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John Bunyan Writing the “Pilgrim’s Progress” in Prison—
Bedford Jail, England, Where He Was Confined for Twelve
Years.
The Doleful Lamen
tations and Evidences of
Remorse and Despair
Which Sprinkle Every
Page of the Puritan
Tinker’s Writings Lead
Dr. King to Ascribe
His Famous Book
to Diseased
Nerves
and Brain
“GREAT genius to madness is near
allied,” is a favorite theory with
the medical profession. Physical ail
ments and deformities have been added
to this chief cause of extraordinary crea
tive power, until most of the supremely
great men and women of history are
scientifically catalogued as abnormal in
one way or another,
John Bunyan, the immortal author of
“Pilgrim’'s Progress,” now joins this cele
brafed galaxy. According to Howard D.
King, M. D., a aeurologist of reputation,
writing in the New York Medical Journal,
Bunyan owes his fame to the fact that he
was a chronic “hypochondriac.”
* The “Pligrim’'s Progress” was com
posed during Bunyan's term of twelve
Years in prison—Rßedford . Jail—Whither
he was sent in 1860 for caustic writings
against the Church of England. He was
a tinker by trade. As a youth he was
tortured by fits of remorse and despair,
When the spirit of Puritanism was at its
highest vigor in England he wrote and
Dr. Howard D. King's Diagnosis of Bunyan's Case.
=ln the New York Medical Journal,
- e Al T o
lN the autobiography entitled, “Grace
Abounding Unto the Chief of Sinners.”
is confained the most vivid picture ex
tant of a hypochondriac. It is a record
of the feelings of “God’'s poor servant,
John Bunyan,” as the author styles him
self. The plain tale of his unhappiness,
from boyhood up to his imprisonment in
Bedford Jail, {s explanatory of many
Passages in his more pretentious work,
the “Pilgrim's Progress,” which do not
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Christain’s Burden of Guilt Falling from His Shoulders as He Comes
to the Cross and the Wall of Salvation.
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Greatheart Slaying the Giant Despair, While the Women and
‘ Children Reioice.
exorted for it, becoming an idol of the
masses.
Dr. King's interesting and ingenious
article, printed on this page, rests his dis
covery on “internal evidence” contained
in Bunyan's writings, notably the master
piece with which the whole world is
familiar,
harmonize with the psychical experiences
of normally constituted Christians.
In this connection attention is espe
cially directed to the slough of despond
the man in the iron cage, the descrip
tion of Doubting Castle, Mrs. Diffidence
and Giant Despair, Bunyan says, in words
which naturally break into rythm, “I be
hold the condition of the dog and toad,
and counted the estate of everything that
God had made for better than this
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dresaful state of mine.” No normal ine
dividual ever felt like that; but to the
hypochondriac, alone in creation, no past,
no future can be so bad as the present.
One feature especially interesting is
the sudden onset of the attacks. Bun
yan furnishes a vivid picture of himself
as arrested by one in the middle of a
game of tip cat, so that he left the cat
he was about to strike on the ground.
But on “returning desperately to his sport
again,” he felt his soul possessed, as he
terms it, with despair of every attaining
happiness. The suddenness of the attack
Is most marked when the patient is in
the company with others, as was Bun
yan.
A vague alarm of impending evil, which
sometimes, as in Bunyan's case, takes
the concrete form of a dread of hell,
and thoughts about his Satanic majesty
frequently disturb the hypochondriac.
Often there is a fear of death; but this
is exceptional, and when found in an
extreme degree, the case is likely to
turn out one of inganity, delusion of the
intellect supervening. At times death is
looked forward to as a rellef from misery
and would be considered not unwelcome.
In these cases suicide would be much
more common, but for the reason which
Hamlet, the prince of hypochondriacs,
rightly assigns, “the dread of something
after death,” acts as a powerful safe
guard,
The workings of the hypochondriac's
mind is well illustrated in the “Pilgrim’s
Progress,” under the guise of a wicked
old woman, Mr¢. ‘Diffidence, who sug
gests, “knife, halter and poison,” as a
cure for the pilgrim’'s doleful state.
Hypochondriasis appears very early in
life. John Bunyan suffered from it when
he was a mere child, and quite as
severely when he was a ribald, foul
mouthed tinker, as after his marriage and
conversion. The mind of hypochondriacs
is usually of a superior order. Bunyan's
case is a most notable instance. Again,
the myriad -minded dramatist, Shakes
peare, makes Hamlet a courtier, soldier,
scholar, “the observed of all observers;”
and Shakespeare is never wrong in such
matters. A common symptom in hypo
chondriasis is a temporary loss of power
in the voluntary muscles of a part.
Bunyan makes Giant Despair lose the use
of his hands at a most lucky moment
Copyright, 1915, by the Star Company. Great Bm;m Rights Reserved.
“Vanity Fair,” as Described by John Bunyan, in the “Pilgrim’s Progress,” and as Pictured by the Famous
. Cruikshank in Illustrating That Tmmortal Work.
for the pilgrime, just as he is rushing
at them with a club.
Bunyan parenthetically remarks that
attacks of paresis came on when the sky
was bright: “he sometimes, in sunshiny
weather, fell into fits”; a very sage ob
servation, and one not likely to oeccur
to any but an actual sufferer. Hear with
Shakespeare’s hypochondriac: “I have of
late (but wherefore I know not}, lost all
my mirth, foregone all custom of ex
ercises; and indeed, it goes so heavily
with my disposition, that this goodly
frame, the earth, seems to me a sterile
promontory; this most excellent canopy,
the air, look you—this brave o'erhanging
firmament-—this majestical roof fretted
with golden fire, why it appears no o‘ne=
thing to me than a foul and pestilent
congregation of vapors,” says Harnlet,
pointing out of window to a bright starry
sky. " It does seem that the puet knew
well the condition.
It is very seldom that a hypochondriac
escapes without the general misery be
ing localized in pain of some port or
another, either continuously or at irregu
lar periods. Bunyan says, “I felt such a
clogging afd heat at my stomach, by
reason of this my terror, that I was,
especially at sgmetimes, as if my breast
bone would have split-asunder.” This is
the pain in the hypochondria, whence the
disease gets its name. The “clogging and
and the heat” is very graphic of the
symptomatology of hypochondriasis.
The loss of power which was described
in the muscles of certain parts, still
more infrequently affects the involuntary
fibres of the intestinal tract. The peris
talic movements become sluggish. The
bowels become filled with gas, distend
ing them inconveniently and painfully,
Poor John Bunyan seems to have been
so blown up, that he says he feared he
was golng to suffer the fate of Judas
Iscariot, and “burst asunder in the
midst.” ”
A feature which is almost universal in
long cases of hypochondriasis is loss of
weight during the attacks. Soon as the
patient comes to, and is again a normal
individual, the weight increases. In his
“Grace Abounding,”Bunyan describes him
self several times as suffering from this
symptom—as he words it, “inclining to a
consumption, wherewith, about the
spring, 1 was suddenly and violently
seized with much weakness in my out
ward man.” And a few pages after
wards he speaks of being “very ill and
weak,” presumably from a simflar cause,
when his spirits suddenly revived, and
he thought of the angels carrying Lazarus
into Abraham’s bosom, Then ha mused
with comfort on “O grave, where is thy
victory?” *“At this,” ha goes on, “I be
came well both in body and mind at once,
for my sickness did presently vanish.”
He typifies this symptom in the person
of one of the prisoners in Doubting
Castle, “Mr, Despondency, who was al
most starved to death.”
One usually pictures the male as the
sufferer from hypochondriasis, but women
are not wholly exempt. I may be noted
that Bunyan places one, and only one,
woman in Despair's dungeons. Her he
does not describe; because, indeed, he
knew nothing of the other sex “but by
their apparel” beyond his own family
circle. He says he waa “shy of women.”
“The common ‘salutation of women I
abhor; ‘tis odious to me in whomsoever
I see it. Their company alone 1 cannot
away with” Thus, it is evideat that
Bunyan did not receive the confidences
of hypochondriacal females,
Rest seems w have worked wonders
for Bunyan the wmiserable. The being
shut up as a Nonconformist for twelve
years in Bedford jail effected a cure,
“though it was a filthy and noisome den,”
as he justly terms it. He says: “I never
knew what it was for God to stand by
me at all times, as I have found him since
I came in hither”; and confesses that he
passed his time there “in much content.”
It was at this period that he was gay and
cheerful enough to compose the charac
teristic and descriptive anagram of his
name, John Bunyan, “Nu hony in a B.”
Indeed, he was a bee full of new honey.
From this date on he suffered no relapse,
The truth is that he was well fed up by
admiring friends, and entered on his true
vocation of writing those life dramas
which have, even to this day, enshrined
him in our hearts.
In tHe moral treatment of hypochon
driasis Bunyan is an excellent guide. Is
it not remembered how, when Christian
and Hopeful were in the dungeon, in dole
ful case indeed, the former suddenly
bethought him that he had a key in his
bosom called “Promise,” with which he
picked one after another the locks that
lay between them and liberty. “And
so they went up to the mountains, to be
hold the gardens, and orchards, and foun
tains of water, where also they drank and
washed themselves, and did eat freely of
the vineyards.” There is no key équal
to it; it is somewhere in everybody’'s
pockets; but the prisoner must find it
himseif, and the medical adviser seldom
has an opportunity of helping him.
At all events, it is to be hoped that no
sufierer will come across such a miser
able comforter as poor John Bunyan. He
tells us, in “Grace Abounding,” “I took
an opportunity to break my mind to an
ancient Christian, and told him all my
case. I told him also that I was afraid 1
had sinned the sin against the Holy
Ghost; and he told me he thought so,
too.” It is all very well to agree with a
crazy man’s whims, but a hypochondriac
may claim a right to be reasoned with,
and John Bunyan was badly used by the
ancient Christian. ' Several other hints
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equaily suggestive may be found in the!
“Pilgrim’s Progress.” Though the pil
grims managed to escape, the giant was
not destroyed, but afterward fell under
the swords of Mr. Greatheart, Mr. Dare
not-lie and their companions. In fighting
“» make others happy, the suffering soul
is drawn out of itself and conquers its
own foes.
Bunyan felt very clearly the antago-'
nism hetween hypochondriasis and the
esthetic life. Puyritan though he was to
the backbone — fanatic, nonconformist,
martyr, satirist, woman hater, a foiled
reformer, at war with the age and get
ting the worst of it—he had the true
poet’s sympathy with all that was human:
and he celebrated the dinging-down of
Doubting Castle in a fashion that his
nour-faced coreligionists must have de
nounced as
“idolatrous and pagan;
No less than worshiping of Dagon.”
For “Christiana, if need was, could play
upon the viol; and her daughter Meray
on the lute. So since they were so merry
disposed she played them a lesson; and
Ready-to-halt would dance. So he took
Despondency’s daughter, Much-afraid, by
the hand; and to dancing they want in
the road. True, he could not dance with
out one crutch in his hand; but, I prom.
ise you, he footed it well; also the girl
was to be commended, for she answered
the music handsomely.”
What is Ready-to-halt's “crutca” which
x could not lay aside? Bunyan leaves
to interpret it, according to our own
experience; however, for the writer it
means the medical treatment, which can
not safely be laid aside, even when the
condition seems to have yielded to moral
suaslon. t -
Hard work and worry seem to aggzra
vate the condition of hypochondriasis; but
idleness is much worse. It was by going
out of their way, and falling asleep, that
the pilgrims fell into the clutches of
Giant Despair,
If Hamlet, the Dane, is the prince of
the psychic miserables, then surely John
Bunyan, of Bedford jail, takes rank as
the King of Hypochondriacs.,