Newspaper Page Text
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Isaac . Marcosson, War Observer, Praises the
Hearst Newspapers’ Policy, Saying First
Need of the Nation Is Efficient Preparedness.
NEW YORK, Jan. 26.—N0 Ameri
can Is quite so well equipped to speak
with authority on the value of uni
versal service and military prepared
ness ag Isaac 1. Marcosgon, the well
known writer and lecturer, who re
cently returned from his fifth trip to
the war, and who Inaugurated a
thres-month lecture tour at Carnegle
Hall on Friday evening.
Mr. Marcosson has been with the
British, French, Italian, Belgian,
American and Russian armies in the
fleld. He has met every outstanding
allied general, including Haig, Joffre,
Cadorna, Petain and Pershing, and
has had contact with practically all
the eminent allied statesmen from Ke
rensky to lioyd George.
Mr. Marcosson is an uncompromis
ing disciple of universal training.
“I believe that the Hearst newspa
pers are entitled to the highest credit
for agitating at this time a movement
for universal service and prepared
ness; it is a national necessity,” he
sald at his apartment at the Hotel
Arlington, which is filled with souve
nirs of the great war. These include
autographed portraits of all the great
allled soldiers and statesmen, steel
helmets picked up on battlefields from
Ypres to the Italian Carso, passes to
every front, scores of reminders of
stirring and hazardous days. |
“Indeed, no Ameriean obligation to
.day is greater than the effort to bring
the need of a proper preparedness
home to our people,” he continued,
“What the averagze American does not
realize is that the great war being
fought in Burope is a 8 much his war
an it is the war of our allies. If the
great conflict is not won on the bat
tlefields of Burope, it must be 4'onnu—{
ued on our own shores.
“Whether this contingency does or‘
does not arise, the big fact is that the
nation must be ready for any emer
gency. This war has proved that read
iness is more than haM the battie. A
nation trauined and prepared offers no
easy mark.
“1 firmly believe that if Great Brit
ain had followed the oft-preachad in
junction of the late Karl Roberts, and
had adopted universal training, this
war never would have happened. Rob
erts ranged up and down the King
dom preaching the gospel of prepared
ness. lverywhere he was met with
opposition, even abuse. Old ‘Bobs’
knew wherof he spoke. He had been
through flve wars from the Nile to
South Africa.
“In our own country we have had
his parallel in Major General Wood.
For years he urged the nation to pre
pare. But America, like a monstrous
ostrich, hid her head in the sands of
fancied security, content with her
“*The ZL*I is gone when Isolation
means immunity from attack. The
Zeppelin, the aeroplane and the sup
marine have cured England of this il
jusion; the exploits of the U-53 off
the coast of Nantucket showed the
United States that the broad reaches
of the Atlantic are no longer a nation
al bulwark against the invader.
*“The whole Buropean war offers
the most striking illustration of the
nead of adequate preparedness. [et
us back for a moment to the Fran
oo-g:'unlln War of 1870-71. The
¥rerch army was small; some of it
was in Italy maintaining the French
authority there. What was the re
sult? Prussia annihilated France,
surrounded the French army at Se
dan and captured the French Emper
or on the forty-seventh day of the
war., Never was a nation so humbled
and humiliated and in record tfme.
“What happened in that historic
August of 1914 when the world saw
red? For years there had been uni
versal service in France. When the
gray horde swept down through Bel
gium bent on capturing Paris it was
those legions of gallant Frenchmen,
trained and preparéd through their
periods of compulsory service with
the colors, that stemmed the Teutonic
advance on the banks of the Marne
on the thirty-fifth day of the war.
The Marne not only saved France,
but long before Verdun's epic of valor
nl been recorded wrote the first
aft of that immortal phrase: “They
Shall not Pass!' It is the epitaph of
German military ambition in this |
war." !
“Why is universal training so es
sentlal?" asked The American’'s re
porter.
‘“There are many reasons” re
plied Mr. Marcosson.
! “There are innumerable things that
‘nnn can not buy. Foremost among
them is time. It takes time to or
ganize md“;::mre. War has demon
strated that time will only be found
in periods of peace. Modern war with
all its scientific aids to destruction
gives no time for preparation. Its
approach, to use the phrase made by
a distinguished apostle of prepared
ness, ‘is that of the avalanche and
not of the glacier’
“This is no time for post-mortems,
but one thing is certain: 1f Major
(eneral Wood's advocacy of prepar
edness in America had been heeded
and we had trained three or four mil
lion gounc men for military service,
the decisive blow in the war might
have been struck last Summer or late
Autumn and the world might have
been enjoying the fruits of peace at
this moment.
“All allled Rurope concedes that
it is up to America to deliver the
knockout blow. 1 greatly fear that
we will not be ready to dellver that
blow this year. For one thing, 1
believe that ogr war plans, and more
especially oudr aviation expansion,
have been press-agented too much.
Publicity, save only when it reveals
actual conditions and brings losses
home to the nation so that it may
gird itself up with fresher faith, has
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JEWELERS
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ATLANTA GEORGIA
PLATINUM "DIAMOND WU E WE LRY
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STERLING™ SILVERWARE
) DOMESTIC AND*IMPORTED WATCHES |
DESIGNERS OF MODERN SETTINGS FOR 'FAMILY “ÜBwWRLS'
no place in the war programme, The
best piece of publicity that America
could have flushed to the world In
August, 1914, would have been the
announcement that she had millions
of men ready and trained for the
business of war.
“No man who has seen anything
of the Furopean struggle has any
other feel'ng but that preparedness
is the greatest of all insurance
against future wars. 1 do not mean
the contest in armaments such as
developed between England and Ger
many during the eight years prior to
the outbreak of the FEuropean war.
What 1 do mean is that the moral
effect of .a loyal citizenry trained to
arms is in itself the best preventive
against usurpation and militarism.
“There is a vast difference be
tween adequate military prepared
ness and the pernicious and destruc
tive institution of militarism. One
means the profession of arms as an
ald to national safety, the other is
a deadly weapon aimed at the bosom
of liberty and democracy.”
“What is the best programme for
universal training?”’ Mr. Marcosson
was asked.
“It should be made part of the
education of every boy. Like sex
hygiene, it gshould be taught in the
schools. War today ix the great
est business in the world, As a
matter of fact, it is the world's busi
ness. Therefore the problem of .a
satiefactory and permanent peace
is the great problem of the future.
That peace can be best achieved by
universal service which will not
only make the universe free for
democracy, but insure immunity from
further war,
“I'he case of little Switzerland
will illustrate. Here you have one
of the smallest countries in the
world, vet on the day the European
war began she was able to mobilize
230,000 men and put them into the
field in two days. Before a week
elapsed she had as many more ef
rfm-tlveu on the job. Switzerland was
‘able to do this because every physic
ally fit man is trained to be a sol
dier. During the years of his young
manhood, when his social and eco
nomical responsibilities are at their
maximum, he gives a few months of
every year to universal tralning. The
demand for this service is not clamp
ed down on his shoulder llke a mail
ed fist. Military training is made a
pleasant and agreeable thing. lt‘
becomes an outdoor sport. The re-‘
sult is that practically every Swiss
Is an expert marksman, While
Switzerland in normal times does not
live under arms the whole country
is a trained democracy., The army
comprises the people and the people
are the army. It Is the ideal condi
tion. We may well heed this lesson.
“What we must realize is that mili
tary training is not a training for
war alone; it is really a training for
life, a school for citizenship in time
of peace. Inculcate into any man the
big principles of a sound body, rigid
diseipline, a keen eye and a strong
arm and, you equip him for the big
ger struggle to live, When this war
is over the trained and disciplined
armies now fighting on a dozen fronts
will be the real rulers. Out of the
crucible of the war will emerge an
organized citizenship that will make
peace more orderly, more economical
and more productive.
“There is stfll another reason why
the American people should begin
to learn the real definition of the
word ‘preparedness.’ It s this:
When the war is over the bloody
battles now being fought out on
bitterly contested fields will have
their successors in the bloodless but
ofqually bitter trade confilcts of peace.
Competition in business, which was
cnee merely part of a nation's nat
ural development, will become a
struggle for existence. Along with
military preparedness there must be
commercial preparedness. We have
bullt up the biggest foreign trade
Palance in our history, but it is due
entirely to an inflated war business
built out of the urgent needs of the
Kuropean nations at war., Our facto
ries have been expanded. They
must be kept gpoing when the war is
over, Otherwise we will feel a costly
commercial reaction.
“Now is the time to prepare for
the ‘War After the War.! The best
way to do it is to traln our men and,
mare especially, our women to work
with their hands. No benefit of the
war is greater than the evolution of
the weaker sex into the, stronger.
With economic indem?dence the
women of the world are 'finding the
way to sex independence. It is fool
ish to believe that with peace they
will be content to step aside from
the enormous part they have played
in the drama of war., Thelr prepar
edness to assume the masculine bur
den is part of the permanent reha
bilitation of the world. .
“In this training lies our future
ecomonie safety. It is full brother
to the preparedness that is the in
surance agalnst actual physical wu'."l
LONDON, Jan. 26.—A QGerman offi
eial statement, according to an Amater.
dam dispatch to the Central News,
sayve
‘As a reprisal for the retemtion of
inhabitants of Alsace-Lorraine, against
the law of nations, 600 French will be
conveyed to Russia from January 10,
and within a few days 400 French wom.
en will be sent to the «-amF at Hoiz
minden (Duchy of Brunswiek)."
HEARST’S SUNDAY AMERICAN __“A Newspaper for People Who Think — SUNDAY, JANUARY 27, 1918
SHOWS WHY PRICEFIXING
ONCOTTON INADVISABLE
demanding that corrective measures’
should be applied through an exten
sion to the cotton markets of the re
gime of governmental price fAxing
which has been adopted in other di
rections. It is argued by these per
sons that cotton and the products of
cotton are quite as much necessaries
of life as wheat or coal, clothing being
as indispensable for human beings as
food or fuel.
The need of preventing excessive
prices for cotton, presurmably oppres
!"VG for the great mass of the consum
ing publie, is asserted to be even more
obvious than the need of holding with
in bounds the prices of copper, iron
and steel, commodities which do not
directly touch the dalily living of the
majority of us. Hence vehement as
sertions in certain quarters that gross
injustice is being done and glaring
discriminations are being permitted
through allowing the price of cotton
to follow its own unchecked upward
course, while the authority of the Gov
ernment is employed to repress pre
cisely similar movements of the prices
of other necessaries.
War profiteerin~ is repugnant to
every right-thinking person, and the
thought of inordinate profits, extorted
by the few from the many, or by one
class from other classes in the com
munity, by reason of advantage taken
of the harsh necessities of war, ex
cites just indignation and a stern de
termination to find a remedy, even at
the cost of violence to all the tradi
tions and customs of peaceful times.
In earlier days war profiteering was
perhaps submitted to as an unavoid
able accompaniment of war itself. The
heightened social conscience of our
day, however, has moved the peoples
and governments engaged in the pres
ent war to strive to abate the evil. The
expedient of government price fixing
has been found readiest at hand for
this purpose, and has been generally
employed by the countries engaged in
the war, notwithstanding important
economic doubts as to its value, in the
long run, entertained by the more far
geeing, and notwithstanding, also, the
far from satisfactory results which it
has been found to yield in actual prac
tice wherever it has been tried.
Economic Forces Disregarded.
The difficulty with governmental
price fixing, 48 we know it, is that it
proceeds upon the basis of purely em
pirical superficial comparisons and
not upon the basis of the deeper eco
nomic forces which it brings into play
}lnd of the ultimate consequences of
‘the operation of these forces. Thus
the price of wheat has been govern
mentally fixed at $2.25 per bmhel for
‘the crop of 1917, and at $2 per bushel
for the crop of 1918, not as a result
of any thoroughgoing calculation of
the effects of these prices in the way
of decreasing consumption. on the one
hand, and increasing production, on
the other, but really upon the purety
empirical ground that the wheat farm
er ought to be abundantly satisfied
with prices twice as high as he for
merly received, especially since these
prices are all that the consuming pub
liec can be expected to pay without
gerious dissatisfaction. Similarly, the
prices of anthracite and bituminous
coal have been fixed—as in these coal
less days we are beginning to perceive
only too clearly—not on a basis that
assures the most energetic possible
roduction at every workable mine,
gut on the basis of mine profits deem
ed reasonable by the governmental
authorities, account being also taken
of the prices for coal to which the
public has been accustomed in the
past.
The trouble with this method—and
it is one that has manifested itself to
a painful degree in every country In
which the method has been applied,
even regimented Germany-—is that
somehow it fails to stimulate the en
ergies of the producers and distribu
tors of necessaries, with the result
that in a short time the supply of
them is discovered to be inadequate,
and Sbutp curtailment of the use of
them, enforced by a system of gov
ernmental rationing, becomes imper
ative.
Cotton's Place in War.
Although there is little general ap
preciation of the fact, cotton now oc
cuples among the materials required
for the carrying on of war a place
comparable only with that occupied
Yy iron and steel. We are accustomad
to think much of the food supplies
of armies in the field, but compara
tively little of the cotton supply. Yet
in proportion to the total annual pro
duction and supply the military and
naval use of cotton is far greater
than is the case with foodstuffs, This
is made clear by the fact that at the
present moment, according to the
best estimates, at least one-quarter
and probably one-third, of the total
capacity of all the cotton mills in the
United States is required for the
manufacture of the cotton goods and
products already contracted for by
the Government, while the entire pro
duction of linters——short fiber re
moved from the previously ginned
seed in the process of manufacturing
cotton sead oil—is being consumed in
the making of explosives. It goes
'without saying that no such prrlrm--
‘tion of the foodstuifs produced iil the
United States is neeCed for the sup
port ¢f our military and naval forces.
In view of the high percentage of
the country’s normal cotton produc
ticn that must be diverted to war
uses, it is apparent at a glance that,
on the one hand, all Wle stimula
tion must be given to the growing
cotton, and, on the other hand, the
consumption of the products of cot
ton by the civil population must be
curtailed severvly, Such cotton crops
as we have had in this country for
the last three years are totally inad
equate to fill the needs of our armies
and the armies of our allles, and at
the same time to permit the Ameri
can population to purchase cotton
goods on the scale to which it has
been accustomed. The fundamental
question involved in the proposed
program of governmental price fix
ing for cotton is, therefore, whether
these two equally imperative needs
are sure to be met Py this method.
Production Greatly Handicapped.
As regards the stimulation of the
production of cotton, it must be sald
at the outset that everything now
points to steadily increasing diffi
culty and expeure in connection with
thc growing of cotton in this country
as lorg as the war lasts. For one
thing, the amount of available labor
in the South, whether of independent
farmers or of hired workers, is cer
tain to diminish at a rapid rate. Much
attention has been attracted during
the past year or so by the Northward
migration of Southern negroes. This
migration already has been sufficient
to embarrass the growers of cotton
very seriousiy.
But as the country gets deeper and
deeper into the war, as it enlarges
and mtfip)lu its munition plants, as |
it ffla lly under way with its ship
building program, as it moves greater
and greater quantities of war mate
ridls over its ruilroads, a 8 it ‘“K
patches to Kurope more and more
vessels laden with these materials, a
suppiy of rough labor infinitely great
er than that now available in our
industrial sections will become abso
lutely indispensable. In view of the
checking of immigration, this addi
tional rough labor can be obtained
from but a single source, the negro
population of the South. Whether
by the lure of high wages or by posi
tive conseription, hundreds of thou
sands more of negro workers must be
brought from the South to the North
if the United States is to play its
proper Andustrial part in the war,
Besides thig diminution of the num
ber of workers hitherto chiefly de
voted to the growing of cotton, ac
count must also be taken of the ef
fects of the draft upon both the white
and the negro farm population of the
South.
Unfortunately, this is not the only
obstacle in the way of an abundant
cotton production in the United States
during so many years as the war may
continue. Another is the excessively
high cost of foods and feeds—a cost
likely to increase rather than dimin
ish as the war goes on——calling for a
large expenditure of money if the
foods and feeds are purchased in the
|ma.rket, and impelling the farming
class to devote enough of its acréage
and of its labor to the raising of
foodstuffs and feed grains to relieve
it of the necessity of paying out siis
money, Furthermore, the Southern
farmers are being encouraged in
every way by the Government, acting
through agents of the Department of
Agriculture, to make themselves in
depenient in respect of their food
and feed supply; and there is abun
dant evidence that the campaign of
iedncutlon and persuasion directed to
this ¢nd will have cxtensive effects
this coming spring and summer,
Animal Power Depleted.
‘ Without going into further details
of the impediments to an abundant
‘cotton production in 1918 and the
‘followlng vears of the war, if such
there be, mention may be made in
pas®ing of the fact that the South’s
supply of animal power—horses and
mules—is being severely depleted by
the war demand. Again, the supply
of fertilizers is inadequate, the qual
ity of them ig very unsatisfactory,
‘owing to the dearth of potash, and
‘the price is excessively high. In the
background, too, is the ever-spread
ing boll weevil, enormously enhanec
ing the risks which the farmer must
face in growing cotton. |
With these obviously serious diffi
culties to overcome, the question of
obtaining the abundant production of
cotton which the war makes impera- |
tive really resolves itself into the
problem of inducing the cotton grow
ers that remain in the South to re
double their efforts, to work as they
have never worked before, to strive
to do the seemingly impossible, It‘
must be admitted that it is hard to
see how the necessary inducement
can be afforded through any method
of governmental price regulation,
whose objective would certainly be
not to increase but to reduce the
price of cotton-—the alleged abnor
mality of the present price being the
prime argument in favor of this pol-l
icy.
Rationing of Supply Suggested.
We are brought to a similar con~l
clusion when we examine the other
necessity of the situation, the re
quired reduction in the purchase of
cotton goods hy the ciVil population.
Theugh the Southern cotton growers
do their best, and though the rotmn‘
manufacturers run their mills to
their utmost capacity, it is simplyl
out of the question that the country’s
supply of cotton goods and oth&r!
products of cotton should be suffi
cient to meet the military needs of
the Government and at the same
time to give the population as a
whole the same quantity of goods
and products per capita that it was
consuming before the war, How is
this reduction of the civil consump
tion to be brought about? Will gov
ernmental price-fixing do it? Very
high prices, we know, will accomplish |
the necessary result; but, again, is it
conceivable that governmental price
fixing should be conducted on the
theory that prices must be pushed
up to such a point that consumption
is automatically restricted? The only
alternative to such a method, how
ever, is a system of rationing relent
lessly applied. And not one of the
advocates of cotton price regulation
has as yet even suggested the a.dOp-I
tion of this system in the United
States. l
It may be granted, however, that a
combination of price-fixing and strict
rationing might yield all the desired
results except that of stimulating the
individual producers of cotton to ex
traordinary efforts to grow cotton on
a scale never before attempted by
them. But at this point the system
would almost certainly fail, as it has
signally failed when applied to the
agricultural production of all Euro
pean countries in which it has been
tried. It may be taken as a general
truth that in this domain that is ex
pedient which strengthens the na
tional economy on the side of pro
duction, rather than that which is
seemingly more conducive to the im#
mediate comfort of the population.
Excessively high prices for cotton are
certainly not comfortable for the
mass of consumers; neither are high
taxes nor any of the other heavy bur
dens of war. But prices for cotton
high enough to induce the maximum
possible production and also to pre
vent the civil population from pur
chasing more than its barest neces
sities In the way of cotton goods
may not be inexpedient from the
point of view of the war economy of
the nation.
Zion City Refused
’ an; . He's Chri
Man; Says He's Christ
| sl
' CHICAQO, Jan. 2.—Frank A. S.
Mercer, No. 1641 Foster avenue, says
he was undismayed by Overseer Wil
bur Gleen Voliva's refusal to give him
Zion City. *“Certainly I will get Zion
City,” he said, “because 1 am Christ.
John Alexander Dowie said Christ
would take over the city when he came
to earth, and prophesied he would come
in September, 1817. llf Voliva sayvs I am
a false prophet, then he must produce
the real one to confuse me
“But I know I am /Christ. I have
been in communication with Gbd for a
long time, and recently He told me |
was Christ. and to act accordingly. 1
can not help it if my wife and son do
not believe in me. Time will prove all
things. 1 have some ideas about the
Wwar. but am not ready to tell them vet,
“I_used to be an Episcopal minister,
but Tileft the church because I did not
wish to be [ettered and stay in a rut.
Later T became a member of Dr. Dow
iy church. His teachings were all
right as far as they went, but he wul
not divine.”
Mercer works in the Narthweaternl
freight house on week days and is
preaching Sundaves to found & new
church to recognize him.
Task of U. S. in Last Phase of
War Is to Squeeze Germany
Economically, Says Hilaire Bel
loc, Military Expert.
Continued From Page 1.
When he did so his attack coming in
flank was fatal to Serbia and to all
the Balkans., Nothing but the rapid
military action, which was taken
upon French initiative juts in time,
saved Saloniki, and with Saloniki the
only gate to the Aegean and the Le
vantine seas.
It will be seen from this list that
each party to the great struggle
tended through the exaggeration of
its own hopes, or from ignorance ot
foreign nations, to misunderstand the
situation of each new adherent as
such adherents arrive to one side or
the other of the conflict. And it is
equally clear that such errors weak
ened those who made them.
1 repeat, therefore, that for the
United States, the last ana the
greatest of the forecs thrown upon
the scales, an accurate judgment of
the true situation is essential to a
comprehension of the war and of its
probable future
My object in what follows is an
attemmpt to analyze that situation.
The situation of the United States
in the war must be considered in
two parts: Its general character and
the particular military problem in
volved. ‘
{ Entered in Last Phase.
| In its general character there en
’lers the fact that merica entered
the war in its last phaise. But after
the collapse of Rusisa there enters
also the contrast between her politi
cal attitude toward the war and that
of France and England; and there
enters the contrast between the slight
strain on the United States up to the
moment of entering the war and the
heavy strains already created in
France, England and Italy after
many months of conflict,
The particular military problem is
two-fold. It includes the expansion
of the American army with all this
connotes, including the learning of
‘new tactical methods. It includes
'the nature of supply, with|all that
‘thls in its turm connotes in the
amount and novelty of the material
irr\quired and in the length and diffi
culty of communication—to which
‘may be addde the contrast in what is
called ‘“finance.” .
| Let us look at these various points
in their order:
| It is properly said on all sides that
the United States entered the war in
its last phase. First, the loss of of
fensive power upon the part of the
party which is undergoing detnt——-‘
that is, its reduction to a sterile de—‘
fensive, secondly, heavy depletion of
human energy and material upon
both sides, tgough more as a rule
upon the defeated than upon the vie
torious side.
The defeated party invariably gam
bles in the last phase upon the moral
and material exhaustion of his vk‘ton‘
He knows that behind a successful|
army there is often a disoontemed!
population and a danger of poiltical
collapse, He trusts in that and pm-‘
longs his resistance because it is his
only hope. He knows that a defeat
ed nation will continue to struggle
more desperately than a victorious
one during the last phase of its de
fense, and he rightly counts this as
an asset in his favor. That is the‘
situation which one calls “the last
phase” of any great duel to the death
between armed powers.
“Draw” for Deefated.
Its characters have always been
apparent in the past and always will
be apparent whefiever great organ
ized human communities struggle one
against he other for really serious
issues. If, in such a last phase, the
party which is gaining the upper
hand slackens, modifies its original
objects and negotiates a peace, the
conclusion may be called a “draw”™
or may even seem a success for those
who receive a part of that for which
they were fighting.
But historically it invariably proves
to be in practice a defeat for the side
that was on the point of winning. A
successful defense, however desper
ate, so maintained that the apparent
vietor can not dictate terms, is as
proud of military boast and the foun
dation of as great a military legend
as anything can be.
The United States, then, is enter
ing the war at a moment when this
last phase has been reached, and the
first outward sign of its action here
is in the matter of the blockade.
The Central Empires suffer from
exhaustion through blockade very
much more severely than do their
opponents. But as they are essen
tially upon the defensive—in spite of
their new, sporadic attempts to at
tack on a Emt scale, after having
challenged Europe—they are mor-llz
pn'pand for standing worse strait
still.
To make this economic strain on
the Central Powers pass the limit of
what was bearable was an almost
impossible task for the Entente Pow
ers on account of the position of neu
trals and especially of the United
States,
By the entry of the United States
into the war the whole of that situa
tion was changed. The only chan
nels through which the Central Em
pires could thereafter get external
supplies were the four small Scan
dinavian States and Holland. A com
plete rationing of these so that they
shall not act as mere corridors of
supply for Germany, and Austria re
quired nothing but the adhesion of
the United States. Since she has
been in the war one may say that
the last phase of its economic side is
fully entered.
LONDON SHORT ON MATCHES.
IAONDON, Jan. 2.--London's match
shortage was explained by Mr. Wardle
in the House of Commons. The entire
supplies are pooled, and a committoe es
manufacturers, under the direction of
the controlies, i& charged with the dis
tribution to wholesalers at the rate ap
proximately of 50 per cent of the firms
purchases lpust year. The matches used
in London previously were mainly im
ported, and ax British matches are now
wlone available, some time is required to
adinst Ihe sem—hation.
‘DAYLIGHT SAVING' HAS
BEEN BIG AID INENGLAND
ized unless neighboring countries
adopted the same change of time.
Artuiicial light companies foresaw a
loss, but favored the scheme for the
sake of the benefit to their employees.
‘Other objections to the proposal were
‘made on general grounds by people
who said that a change in time was
‘undesirable and unnecessary, |
~ Some of these contended that the
scheme would curtail the sleeping
‘hours of chiidren, who would be al
lowed by their parents to stay out of
‘doou in the evenings beyond their
Rroper bedtime. A fear was further
‘expressed that shopkeepers might
take advantage of the summer time
to keep their shops open one hour
longer, thus defeating the benefit to
their employees.
One of the chief reasons for the op
position to the bill by agriculturists
was that the extra hour in the morn
ing would be useless to them because
of the dew, harvesting and some oth
er farming operations being imprac
ticable in the very early morning on
this account. In practice it is said
that in the majority of cases in which
difficulty was experienced it was sat
isfactorily met by arranging with
farm wockers to adhere to “sun time”
at least ‘during harvesting.
Effect on Dairymen.
Inconvenience of the act to farmers
seems to have been greater on farms
which combined dairying with cereal
growing, as workers had in those
cases to come according to “summer
time” in order to get the milking done
for the delivery trains and then had
Yan interval before harvesting could be
‘begun. Many farmers report that nn
der these circumstances they had to
pay overtime for the extra hour in
the evening.
Others point out, however, that ad
vantage had been taken of this inter
mediate period, to do other work
which offen has to be neglected dur
ing harvest. In a number of casecs
trouble was experienced with milkers |
and carters, who were, it is said, un
willing to begin work in the very
early morning. It is also stated that
at the outset the quality and quantity
of the milk was temporarily atfegted
by earlier milking.
It seems clear that on many farms
in England and in some entire dis
tricts (so far as the agricultural com
munity was concerned) the act was
not observed at all—the farmers and
others refusing to alter their clocks.
Complete ignoring of the provisions
of the act by one section of the popu
lation resulted in two different times
being kept in the same neighborhood,
The old time on farms and “summer
time” in schools, railway stations and
similar places. This caused some con
fusion in the homes of the agricul
tural laborer., |
See Agricultural Benefit.
But in the opinion of the large ma
jority of employers the act has been a
genuine advantage to the agricul
tural laborer, in that he has had an
extra hour to work in his own gar
den, or, in other cases, has frequently
earned overtime wages for evening
work, which, when labor was scarce,
was of special value on farms.
In spite of various difficulties a very
large majority of farmers and war
‘azricultural committees are in favor
of the continuation of the act, and the
!majority even of those who are of
opinion that it is not advantageous to
agriculture, consider it should be re
newed, as they recognize its great
benefit to the community at large,
The general manager of the London
and Southwestern Railway estimated
that the saving in the cost of artifi
cial light to all the railways in Great
Britain would amount to 92,000
pounds sterling per annum. It is alsg
claimed for daylight saving that it
will reduce the number of railway
accidents, 70 per cent of which occur
in England during the dark months
of the year. -
In regard to the effect of daylight
saving on public health Winston
Churchill, one of the strongest sup
porters of the scheme, said when he
was president of the Board of Trade,
“One effect of the bill would be a
prolongation of life to millions of
people.” As Home Secretary he fur
ther said about it:
“As to the obvious saving of arti
fleial illuminants, as to the increased
safety to railway men, as to the re
duced strain on eyesight, as to the
advantages which will be secured to
temperance, to national life and
physique and to the territorial force,
as to all these advantages I need not
enlarge upon them, because we base
our case on one salient and tremen
dous fact. More than 150 hours of
daylight leisure are conferred freely
upon every man, woman and child in
the United Kingdom. Happy the na
tion whose people are wise enough
whose rulers are courageous enough
to secure this good gift for their own
age and for their own time.”
Extra Hour Boon to Workers.
No health statistics are available
directly bearing on the operation of
the summer time act, but public
health has been unusually good in
large towns during the operation of
the act. The extra {.:e hour of day
light at the end of the day has been
a great boon to workers, and it is
universally stated that it was gen
erally used, as far as conditions per
mitted, for the purpose of outdoor
recreation and pursuits and in par
ticular for the cultivation of gardens
and allotments. It may be said that
this extra hour largely contributed to
the increase of food production in
QGreat Britain,
Millions of women workers, partic
ularly, benefited by the long, light
evenings.
The police report that the tendency
throughout the country to spend the
extra hour of daylight in the evenings
out of doors is said of itself to have
made for an improvement in the gen
eral moral tone of the people. In
} . .
2 Artistic
" Photographs
% Not every photog
» rapher can do artis
tic work., It takes a
§} man with the artistic
temperament to make
photographs that
have distinction and
artistry.
We excel in that
line of endeavor.
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HAYNES BLDG
ENTRANCE 25 AUBURN AVE.
particular, a marked decrease was
noticed in some districts in juvenile
offenses which is attributed by the
police to the fact that during the
summer boys were expected to be
home in daylight.
No protest has been received from
theaters in regard to the continuance
}ot the act. It has been pointed out to
them by supporters of daylight saving
that June in England is one of their
best months although the days are
then longest.
John Turner, secretary of the Shop
Assistants’ Union, gives his ‘opinion
that more than 5 per cent of the
shops in the United Kingdom have
taken advantage of the summer
time act to lengthen the time their
shops are kept open. He considers
this to be an evil which will tend to
grow and strongly favors statutory
provisions to meet this point.
Actual Hours of Daylight.
The actual hours of daylight in
England in summer are roughly six
lteen. compared with only eight in
winter. One form in which Mr. Willett
originally put forward his proposal
was that in spring four separate al
terations of the clock should be made
of twenty minutes each at suitable
intervals and similar alterations in a
reverse sense made on four occasions
in autumn. After considerable dis
cussion it was agreed that the most
practicable method was to make one
single alteration of the clock one hour
forward in spring and backward in
autumn,
Some difference of opinion has also
existed as to the date on which the
clock alterations should be made, but
all agree that the time should be put
forward on a Saturday-Sunday night
‘:md put back on the night of Sunday-
Monday.
- Mr. Willett's theory underlying the
changing of the clock was based on
the assumption that the worker’'s day
begins at 6 a. m. When the sun rises
at 6 o'clock the workers practically
has sufficient light to proceed to his
work, Therefore on the day that the
sun rises earlier than 6 a. m. the clock
can theoretically be advanced by the
number of minutes the sun rises pre
vious to 6 o’clock.
Interfered With Records.
One unforeseen result of the sum
mer time bill has been to interfere
with the continuity of scientific rec
ords of the meteorological office. It
seems that observations (mostly vol
untary) from 600 stations were usu
ally sent at the last possible moment
of telegraphing and many yvears’ con
tinuity of records was spoiled by the
postoffices closing an hour earlier. Sir
Napier Shaw says that in spite of
very careful instructions a great deal
of confusion arose as regards the
hours at which the observations were \
made. 1
After the summer time bill had been
in operation during 1916 a commit
tee of the House of Commons report
ed favorably on its working and
recommended :
That summer time should be re
newed in 1917 and subsequently.
That the period of operation of
summer time should be from the sec
ond Sunday in April to the third Sun
day in September in each year.
That the change from normal time
to summer time should be made on
the night of Saturday-Sunday and
the reversion to normal time on the
night of Sunday-Monday.
That the variation from normal
time should be one hour throughout
the whole period.
Rehabilitation ofHolvl
(By International News Service.) l
NEW YORK, Jan. 26.—Immediate |
plans for the rehabilitation of the Holy |
Land, to fit it for the home of the Jews |
of the world, are now under conaidera-!
tion by the officers of the New York |
Zionist organization. A medical unit |
will be dispatched to the stricken land, |
loans will be made to the colonists to|
rebuild and refit their farms and vine
vards, and irrigation and sanitation |
problems must be solved. The 81,000,000}
fund now being raised will be used for
immediate purposes, and it is belleved!
the reconstruction work will involve anl
expenditure of approximately $100,000,-
= |
Whisting Musk Ox Is
(By International News Service.)
NEW YORK, Jan. 26.—Phillip, one of
the pets at the New York Zoological'
Park and said to be the only musk ox
in captivity, whistles through his teetn
when expressing himself regarding the
weather. Phillip has been in eaptivity
for nearly eight years, disproving the|
former belief that the average life of a,
musk ox while in captivity is two years. !
He has even been so impudent as to,
rub his nose against his keeper’s hand.
His keeper says the act is not affection, |
but another proof that Phillip disap
proves of cold weather, And the colder
t:\e weather, the louder Phillip whis
tles.
GAVANS
Southern Book Concern
71 WHITEHALL ST
Party
Favors
For All
Occasions.
Tally Cards
Paper Novel
ties, Japan.
ese Decora
tions, Invita.
tions, etc.
A Pleasure to
Show You.
WEDDING ANNOUNCEMENTS }
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NOE R N Co 1o |
Engram'ng Department |
38 1-2 Waest Alsbama St. Ailiotal
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1
1
Young Lady From the Land of lce
Had Never Seen an Auto.
Now a Cosmopolitan,
BOSTON, Jan. 26.—Never in her
life had she seen an electric car.
Never heard the clattering rumbliqg
of the elevated train.
The rush and hurry of a great city
were all strange to this little girl.
Never had she seen an automobile,
To ride in such a contrivance had
never entered her mind-—never evey
dreamed of such a thing.
All this was to be hers almost in
the twinkling of an eye, even to tha
delightful experience of a real twen
tieth century bargain counter rus!,
What lady does not crave thig expe
rience, be she from the North or
South, East or West? Something in
herently feminine,
This and more. The dainty luxu
ries of attire so indispensable to the
happiness of our American girl were
to be hers. Just think of it!
A Regular Cosmopolitan,
One mighlt imagine her bewildered
and even overwhelmed, fearful and
entirely confused. Not Miss May
Mac Neil, a girl whose parents are
Eskimos and who comes direct from
Cape Makkovick and® St. Anthony,
Labrador, under the direction and
guidance of the Grenfell Association.
In Boston, as well as in her home
so far to the north, her remarkable
good sense and clear philosophy of
life have stood her in good stead.
Taking things which must indeed
seem really miraculous to her at their
face value, she has absorbed the city
atmosphere, and in a short time has
made herself a part of it all. “It is
all so wonderful and so interesting
and I have so much to learn, so
much to do.”
l Speaks Good English.
May Mac Neil, selected by reason
of a remarkable intellect and on ac
count of the wonderful advancement
made in a realtively short time at
the evening school at St. Anthony,
was brought to Boston a few days
ago to further her instruction in a
modern and up-to~date manner in an
environment better adapted to the
purpose.
She speaks English beautifully,
with a quaint accent which ig inde
scribable yet fascinating; shakes
hands with a hearty good fellow grip,
smiles easily and pleasantly and has
a mighty pleasing personality.
Born of Scotch-Eskimo parents in
that rigorous country to the north
ward, there she has passed her pe
riod of apprenticeship. There
“Mother Nature” tests her children
and in her own harsh way decides
uopn their fitness. Much ag did the
Spartan mother in ancient days pre
fer to see her child dead than to have
it live a weakling, so does Nature
test the child: of the north. None
but the fit survive to carry on her
work, none but the strong remain
to popuiate her rough, unyielding
territories. Of this type is May Mac-
Neil, not petted nor spoiled, but
ready to take her place in a great
cause.
With this view in mind, next June,
after a period of intensive training,
back into the north will journey Miss
Mac Neil, and will take up her mise
sion of light and mercy among her
own peopie.
New Edison
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‘,l-'i“'ei'“f‘,‘ i \
@he inianwn%flnisc Shop
e
@ NEW EDISON
LICENSED DEALER®
9W. Alabama St. M. 1926
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Frames
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in Leather
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