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Three German Women Doing the Work of Two Horses on a Fatm. The Greater Strength of the Lower Portion
of the Woman’s Body, Says Dr. Sargent, Enables Her to LCarry On, Where Men Would Break Down,
: Such Burdens as This Imposed by, War Times. S
By Dr. Dudley H. Sa‘r’dem v y
Head and Medical Director of Harvard College Gymnasium (ih an Interview)
HE average-young worman in good health cah en
dure more pain, discomfort and fatigue, pound
for pound,-than the averagé normal man of simi
lar condition. Pound for pound, also, sfie ean expend
mor® muséular energy than man, :
. Men as a class are stronger than women, of course—
they are five inches taller, on the average, and weigh
twenty pounds more. But if a fair basis of comparison is
taken, the conveéntional idea that woman.is the weaker
sex is somewhat illusory, }
~ That idea is & pose, eonscious or unconscious, largely
the latter. Women have olways been considered pqu
things, rather than people; their development has bgen
‘meglected along more than one line. It is only in the last
ecntury that higher education for women has been given
khe connidentitm it deserves, \
| The idea of woman's inferiority in courage and
strength is an idea that has resulted from a man-made
civilization, in part, perhaps, but also from the basic law
of fascination, which is that woman shall be pursued.
Through long centuries that has been woman’s position, -
and she now finds it hard to realize that she actually has
her natural eourage or that her timidity and inferiority
are praditionnl rather than real. :
The fact rémains, nevertheless, that the average
healthy woman can undergo more pain, fatigue or discom
fort than the average man, whether she realizes it or not.
Suppose a man gets a cold in the head. The whole
family knows it and is made miserable. When a man suf
fers he insists that every one else shall suffer, too. If the
head of the family has a rheumatic pain he must have a
doctor right away. The housewife suffers splitting head
aches without a complaint—if she did complain she prob
ably wouldn’t get much sympathy. ;
Dentists know that women show much greater cour
age in the operating chair than men, and that they sel:
dom make an outery from the pain of a tooth extraction.
Men squirm and groan. That is the difference.
Woman has always been the conserver of energy for
the humfn race, and it is too bad that her athletic de
velopment has been so long neglected, “Women make up
half the race; if the race is to rise to its\greatest possibili
ties, it must be deseloped in its entirety, not merely in
part, X
Suppose” all the men of a nation are developed into
athletes. No attention is paid to the physical welfare of
women, What is the result?
Heredity has shown .indisputably that the charac
teristics of many fathers are transmitted to the daughters,
and that on the other hand tKat sons may inherit many
traits more or less feminine in their nature from their
mothers. Therefore, to build up a really strong nation -
AoB et T R e D s o
the women as well as the meén should be given proper!
physical training. LN ‘ ;.
They can profit from it. = Annette Kellermann and
Rose Pitonoff showed what feats women are capable of
accomplishing, It is true that women are at a disad
vantage with men where work with the arms is con
cerned. But wheré muscles of the legs can be brought
into play the strength of women becomes evident. Actual
tests have shown that some women ‘are capable of lifting
1,000 pounds if the strain comes largely on the lower leg.
Strength tests have demonstrated likewise that excep
tional women éan mark %s) figures that excel those of
5 J)et cent of the men. . When :,nl!owances are made for
differences in size and weight, it will be found that the °
assertion that women can endure more fatigue and expend
greater /musculaf eénergy than men is not overdrawn.
Women excel it swimming. Rose Pitonoff and An
nette Kellermann are only two women. who have shown
superiority over male competitors, There are a number
of other splendid womeh swimmers. When cold or ex
haustion compelled men to give up in long distance swim
‘ming contests, these women kept on without even show
+ing discomfort. The men; it must be remembered. were
athletes in the” very pink of condition,
It is interesting to note the accomplishments of the
" Russian '‘battalions of death.”” These units are composed
of vigorous, courageous and impetuous young women,
desirous of shaming men into action. .
They have participated in twe or three engagements—
small affairs, perhaps, but as serious ag any fighting that
has taken place of late on the eastern front—and have
amply demonstrated their courage by the heroism with
which they charged to death, as well as the more prosaic
virtue of endurance, as shown by their ready acceptance
of the discomforts of the soldier’s lot, From the informs
tion we reccive, they have asked no more and received no
more than the male soldiers of tht Russian armies.
These Russian women are not the first to show sol
dierly qualities. History abounds in stories of brave
women—Boadicea, Joan of Are, and to go back to the
classic days, the Amazons. There seems to be no reason,
from the standpoint. of physical endurance, why women
should be any less satisfactory soldiers than men. They
are not inferior in courage, and although they 'may have
less initiative, they are much more susceptible to dis
ciplipe. Properly officered, they would show great
cohesion, for they would do as they were told better than
men. ' :
In Mexito and in the countries of Central America the
women camp followers, soldaderas, bear heavy loads
twenty or twenty-fivé miles a day on foot. Thé men do
the same distance on horseback and are quite satisfied -
to let it go at that. It cannot be objected that these
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N [~ | *. Diagram
\ Showing the
ek - Different
; \ St Distribution of
4 : Strength
e : in Man
\ / and Woman.
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Man’s shoulders are much broader than woman’s, his
pelvis smaller, his hips narrower. Lines drawn from
the tips of the shoulder joints to the hip joints give a
triangular, figure, which shows that the greater part of
his strength is concentrated in his body above the hips.
Woman, with narrower shoulders, but larger pelvis and
hips, gives a rectangular outline from shoulder joints to
hip joints, thus showing -greater stability and greater
relative strength in the lower part of the body.
women are capable of such fesits because they are un.
.civilized and accustomed ‘to outdoor life, for I have in
mind a striking illustration which shows that such en
durance is by no means confined to the uncultivated
women of Mexico. .
When the first Plattcburg camp was called last July
most of its membership was composed of college athletes—
rowing men, football men. baseball and track men from
Harvard, Dartmouth, Brown, Yale—all the big universi
ties. Even after a considerable period of the rigid camp
training many of these husky ‘athletes fell out of line
before they had completed a ten-mile march. The job
was simply too niuch for them.
Yet at the same time and under the same conditions
as 40 weather and topography young women from.the
Sargent camp in New Hampshire were doing twenty-five
mile hikes to the summit of Mount Monadnock .and back.
And they were none the worse for their experience. :
The work accomplished on that hike, measured in
foot pounds, was twice as great as that accomplished by a
man carrying a forty-pound pack a distance of ten miles.
These young women were in the best of physical condi
tion ; but so were the college athletes at Plattsburg.
. “Our young women, moreover, did not faint or show
anf' signs of undue exertion after rowing a third “of a
mile practically at top speed. Girls play bagketbdll and
soccer with as much energy as men in college football,
with as little exliaustion. and they make as little fuss over
inor injuries.
It is the exceptional woman who can lift 1,000 pounds,
" but neither can every man perform such a feat. I have
known many womén who could lift 600 pounds, any num
ber who can lift 500 pounds. The distribution of a
woman's weight i 8 to her disadvantage in such tests as
ohinning or rope climbing, for the heavier hips of the
woman make those feats more difficult for her. Never
theless, Charles Reade recorded years ago the case of #
young Italian girl who beat twelve sailors in climbing
rope hand over hand. She had been trained by a promi.
nent Italian physical culturist of those days. :
Women, strangely enough, do not like to be alluded to
as “‘strong women.”” The notion that weakness or deli
cacy is womanly and that strength is something that
really ought to be apologized for in a woman is a notion
that I hope in time we shall outgrow. Physical strength
does not necessarily connote coarseness, and there is no
reason except tradition why it should be thought to
do so. Eventually we shall get rid of such conventional
misconceptions. {lntil that time comes, the tendency is
for women to. deny or to conceal their strength, because
they do not like to be thought unwomanly.
In the face of danger to a child or some other loved
one, women have been known to perform remarkable
feats of strength, feats which perhaps they would never
have been capable of accomplishing except under the
stress of great emotion. But it is unfortunate that women
have the idea of weakness and inferiority so deeply in
grained in their being. The ‘“debutante slouch’' is a
revival of the old-time ideas that women were so delicate”
that they ought to faint on almost any occasion without
notice. - '
Woman is less developed, biologically, than man.
Since she is more primitive, she is nearer the savage,
Dearer the barbarian, than man. It is from this very fact *
and from this arrested development as compared with the
development of man that she gaine her greater proportion
of physical endurance.
. She can undergo many strains & man cannot. Women
Wdtfian Caanndergd Mz)i-
Show as Great if No
Medical Director—-Cour*gc
e Ry
L ,
75 Points Where |W
From “A Study in the Evclution of Man A,
‘ Professor of Anthropology in Clark
Characteristic In Woman as Compared with Man, )
Brain ..........Weight rolntivol! superior,
Centre of body.. .Higher up, giving better
* distribution of organs.
Chin ...........J .ess prominent, showing
more refinement. |
Ears ...........Smaller; more delicate; [
defective.
Fatness ....... Fatter; better nourished.
Features .......More delicate.
Feet ...........Smaller; more graceful.
Fore finger .....Relatively longer.
Hair ...........vailommbnhnd.
Hips ...........Relatively larger; better
adaptation for endurance,
Ligaments . .....More delicate; giving great
er suppleness,
Liver ......... .Larger relatively, aiding di.
gestion,
Lon’-vlty % ves. . Greater. 1
Malformations .. .Rarer; female hunchback
less common.
Neck ..........Relatively shorter; rounder;
better formed. 3
Pelvis ..........Broader; more delicate.
Perspiration . . ... Less.
Prehensility .....Greater, showing mor
power to hold on to ob
. Jects.
Arterial pressure Less, giving better life pros«
pects. ¢
Shoulders .. .. .. .MG;H; sloping; more graces
ul.
Frontal Sinuses. . .Less prominent; further re
' ~ moved from savage.
Skin .......... More delicate and rosy.
Spinal column .. .Lower part longer and moi: {.
’ arched; better balanced
Spleen . ....... Larger, giving increase
‘ immunity to disease. | o
Stomach .. ...\ . Relatively larger, aiding di-| |
gestion. H
Tut‘h vevseii..Two upper mid-incisora”
larger. | |
Thyroid gland. ~Larger, increasing resist-| |
= ance to disease. |
Trunk ......... Relatively longer. ’
Alcoholism .. . Much less common. ’
Ambidexterity .. .More common. i
Assimilative - '
power . ... ... Greater f
Charity ....... .More developed. :
Color sense .....Much better developed. i
Cretinism (form g 4%
of idiocy) ... .Less common. i
submit to op::rations much better than men. They
withstand hunger, thirst, cold, hardship of ‘all kinds, bet
ter than men. Everyone has noticed how lightly women
dress in Winter while men are bundled in heavy over
coats. Yet men probably suffer quite as much from the
cold as women, despite their heavy coverings.
The average woman oannot dig ditches or work in a
foundry all day as a man does, though some women prob
ably could. But when it comes to enduring physical pri
vation, she can outlast a man nine times out of ten.
» In the present, women are graduallg getting over ti
old-fashioned notions that have held them back so lon;
The war will help, too. It'is giving women a large
place in life—in workshops, factories, fields, even on tr |
battle Jine, # £l
In England and Canada women have been given tt |
" vate because they have earned it. They are being sic |
Science’s Explanation "
“But the woman that God gave him, every fibre of her frame; ‘
Proves her launched for one sole issue, armed and eyined for th. ,
same, ‘
And to serve that single issue, lest the generations fail, E
The female of thespecies must be deadlier than the male."” |
—From Rudyard Kipling’s “The Female of the Speciés.” :{
IPLING, the novelist, in his unscientific brain wrote,
K with poetic instinet what has been recently very
surprisingly confirmed by the cold investigations
of soience. |
Lincoln attributed all that was worth while of his
nobler and more spiritual qualities to his mother. This
acknowledgment otP man’s maternal inheritance of worthy
qualities has been customary. {
What we did not know was that the fighting instinct
of Julivs Caesar, the military inheritance of Napoleon and
probably the sinister instincts of Nero also must be ered
ited to their mothers. f
Professor Charles B. Davenport, the distinguished
authority on heredity and chief of the Experimental Evo
lution Bureau of the Carnegie Institution, recently sur
prised the members of the National Academy of Seiences
by explaining that fighting efficiency is more apt to be an
inkeritance from the maternal rather than the paternal side.
Recent experimental research shows, to put it in popu
lar language, that the daughter of a lpimte who had mar
ried a peace-loving Quaker is quite likely to have a boy
of bloodthirsty instincts—eruel and fighting qualities
which by no possibility could have been inherited from
his Quaker father. . ;
Fighting efficiency is more apt to be an inheritance
from the maternal rather than tfie paternal side. This
statement is made as the result of a study of the inherit
ances of distinguished naval officers, fighting officars, and
of the histories and charavteristics of their families.
Thirty officers were chosen, fourteen of them of the fight-