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Science Deginning tof ind Qut Why We See Ghosks
W e ‘ » e — i e % JES—— RSt eB,
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‘*‘-4:,« ‘Hél/»:‘Stra'ngely Discolored Apparitions Are Caused. :‘ ; ‘
Pt e {jjg:j@:’g}fé}glg;:cg:fi?"v%:"ss:fi, TS Yeliow ‘lmage. (9
'Experiments Show that **After- |
lmag-es" of Persons and Tlfings
Persist In Our Eyes, that They
‘May be Revived Hours Later
by a Stimulating Light, and that
Even Animals Mistake Such
Images for the Reality ‘
T NCREASING raports of ‘‘apparitions’’ of
the dead and testimony of such eminent 5
men as Sir Conan Doyle, Sir Oliver
Lodge. Maeterlinck, and the ;declaration of
these people ofdheir belief in the validity of
these “‘pheromens have caused sciénce re
ceutly t@ trirn its attention to this fleld and
to begin what are called laboratory methods
to determine whether the manifestations re
ported, or similar manifestations, can be ex
plained upon the lines with which seience is
familiar and recognizes as legitimate. While
a great part-of the field as yet remains inex
plicable “of these methods, recent experi
ments have shown that some appatitions can
be explaived on-purely natural grounds.
Among the newest and most interesti
of these researches arethose of Dr, P, ?'f
Swindle, Professor of Physiology ‘at Tufts
College, and j‘ormerlyj‘ reséarch fellow at
Harvard University, .«
Dr. Swindle’s expegiment were carried on
to determine how many ‘‘ghosts’’ are really
images persisting on th"\:"reting of the eye
when the objeet once isino longer present.
An image always persists for a certain time
after it is seen, I, @fter seeiug it, the per.
son passes into QM} the persistence lasts
longer. The spinfulation of a light will then
canse the person 1o se¢ the image again.
It must bgfll;fin fl;«a experiments do
not appear % acconnt for all the ghostly
phenomena K 3
““Visual m Dr. Bwindle, ‘‘are
really whaty 'wé aall ‘positive after-images
impressed pin the retina. When you look out
of the wirdow. ut'bight clouds on a sunny
day, and Thed . turn 0’ & wall inside your
room, you Will seg as image of the clouds.
It may be ip‘the same colors—in which case
it is a positive affer-imfige-—or in other
colors, when At i§ a MNQ after-image.
“Some ghr!gnéh&‘thexp- is certainly due
‘to the repro E&t‘fln .an image, which has
been fixed on retins, under the influence
of a slight stimulys. 1 e ¥
“For example, suppose A and B, two
friends, have spent the evening in a Jighted
room, turn out the light, and go into the
darkness outside. B discovers that he has
forgotten something, and both go back to
look for it. A turns on the light long
enough for him to find it, and looks at him
during the short interval. Then they go
away for good, and separate, !
«4¢ A% pathleads him through a dark for
esti-'While ‘in the forest he :gunces to pass
thréugh 'a small glade snd thereby slightly
ilénlinates the retina just as the ordinarily
utmaticeable positive after-image of B is on
theiverge of reappearing. : ;
47 In the darkness beyond the glade A
will'thén see'a ghost of B, but will he recog
niZé'it av B's image?! These ghosts are not
alwavs distinet and Gl“rz xeflnod If A
doés hbt recognize B, and is at all spiritnal
iv!}fluy"ifi&ined. he will pnbablfi%idx:k he
hud:seeri’the spirit of some dead - and
will’tell a‘ghost story about it—how the spirit
:gpedrbd to'him in the woods, floated about
*‘a‘time; and diupfiebmd, either mddenli
or-gradually. He will probably never thin
of“ méntioning ‘the faect that he had just
walked" tfin:&h a little glade. where there
was some light. X
““That is a sample ghost story. 1 be
lidve that the afteriimage explanation is cor
réct ‘hecause 1 eu_pro?m a similar after
ithage ‘artificially. For examplg, I have re
?fned in a dark room five or ten minutes,
!'igtumd on a light in such a way that it
ilaminated my hand. Then, after sleeping
sight hours of 8o in the dark room, I illu
ated the retinas with a flashlight before
spefiing my eéyes. The illumination was so
slight “that T did not become aware of the
r&d ‘of my olosed eyelids. Not every morn
mg, but sometimes, the after-hhage of the
sand was revived. Occasionally it a red
slmast in its original distinetness. m other
words, by this simple experiment I _pros
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Curious Photograph of a “Ghest” by Arch
deacon Colley, of London. :
This Corresponds Remarkably with the “Ghosts”
Produced Intentionally by Staring at Persons
and Then Passing Into a filmly-l.l(htcd Room,
When After-Images Were Seen with Hollow
EK« and Distorted Features. «If a Genuine
Photograph, It Presents Otker Problems.
duced the illusion of seeing my hand before
me, even though my hands might aetually
have been clasped behind my back. °
‘‘Sometimes, when the image did not ap
feu the first time I illuminated my eyelids,
would continue the process as intervals,
until it did appear. Occasionally 1 was un
able to experience the image. But on the
other hand, I have succeeded in reviving a
single positive after-image a number of
times, though not in immediate succession.”’
This process, as the professor has ex
plained in a paper which he has prepared
for the American Journal of Psychology,
was accomplished through waiting each time
about as many seconds as the ghost had re
mained with him. He came to the conclu
sion that after a long lapse of time the
retinas must be illuminated just as the other
wise unnoticeable after-image is on the point
of reappearing. _
. The scientist cites a ghost story which
was one of many he heard while he was
working in this field-—the story of a French
duke who, while sleeping in his chateau, was
awakened by a peculiar knocking at his
door. Almost immediately a human figure
with two heads* entered throngh the closed
door, floated about in the room for a short
time, and then gradually disappeared
through a wall. The double-headed “‘ghost,”’
the investigator e.x{lains. is mot an uncem
mon phenomenon ; the duke had probably, the
night before, watched intently two persons,
one of whom was standing behind the other,
but whose head was turned so that both
faces showed. Naturally, he would give no
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An Experiment That Proved An Owl Saw the “Ghost” of His
* Perch. .
The PFirst Difigram Shaws the Position of the Flashlight (1), When It
Was Turned on the Owl (2), Who Had Been in Complete Darknm
Giving Him a Vivid Retinal Image .of- His Perch (3). The Sec
Diagram Shows How, When the Flashlight Was Moved and the Owl
Changed His Position, the Bird" Still Saw the After-Image of His
Perch, In Its First Position, and Tried to Hop on It.
special thought to so ordinary an oceur
rence, and would not conneet his ghostly
visitor with the eircumstance. The knocking
was a purely accidental sound somewhere
that started the thought which; ‘‘released”
the retinal image. .
Many giraditional ‘‘ghosis.”” he thinks,
may actuaily be the images of the desd. for
when people look at corpses they .:re not
ordinarily engaged in any bodily activity.
Even those who do not weep stand before a
corpse and fixate it carefully, sometimes so
much soithat other objects in the ficld of vis
ion-subjectively disappear. Others weep, thus
shutting out light rays from their eyes for a
time, then take another glance at the corpse
and weep again.
A student gazed on his mother for some
minutes and then passed into a room which
was only moderately dark. After several
trials he succeeded iln reviving a distinet
Copyright, 1918, by the Star Company. Great Britain Righis Reserved
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One of the Most Celebrated “Ghost” Pictures, Entitled, “Speak! Speak!” by Sir John Millais, R. A.
. This Picture, Which Shows a Young Man Aroused from Sleep in an Ancient’ Castle ‘:i the Vision of a Bearififul Dead
Ancestress, Illustrates a Tyf)e of “Chost” Which the Latest Scientific Researches Seek to Explain. .An Image Received
by the’ Retina Persists. in Sleép and Darkness and Is Revived by the Stimulus of a Light. The Im
‘ ‘pression Is Heightened by the Dark, Mysterious Room and Other Surroundings. - “
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: How the “Ghost” Is Explained in the Millais Picture.
1. The Youn¥ Man, Before Retir
ing, Is Deeply Impressed by the Pic
ture of a Beautiful Deceased Ances
tress. "
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. 2, Het Pictiire Leaves an After-
Image on His Retina, Which Is Not
Disturbed by the White Sheets and
Dark Room. . - . o
positive after-image of her face. Generally
i he said, it was not very distinet. This
experiment led Dr. Swindle to.further in
vestigations, as a result of which he sue
ceeded a few times in reviving after-images
of a person’s face by alternately turning thé
eyes from white to black
backgrounds.
As a rule the eyes were
represented only by black
cavities, the mostrils ap
peared inflated- and the
nose seemeéd short. The
cheeks appeared hollow
and the ears three or four
times their real length and
pointed. Investigators say
that in such cases ‘''it is
often a. question whether
the after-image looks more
like & perso‘nbaltéd,'or the
aevils? el
An idol worshipper who
has watched an- 1%01 for a
long time, Dr., Swindle
suggests, might later re
vive the after-form of his
god by looking at a wall,
into a cloud, a well or a
fireplace.
The terrifying appear
ance olfl‘somo “gl:ibats” i 8
traceable to a de -
ment of the color r:::-
‘ing functions of t!ga eye.
Another investigator, Professor A. L. Hodges,
has shown why negative after-images appear
in different colors from the pesitive images.
Suppose you look at a red object steadily
for some time and then at a white wall. The
red-perceiving nerves have been fatigued
and so you only see with the remaining color
nerves and yéu will perceiva a blue spot on
the wall. ‘ "
In case the light looked at be so strong
as to paralyze all the color-perceiving nerves,
then a black image will be seen and this will
pass throngh a gradually changing color
scale as the nerves recover their functions.
A little serecch owl and a cockatoo were
Dr. Swindle’s first assistants in the investi
gation -of after<image, and these little
creatures thus led to the ghost inquiry.
““I kept the owl.in a cage in my room.
Three sides of the cace had wooden walls;
the front was larred. A perch, to-which
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3. On ,Awaketiin‘vhSuddmly He
Lights a Candle, ich Causes ‘a
Revival of the After-Image.
‘How After-Images Are
! Produced. -
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: ; Cannot l‘t Seeing a 2
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%‘.ve and nhe. tore That
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* the Bye Belng Closed, It May
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gk PR o B
he could hop
from the floor,
‘ran through
the middle of
“the cage. The
room at night
‘was 8o dark
that a human
‘being; even af
ter long -adap
‘tation to the
darkness,
could * barely.
perceive white
‘objects.
“I would
tarn on an
electric light
while .the owl
‘stood facing
me, and then
beat: with a
ruler against
the leg of the
table on which
the cage stood.
I found that
sometimes the
owl would
jump back to
his perch: with
out error; at
other times he
would miss the
perch and fall
back to the
tin floor. * Re
, peated: experi
ments indicat-
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i{? is ‘alht theyScield-h
L Call a Pesitive After-image.
ed to me that the mird made the mishops when
a part of his perch was in his field .of -vision
—that is, when he was standing in. such
‘8- way that he could see at least a part.of
the perch. I discovered at last that he re
tained an,after-image of the perch which
was more definite and distinct than his sight
of the real perch. -By turning his head, the
-after-image would shift its position. He
would try to hop upon the after-image, and
beeanse it did not coincide with the real
perch, would fail and fall on the floor.”’
The professor then passed so -experi
ments on himself and others which eon
vinced him th#t our ‘‘ghosts’’ are really
after-images.