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ress inConquering the Air
Wd Alarming Possibilities of Wireless Currents,
by Transforming Ships Into Gigantic Magnets May
¢ for the Recent Increase in Ocean Collisions
Latest Great Tragedy of the Air in 'Southern Europe
the English Channel on June 23? Why did the
Hamburg-American liner Koenigin Louise run |
into the steamship Cobra off Hamburg on the |
same day? «
Why did Lieutenant Hoffstetter's aeroplane |
suddenly swerve in the alr without appareut !
cause or reason aod dash into the Austrian
military dirigible balloon near Vienna on Juue
20, killing everybody in both machines? f
-"’I‘o;all these questions I answer that there
is an unknown aerial factor at work, and this !
seems most likely to be found in the Hertzian
rays, as the vibrations used Im wireless teleg
raphy were originally called. ]
We know that the electric current has the |
power of magnetizing pieces of iron lying within
its field, and the intensity of this power variex
in an extraordinary and often Inexplicable man
ner. The Wi'reless current has the same power
>f magnetizing bodies of iron, but how powerful
the magnetization can be is not yet determined.
There is reason to believe that the wireless cur
rent undergoes great intensiffication under cer
tain conditions, Thus the proximity of an
electric cloud, a forest or a river in a certain
eleotrical condition may Intensify the current
many thousands of times its original force.
Steel Ships Strangely Drawn Together
. If a whole ship should become strongly mag
netized we can understand that it would exercise
dan almost irresistible attraction over another
stebl or iron ship. The ships moving through
the yielding fluid medium of the water and
making no allowance for the unknown attraction
would be pulled into contact with one another
before they realized that anything was amiss.
1t seems to me that there is a strong sug
gestion of the working of this unknown mag
netic force in the disaster in which the Storstad
rammed the Empress of Ireland in the St. Law
rence River on May 29, sinking the latter ship
and causing a total loss of life of over 1,000.
The captain of the Empress of Ireland de
clared that his ship had stopped, while the chief
officer of the Storstad said his ship, a slow one
at the best, was going at a very low rate of
speed. Under these circumstances it seems very
surprising that the Storstad should have struck
the great Empress of Ireland with such tre
endous force that she sank alomst instantly.
r-Now all the sailors and expert witnesses testi
fied that the two ships came together with sur
prising and inexplicable suddenness. According
to these witnesses the two ships were going
ejkt-her very slowly or not at all until they were
thin a ship’s length of one another, and then
ey came together with a force and speed that
othing could check. A Here then appears strong
evidence of a magnetic attraction. Any one who
has seen a piece of iron slowly drawn toward a
powerfu] magnet and then flying into the latter
as it came within the inner radius of the source
of attraction will recognize the suggestiveness of
the testimony at the Empress of Ireland inquiry.
Then, again, I have been particularly impressed
by the strange circumstances surrounding the
disaster to the Austrian military dirigible
Koertling. This machine, built from the designs
of the great Genman aeronautical engineer,
Major von Parseval, was the most elaborately
and perfectly constructed dirigible balloon ever
launched. The Austrian Government relied on
ber as a very formidable engine of war. She
was designed to travel long distances and to re
. min in the air for a week or more.
Now it is significant that the Koertling was
Pfitted with wireless apparatus. This was in
tended to enable her to send intelligence regard
ing the enemy’s positions from great distances
back to her own headquarters. She carried a
crew of ten officers and men at the time of the
accident. A military aeroplane, a biplane of the
Farman type, manned by two officers, was sent
in pursuit of the dirigible to show, if possible,
how the smaller machine could hamper and de
stroy the large and coetly one. The aeroplane
rose above the dirigible and circled round and
round it to the great admiration of the spec
tators.
A Noble Frenchman’s Disconcerting Discovery That We Have Absolutely No Manners
By Count A. de Castellane Seymore
JOistinguished French Arbiter of Elegances.
OU sell to us abroad your merchandise
and depend on us for an outlet for your
goods, and we buy and spend millions
upon millions with you when we patronize your
markets.
Allow me then—as a customer— to come
within your gates and indulge in @ little of that
treedom of speech which you insist is yours
by right and by inheritance.
That the average American is bad mannered,
literally no mannered, and ill-bred and totally
:gnorant of the first principles of daily courtesy
my opinion. 1 have come to this conclusion
a residence here of twelve years in East
rn, Western, Southern and Middle State cities.
The manners, language, courtesies and corre
spondence of a people brought up, trained by
and ruled over by a monarch are decidedly dif
ferent from those of a nation presided over by
a first citizen.
The cause is plain. In & monarchy one
stratum strives to imitate the manners and
ways of the more polished stratum above.
Whereas in a republic “everybody is as good
a 3 the President”; all are equals! Amd it Is
this feeling, that “this is a free country—l
can do as 1 please,” which breeds familiarity,
nd familiarity is and breeds bad manners.
"nm false understanding of the true spirit
Suddenly, without any known reason, the aero
plane turned and dashed into the dirigible. The
frame of the aeroplane ripped open the envelope
of the dirigible. The gas of the dirigible almost
immediately exploded, and the two machines fell
to the ground in a mass of flame and wreckage.
There was no one to tell if anything extraor
diuary happened on the machines, for everybody
in both of them was killed. My suggestion is
that the dirigible exercised a magnetic attraction
upon the steel motor of the aeroplane.
The possibility that fires and explosions are
caused by sparks produced by wireless waves
has already been widely discussed. M, Franck
Duroquier, a distinguished French electrician
and wireless expert, has made some very inter
esting observations on this subject. He noticed
that a series of mysterious and disastrous ex
plosions occurred at points which were situated
exactly midway between importapt wireless tel
egraph stations.
Thus he found that the steamship Volturno
was burned up at a point midway between thes
wireless stations at Clifden, in Ireland, and
Glace Bay, in Nova Scotla, A series of dis
astrous explosions occurred in the French naval
harbor of Toulon. The battleship La Liberte
was destroyed there by a mysterious explosion
on September 25, 1911, with a loss of 235 men
killed. Several other explosions of only slightly
less magnitude occurred there. Observation
showed that Toulon was exactly midway between
the great cemtral wireless station of the Eiffel
Tower in Paris and Bizerta, a wireless station
on the Mediterranean.
A terrible colliery explosion, costing 400 lives,
occurred at Cardiff, Wales, on October 14, 1913.
Cardiff was found to be exactly midway betewen
the stations of the Eiffel Tower and Clifden,
Ireland.
M. Duroquier explains that the sudden dis
charge of the wireless spark gives birth by in
duction to a radiating energy in metallic objects
at great distances. Such objects are called
resonators. The vibrations will produce sparks
between the resonators,
The distinguished electrician has tested this
with little glass globes containing oxygen and
hydrogen, and having in them two needles con
neoted by wires with the ground. When these
little globes are instalied in the vicinity of a
wireless station sparks fly between the needles
and the globes explode.
Explosions May Be Caused by Wireless
The needles and the glass globe are a resonator,
Any good conductor of electricity may became a
resonator under certain common conditions and
give off sparks that are usually harmless, but
that, if discharged in am explosive medium, will
cause disaster and perhaps tragedy.
M. Duroquler gives the following examples:
“Some chains or a case of scrap jron, forgotten
In the overheated atmosphere of a coal-bunker,
would be sufficient to set fire to a liner in a
thunderstorm or in the neighborhood of a wire
less telegraph station.
“To blow up a warship all that is necessary
Is a few shells too close together in a badly
ventilated ammunition chamber.
“For a dirigible balloon to explode, an imper
fect contact or a narrow slit in the metallic
. fralme-work of its covering is sufficient. A spark
—and all is over. : :
_ “It needs only a little coal dust isolating a
steel truck from its rails to make the fire-damp
in a mine burst into flame.
~ “The Hertzian waves encountering the con
ducting masses of these chains, of these shells
. lying side by side, of ‘this metallic frame-work,
. of these rails and this truck separated by only
~ the thickness of a iayer of dust, set up in them
, by induction alternating currents, which. emit
incendiary sparks at the points where the masses
. form imperfect contacts.”
, At the wireless station of Mont Valerien, sev
. eral miles from Paris, whenever the Eiffel Tower
y station is sending, sparks several millimetres
| long shoot from the points of the detectors on
. the receiving table.
It is not only in the neighborhood of 2 wireless
of democratic equality is only one of the many
contributory causes to Americans’ laxity of
manners. Another is their inability to under
stand the meaning of the word freedom; free
dom of action; freedom of speech and fa
millarity, «
The American brain s afflicted with a “quan
tity and speed” canker; and this very canker
has made the American language what it {s—
— blunt, harsh and, of course, unceremo
nious. A closer examination will prove this ap
parent anomaly to be consistent. For quantity
and speed call for haste and heat; the first
compels short and quick language; the latter
quick and brusque manners. American lan
guage and manners have, therefore, a com
mon source, are twin brothers, in perfect har
mony. Harsh language and Chesterfieldian
manners are unimaginable. Coolness of head,
the absence of haste and speed, indicate fine
qualities and require generations of polish to
acquire,
The American woman attributes the pop
ularity of her American sister abroad to her
superior brain, as Madame Slavko Grouitch,
nee Miss Mabel Gordon Dunlap, of West Vir
ginia, wife of the Servian Minister to London,
did recently; to her “snappy, dashy ways,” or,
as is often done, to the mere fact that she is
an American.
These are errors which I would like to rectify.
We Europeans are polished; our manners and
learning, good breeding and ¥nowledge of how
to aller au devant, when a stranger comes into
our midst, how to make bim or her, a 8 the case
might be, feel 38 though she is the centre of
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The Death Ray of the Martians as Conceived
by H. G. Wells in His Famous Book, “The
War of the Worlds,” and Which Foreshad
owed the Theory of the Destructive Wire
less Ray.
station that the Hertzian waves are to he
dreaded, says Duroquier, but especially midway
between two powerful stations when these are
sending at the same time, For at this point the
wireless waves from both stations meet at their
maximum strength.
“The interference of the waves at this point,”
he writes, “must give rise to especially violent
electric movements, not having a stationary char
acter, but analogous to the areas of tension pro
duced by the passage of high frequency alternat
ing currents along a conductor that is insulated
at one of its extremities.”
So the principal danger points are midway
between the great wireless sending stations. If
Duroquier’s theory be correct, it would be prudent,
for shipmasters to make certain that no object
which can become a resonator is left at any
point where & spark could set anything on fire,
In line with this destructive possibility of the
wireless waves is the amazing discovery of ihe
Italian inventor, Signor Giulio Uuivi, who is able
to blow up explosives in any metal receptacle at
a distace of many miles. He makes use of the
infra-red rays, also called the F-rays and the
Ulivi rays.
He has performed remarkable experiments be
fore French and English and Italian government
representatives and in spite of some scepticism
expressed about him in early demonstrations, he
has now proved the serious nature of his achieve
ments. Recently, for instance, he blew up (rom
a distance of two miles submarine mines placed
beneath the River Arno by Italian army officers.
With his hands he worked his machine emitting
infra red rays while about his head he wore a
wireless telephone receiver, which told him
when the rays had struck a metallic object.
He was asked: “It is possible, then, to blow
up any explosive contained in a metallic case?”
He replied: “Certainly. And they must find
new means for protecting ammunition from the
infra-red rays. For example, if you could imagine
an explosive within a spherical mass of metal,
sald mass having no joints and being composed
of the same material throughout, then, indeed,
our admiration, is at the bottom of all such
popularity. This admiration increases if the
guest comes “all the way from America.”
If the woman is broadminded, intelligent and
polished she knows exactly how to discrimi
nate between etiquette, formality, hospitality
and flattery. If npot, she writes home: “Oh,
dear; they make such fuss over me just be
cause 1 am an American.”
My impression' of the American woman is
that she is a good conversationalist, though not
as well instructed in matters of classic litera
ture as her European sister of equal station.
1n music also she favors the light and fluffy
rather than classics, which, however, is per
fectly in keeping with the national spirit.
Her manners are pleasing but lack those
finishing touches, which are the result of in
herited culture, in which Americans see ser
vility, but to Europeans are the earmark of
the “savoir faire.” She is, in a word, a trifle
underdone for the European taste. The Amer
ican woman’s education and mannerisms are
both influenced by the national spirit, the
“free country” gpirit, and from such point of
view are correct, but from our point of view
must undergo some change before they will
conform with dur stricter etiquette, which, as
1 have said, is a result of our monarchical spirit.
in the drawing room, aboard the transatlantic
steamers and in your theatres the American
woman appears restless; she adjusts her hair
too frequently; like her brother, she places
her elbows on the table. I have observed this a
thousand times, She seldom reclines in the
chair,
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The Wireless Radiations from the Eiffel Tower
in Paris. These Emanations, Although Not
Visible to the Human Eye, Are Readily
Detected by the Photographic Plate. The
View 18 from a Photograph Taken from
Half Way Up the Tower Looking Directly
Upward. 1t Ig the Unknown Effects of the
Continuous Discharge of These Subtie Elec
tri¢ Waves That Is Now Under Suspicion.
And (Below) Diagram Showing the Enormous
‘Range of the Emanations from the Eiffsl
Tower.
my apparatus might fail to detonate it. Not
otherwise. If such a receptacle for an explosive
could be conceived it would, of course, be use
less. Hence I may say without any exaggeration
that the fleets of the world, as well as all forts
and depots of ammunition, are at the mercy of
my apparatus if it can be placed within ten or
fifteen miles of them.”
Clearly then we have evidence of the existence
of unseen forces that are capable of ruling the
world, of wipiag out all human life and of per
forming the most stupeéndous mechanical tasks
conceivable. Some of these forces are now be
ing employed, while in other cases we merely
obtain a glimpse of their operation.
It is reasonable to believe that the Intelligent
use of these forces will soon make battleships
and even aeroplanes useless in war. An irre
sistible electro-magnet, sending forth its world
embracing rays, will draw together all the aero
planes in the air and all the battleships in the
seas to one spot, where they can be blown up or
shot 1o pieces, as their conquerors may. prefer.
Our attitude in Europe toward an American
or other foreigner is always one of hospitality.
We seek to overwhelm them with numerous
attentions; we sacrifice our own convenience
to please them; we putourselves in their place;
we assist them cheerfully regardless of their
errand or station in life; “they are strangers
in a strange country, let us assist them,” is
our motto. When, in the streets abroad, we
pass a foreigner, be he an American or other
nationality, we allow not our eyes to dwell
upon him lest we should offend him in so
doing. We may comment upon his fine looks
or strange looks, but not until he is out of
hearing. To do otherwise we consider crude.
But an American will pass loud remarks
about a stranger in his own country, smile
diedainfully at him in his presence, under his
eyes; comment upon his forelgn appearance,
his foreign cut, hat, shoes, mustache, his man
ners, because they are so different from your
American ways.
Americans make foreigners feel extremely
uncomfortable and convince us ere long that
Americans are a very provincial set of people.
The American children are brought up on
the “do-as-you-please” plan, with the result
that they enter the home to “carry on,” speak
ing loudly, ordering persons about, interrupt
conversations, demand to be waited on, esk
where things are, replace nothing, leave doors
open, enter with bhat on without knocking.
This is done in the house of the average Amer
ican, and parente, overindulgent parents, per
mit it!
The result is that when the girl grows up,
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they speak of her loose and lax manners as
“spirit” and “yivacity,” and when she goes
abroad polite society flatters the parents and
compliments them on such charming and grace
ful young ladies!
The boys are lax and careless, without order,
system or idea of courtesy, tact, respect for
older persons; totally lacking in cultivation of
little daily attentions; neither refined, well
bred nor well mannered. The young man walks
through life at a slouchy gait, poor body car
riage, hands in pockets, and when he enters
the commercial life he is barren of all that
genteel appearance and polish which has the
power of attraction and is the stepping stone
to the higher strata.
His table manners and parlor manners are
now formed and will remain with him for life—
unless he reads this article.
His parents—kind, soft parents—have wade
his manner what they are, abomlnablo..
1f in Europe we should pat a man on the
back or shoulder, or enter a theatre after cur
tain rise, walk on the heel, making much noise;
take a seat without removing overcoat; remove
it twenty minutes Pater; leave before the act
or show is over; take the seat mear the railing
in the box; chew gum; or should the ladies
adjust their coiffures several times in several
minutes; should wé act thus in Europe we
would be considered unfit to mingle with, but
not so in America, for the average Amencan
certainly does just such thinga., So you see
it is all a matter of geography.
People seldom improve their manners where
they have no other copy than themselves.