round Ones Women. Where
the Sign Only Is Used the Per
son Shows No Special Apti
tude.
hair derived from some member of
ap earlier generation.
On the other hand, if two red
headed people marry, .all of their
children will inevitably have red
hair. There are no exceptions to this
rule.
If a dark-haired person marries a
light-haired person, the children are
usually dark. This is because the
dark complexion (which means sim
ply more pigment in skin, hair and
eyes), is what experts in this line of
research call a “dominant:trait.”
A dominant trait is a characteris
tic that has a marked tendency to
persist through inheritance. The
famous “Hapsburg lip” is such a
trait; the “Stuart eyelid” was an
other. Red hair in the well-known
Biddle family, of Philadelphia, af
fords a familiar example. It is not
to be supposed that the Biddle men
have picked out red-headed women
to marry, but no matter who their
wives were, they have passed on
On the other hand, says Dr. Daven
their red hair to their offspring gen
eration after generation.
When brown eyes marry blue eyes,
expect brown eyes in the children.
Marry dark brown hair to blond
hair and the hair of the children will
almost surely be dark brown. In
other words, dark hair and eyes
win, when opposed through mating
to light hair and eyes. And this is
exactly the reason why the blond
type within the last generation has
almost disappeared from the Eastern
United States,
If you 'would find blonds in this
country in any numbers, you must
go to those parts of the West where
the lighthaired Germans and Scan
dinavians have settled. But it {s an
absolute certainty that, as these peo
ple mix in marriage with dark
haired Americans, their complexion
will rapidly alter; for nearly all of
the children Will have dark hair and
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Dr. C. B. Davenport, the Distin
guished Biologist, Shows How Chil
* dren Can Be Born Boat-Builders,
Electricians, Actors, or with Spe
cial Aptitude for Any Calling.
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Mrs. Luigi Masnado, Formerly Miss Sarah Lathrop Herreshoff,
Who Exhibited the Herreshoff IFamily Boat Building Ability
as a Child, and Who, If She Had Married the Ship-Building
Son of Another Ship Builder, Would, Without Doubt, Have
Given Birth to Children All of Whoiwm Would Have Been
Born Ship Builders.
port, when {wo blond persons ave
mated all their children must have
light hair and blue eyes.
- A curiosity of heredity is the afflic
tion of the “bleedors.” Even a
small cut is a serious matter to a
person who suffers from this strange
trouble. The wound does not tend
to stanch itself, as happens with
ordinary folks, and, unless a styptic
or other special means is used to
stop the hemorrhage, the victim is
liable to bleed to death.
Women never suffer from this
affliction. There is no such thing
as a woman “bleeder.” But (as in
the case of color blindness) a
woman may inherit the trouble from
The Conventional Serving
of a Dinner
By Mrs. Frank Learned,
Author of “The Etiquette of New Yark To-day.”
HE art of refined living is
studied very carefully in these
days. In every household the
importance of having a well-served
table is of recognized value every day
as well as for the more perfect exer
cise of hospitality. When hospitality
assumes a more o less ceremonious
character it is necessary to bave ex
perienced service and a skilled cook,
but it is always well t¢ understand
the principles of service, the rules for
which do not differ materially,
whether for a family dinner or when
guests are present.
For a more or less formal or special
occasion there may be canapes of cav
iar to begin the dinner. For an in
formal dinner some persons prefer to
begin with grape fruit daintily cut
up, sweetened and chilled, and served
in glasses. Kither caviare or grape
fruit may be served, but not both,
Other courses are soup, fish, an en
tree, a Toast with two vegetables,
salad and dessert.
Assuming that the table has been
correctly arranged, there is at each
place a plate and on it a plainly
folded napkin having within it a roll,
Each person removes the napkin and
roll when taking a seat.
At small dinners, where soup is the
first course, an empty dinner plate is
always at each place and the soup
plate i& put down on it. The rule is
understood in serving that no person
should be left without a plate except
at the time of the clearing of the
table before dessert, and that a fresh
plate is always slipped in place as
the plate which has been used is with
drawn, When this rule is followed
systematically every day if siumplifies
méatters very much, as well as having
its value in Reeping the harmony and
nice appearance of the table.
The soup is served from the pantry
and brought in one plate at a time
and put before each person. About
half a ladlefui of soup for eack per
son s correct to serve. ‘There are
good reasons for this,
When the soup plates are removed
the under plates are left. Celery,
olives, salted nuts may then be
passed, These are convenient between
courses when delays ocenr,
The service for the fish course or
for the entree demands that a warm
plate be placed at each place. The
plate which has been used for celery
or olives is tnken away,
her father, herself carry it hidden,
and bequeath it to her son.
Dr. Davenport calls attention to
the fact that in some of the more
remote parts of the world varieties
of mankind have been developed
sufficiently distinet to .be termed
“biotypes.” One of these is that of
the Ainu—the aborigines of Japan,
now found only on Yezo, the north
ernmost island of that archipelago.
The adults of this race, including
the women, are almost entirely cov
ered with thick, dong hair. Other
such “biotypes” are the giant Pata
gonians, the Veddahs of Ceylon, the
aboriginal blacks of Australia and
the Eskimo of the Arctic.
The roast follows the entree an@
is carved in the Kitchen or pantry.
The portions are arranged neatly on
the platter. A large silver fork and
spoon should be on the platter and
the portions so well arranged that
each person can take a piece easily,
when the platter is passed by the ser
vant,
Not more than two vegetables are
offered with a roast. Potatoes in
some easily served fashion and a
green vegetable arve sufficient.
Vegetables are in large dishes of
silver or c¢hina. One dish is passed
at a time. Each person helps him
self from the dish, taking the veg
etables on the plate with the meat.
It is not good form to have little sep
arate ddishes for vegetables beside
one's plate,
Servants should pass dishes to the
left of each person, holding the dish
low down and on the palm of the
hand, having a folded napkin between
the hand and the dish and taking
care to offar the dish convenientiy
near, so that a person is not in dan
ger of dropping something on the
tablecloth between the chasm of plat
ter and plate.
In passing dishes the servants
should begin by serving the lady at
the right of the host and then the
lady at the left of the host, going on
then in the regular order in which
persons are seated. The host is last
to be served.
When two or more servants are
serving a dinner one is expected to
lead in the service and the other or
others to assist,
With the saiad course cheese and
heated crackers may be offered.
The table is cleared before dessert
of all extra silver. Crumbs are re
moved by brushing them with a
folded napkin into a fresh plate. Des
sert plates and necessary dessert sil
ver are then placed,
When the dessert course is flnlshed
doger bowls on small plates are
brought, having a doily under each
finger bowl. The dessert plates are
withdrawn as these are placed. The
tinger bowls and doilies are removed
by each person and the plates are
used for frult and hbonbons which are
passed,
The old custom of having many
wines at dinner is out of fashion and
favor. One is sufficient.