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A Part of the Photographic Chart of the Motions of a
Worker Whose Legs and Body Are Totally Paralyzed,
Leaving Him Only the Use of His Arms and Hands.
Repairing Typewriters, Time Clocks and Other Deli
cate Mechanisms Are Some of ths(_Mlny Kinds of
Work Which the Government's Efficiency Ex
perts Have Demonstrated That Such a Man
Can Be Trained to Do.
By Rene Bache
HE fear of being so badly wounded
that he will be a helpless dependent
on charity all the rest of his life need -
never haunt any man who fights uhder the
American flag. No matter what wreckage
war makes of his body, no matter how it
tears his flesh, shatters his bones or para
lyzes his perves, he can still look forward
to becoming a useful member of society
again, able to support himself and his fam
ily in a number of different trades or pro
fessions.
For the first time in the history of the
world a nation is sending its men into battle
with the most positive assurance as to their
welfare when peace is finally won. Even
the soldier or sailor who comes out of the
present war with only the use of a single
index finger remaining to him ‘will have his
choice of earning a good livelihood at any
one of ten or a dozen occupations.
This encouraging outlook for the men
whose crippled bodies will form a large part
of the cost of making the world safe for
democracy is made possible by the new
science that has been organized for #he, es
pecial pur@ose of restoring war cripples to
usefulness) Its plans, begun by the Govern
ment before the war had been long under
way, are already sufficiently advanced to
assure the worst of war’s human wrecks
economi¢ independence and, in some cases,
a greater degree of such independence than
many normal men enjoy.
The new science takes hold of the wound
ed soldier where the doctors and surgeons
leave off and forms the logical and much
needed supplement to their miracles. Won
‘dgr-working antisepties, greater skill with
the knife and other advances in medicine
and surgery have long been keeping the
spark of life aflame in bodies so terribly
maimed that humanity 4s often tempted to
think them better off dead. But now that a
way has been found of preventing these
erippled men from becoming life-long bur
dens to themselves and the community,
medical science will be justified in going to
still greater lengths in saving life.
How can an armless or legless man best
earn his living? What kinds of work are
open to the man with only a finger and a
t}x’umb remaining on his right hand? Which
positions in the business.and professional
worlds oan be successfully filled by men
who are blind, or by those who are partially
paralyzed f
All these and scores of similar problems
are now being solved by the new science in
a special Government department at Wash
ington. And by the time the first shiploads
of wounded men begin to arrive from
France it is expected to have a suitable
place for every war cripple to step into the
minute he is able to work.
The department is under the direction of
{Major Frank B. Gilbreth, a well-known me
chanical engineer and a leading authority
on.jndustrial efficiency. With him are asso
ciated some of the foremost efficiency and
occupational experts in America.
The science of fitting crippled soldiers
back into imdustrial or professional life de
pends for its success upon what is known as
motion study. This is something that has
long been used by efficiency experts in their
fefforts to increase the worker's output and
(lessen his fatigue. It consists of recording,
classifying and analyzing all the motions
used in doing a certain kind of work and
‘:::ling how many, if any, of them can be
implified or entirely eliminated.
{ - In an especially equipped laboratory at
{Washington Major Gilbreth and his asso
{eiates are making elaborate photographie
charts of all the 500,000 distinct and sep
arate motions of which the normal human
body is capable. Other charts will show
Just which of these motions are necessary in
4
The Remarl’cable Study of
Workers" Motions That
Will Enable Even the
Worst of Battle-Wrecked
Soldiers to Be Self-Sup-~
porting as Long'/aé He Has
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The unattrac
tive but exceed
ingly serviceable
working arm de
signed by Prof.
Amar for one
armed French soldiers.
The socket can be
fitted with different
appliances especially
adapted for certain
kinds of work. It is
proving serviceable
for shoveling, as shown
in the photograph, and
for other kinds of
heavy outdoor labor.
every kind of labor.
Still others will give
aecurate pictures: of
all the motions which
the different types
of war cripples are
still able to perform.
A comparison of the
labor motion charts
with the chart of the
motions possible to
any given cripple
will reveal in short
order all the occupa
tions into which this
particular man will
fit.
Take, for instance,
a soldier who has
suffered the loss of
an eye, one arm and
both legs, whose
body has been al
most completely
paralyzed and his
remaining arm part
ly so. To ascertain
whether such a man
can operate a type
writer;, Major Gil-
breth would first make photographic
charts of his motions to determine how much
the fingers of his remaining hand can be
used, whether he can hold that hand over
the keyboard. and also whether his paralysis
permits the swaying of his body a distance of
two inches backward and forward.
If he can do these things, Major Gilbreth
will know at ohce that he can operate a type
writer, and if his previous education is suffi
cient he will promptly be trained for that
work, The photographic studies of a normal
man operating the typewriter, have, you see,
demonstrated that the work can be done
with one hand, provided the operator still
retains enough control over his body to be
able to sway it back and forth two or three
inches.
But how, you will say, could a man thus
crippled insert and withdraw the paper from
his typewriter? This is only one of many
similar difficulties which Major Gilbreth and
his corps of efficiency experts have already
surmounted. They did it by devising a type
writer which carries a big roll of paper in
stead of single sheets and which permits the
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This Is the Elaborate French System tor Testing the Strength of a Soldier Who Was Badly Wounded in the Legs, in Order
to Find Out What Work He Is Still Capable of Doing. With Breathing Apparatus Fastened Over His Mout‘h He
Is Made to Pedal This Stationary Bicycle as Fast as He Can. The Apparatus on the Table Records the Exact Amount
of Power Developed By His Legs, and/ Also the Rate of His Lungs’ Respiration. _
Cogyril’ht. 1918, by the 'Star Com;;any. Great Britain Rights Reserved.
.'lust One
Finger
Worl(ing
paper being cut or torn off with one hand.
The designers and builders of typewriters
and every kind of machinery are being or
ganized in an effort to find ways of chang
ing these machines so that they can be
operated by men physically subnormal.
Thus the man who before the war was an ex
pert operator of a machine that required a
certain amount of use of his feet may find, if
he is so unfortunate as to come back from
France with both legs gone, that the machine
has been skilfully altered so that he can still
operate it with his hands alone.
It may be said that a soldier crippled in
such a way as the one we have described
will never be able to compete successfully
with normal typewriter operators. It must
be remembered, however, that eripples oftei
attain wonderful dexterity with the few
muscles whose use rémains to them. The
case is the same as with the blind, whose
‘other senses become much more acute. as
their sight fails, , »
With the proper training, a cripple who
was naturally adapted for typewriting could
undoubtedly do as good and as much work
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as a man with two hands who was not fitted.
by nature for such work. And the ability to
operate a typewriter even at a‘very moder
ate degree of speed might very possibly be
of the greatest service to a erippled soldier
in connection with other work he could do."
The typewriter, of course, presents many
unusual difficulties for anyone lacking the
use of half his fingers and thumbs. Major
Gilbreth cites it as one of the most striking
examples of the ‘wonderful possibilties of
the new science of restoring eripples to use-~
fulness. ? .
The work of this Governmeut department
will #6t end with pointing out several jobs
that a ecripple could fill. . Each case will be
studied individually and each man will be
assigned to work for which he is best fitted
by education, experience and natural talent.
And when this work 1s found-he will be
trained in it by experts until he is able to
attain an efficiency that' in many cases &8
expected to equal that ot the great majority
-f normal men. \ ‘
The method of making the photographic
charts of motions on which the new science
One of the Photographic Charts Recording the
Motions of a One-Armed, Partly Paralyzed
Man Operating a Typewriter. The Dotted
Outlines Show the Ppsition of the Man’s One
Remaining Arm- When Striking the Keys and
When Tearing Off the Paper, Which Is Fed
Into the Machine from a Roll. The Wall
of the Laboratory Where This Photograph
Was Made, Is Marked Off in Squares to
Facilitate Measuring the Exact Extent of
Each Motion. -
relies is a ‘long and complicated one, requir
'ing most painstgking care in order to insure
« absolute accuracy: /The crippled or normal
worker whese motions at scme occupation
are to be studied is placed in the centre of a
specially constructed room and surrounded
by a battery of motion picture cameras. The
instant the worker starts the cameras begin
reeling off thgir record of his motions, taking
them from all possible angles. &
Experts with stop watches watch the
operations and record the time consumed by
each part of them. The pictures made are
then studied with the greatest care to see
just which of the motions are absolutely
necessary and whieh might be eliminated or
might be performed either by some other
part of the body or by the addition of some
* simple automatie device to the machine used.
The worker is photographed time and again
before the experts decide that they at last
have a chart in which motions are reduced
to their simplest fot*m and number.
£“With this extensive chart system,”’ says
Major Gilbreth, ‘it will be possible to know
almost instantly just how many different oc
cupations ‘a crippled man may be capablé of
filling. It will not be necessary to wait until
he is discharged from the hospital to begin
thinking about his future. and we wifl not
have to leave him dependent upon the char
_ ity of the mation and his friends while he
makes a hit-or-miss effort to find something
afiwhich he ¢an earn a living.
» ‘‘Our work is so comprehensive and is be
ing so carefully thought out that it permits
of more surprises and provides for every
possible emergency. Even before we have
seen the man himself we will almost know
Jrom his hospital record just-what work he
can do and how:to go about educating him
for it:'! \
The departments of labor in the various
States are being asked,to co-operate with
Major Gilbreth‘s department in finding pos
sible employment for crippled soldiers. In
Pennsylvania “two sets of questions seeking
information on this subject have been “sent
out to more than 25,000 employers. 2
The first of the questionnaires asks em
ployers to indicate the number of positions
in their plants where men suffering from
various types of disability could be advan
" tageously employed, ranging from loss of
fingers on one or both hands, through thirty
eight different classes of disability, inelud
ing blindness, deafness, loss of speech, re
pulsive facial disfigurements, and general
health impairment which would prevent
heavy manual lahor. The results from this
questionnaire will provide a complete card
index for the State of Pennsylvania, indi
cating where men handiecapped by various
degrees of disability as a result of their war
service may be placed in proper employment
to be not only self-supporting, but also be
of material aid to industry itself
The second questionnaire requests employ
ers tq indicate, positions in their plants now
held by disabled workers. This will provide
the department with extensive information
indicating possibilities of employment for
men disabled in war service.
The huge collection of motion study
charts which Major Gilbreth is making may
be of the greatest service outside of the es
pecial purpose for which it is being prepared.
It has already been suggested that many of
these may be used to excellent advantage in
speeding up the work of? munitions factories
and other industries which dre falling far
behind in their efforts to supply the needs
of the nation’s army and navy.