Newspaper Page Text
How the President’s Treaty
Making Power Actually Works
The New York Sun says:
PRESIDENT WILSON INTENDS TO
GUIDE EVERY STEP IN DIPLOMACY
IN THE DRAWING OF THE PEACE
TREATY ACCORDING TO HIS PER
SONAL WILL HE PURPOSES TO DE
TERMINE WHAT TREATIES SHALL
BE MADE WITHOUT CONSULTA
TION WITH THE SENATE OR THE
PUBLIC OPINION OF THE COUNTRY.
It is plain that the Republican statesmen
and newspapers who were 80 alarmed a
month ago lest President Wilson ghould show
“unworthy timidity’’ -—the words are
Clolonel Roosevelt’s—in dealing with the
German armistice are, now that their late
fears are seen to have been groundless, just
as gravely concerned over the peace treaty
and the President’s use of his power of in
itiative in making it. The New York Sun
quotes from President Wilson’s treatise on
“ (onstitutional Government in the United
States’’ this “passage of surpassing and im
mediate interest:’’
One of the greatest of the President’s
powers I have not yet spoken of at all:
his control, which is very absolute,
of the foreign relations of the na
tion. 'The initiative in foreign af
fairs, which the President possesses
without any restrictions whatever,
is virtually the power to control
them absolutely. The President can not
conclude a treaty with a foreign power
without the consent of the Senate, but he
may guide every step of diplomacy, and
to guide diplomacy is to determine what
treaties shall be made, if the faith and
prestige of the Government are to be
maintained. He need disclose no step of
negotiation until it is complete, and when
in any critical matter it is completed the
Government is virtually committed.
Whatever its disinclination, the Senate
may feel itself committed also.
Unquestionably since we entered the war
President Wilson’s speeches and state papers
have expressed the highest aspirations of
demoeracy of our own people and of human
ity in respect to the war. It is probable,
therefore, that if the publie opinion of the
United States and of Europe had to choose
ONE MAN to make the first draft of the final
treaty of peace President Wilson would be
selected by an overwhelming popular vote.
Nevertheless, we will show from the com
paratively recent history of our own country
that no President, however patriotic, able
and disinterested, has the power, in his un
controlled diseretion, to make a treaty with
a foreign power without the approval of the
country.
The Constitution requires the affirmative
vote of two-thirds of the United States Sen
ate to ratify any treaty negotiated by the
President. The power thus reposed in one
third of the Senate plus one vote to defeat
any treaty, and the power of publie opinion
to compel the exercise of that veto power
was strikingly shown when President Me-
Kinley, then at the height of his popularity
after the victorious termination of the Span
ish-American war, sent the first Panama
Canal treaty to the Senate for ratification.
John Hay, as Secretary of State, with the
full approval of President McKinley, had ne
gotiated with England a treaty revoking the
old Clayton-Bulwer treaty by which Eng
land held execlusive rights on the Isthmus of
Panama.
The new treatly conferred upon the United
States the right to build the Panama Canal,
BUT DID NOT CONVEY TO US THE
RIGHT TO FORTIFY OR DEFEND THAT
CANAL WHEN BUILT.
The new treaty was completed after many
months of negotiations between Secretary
John Hay and Sir Julian Pauncefote, the
British Ambassador, supported at every step
in the negotiations by the authority of Pres
ient MeKinley and of Lord Salisbury, then
British Prime Minister.
Secretary Hay was intensely proud of his
achievement in drawing the first Hay-
Pauncefote treaty. He regarded the abro
gation of (ireat Britain's exclusive rights in
the Isthmus of Panama as a great triumph
for the United States.
When the terms of the treaty were pub
lished in the winter of 1900, Mr. [Tearst,
traveling up the Nile, read in an English
paper that the United States was to be per
mitted to build, equip, pay for and manage
the Panama Canal, estimated to cost three
hundred million dollars, BUT UNDER THE
TREATY WAS NOT TO BE PERMITTED
TO FORTIFY OR DEFEND THE CANAL
IN CASE OF WAR.
Mr. Hearst cabled from the Nile immedi
ately to all his papers to oppose the ratifica
tion of the treaty with all their power, say
ing:
Better no Panama Canal than an un.
defended canal. If we are to build and
own and tmuto the canal, we must for.
tify and defend it. We must at all
hazards control the canal in time of war
as in time of peace. The Panama Canal
when built will double the power of the
United States navy by making it possi
ble to concentrate our entire navy on
either coast within a few days. But an
Let your light so shine before men, that they may see your good works, and glorify your Father which is in heaven.—st. MATTHEW. V.. 16.
TRUTH, JUSTICE
unfortified canal would be a source of
weakness and not of strength in time of
war. Any power having a stronger navy
than our own ON EITHER COAST
would take immediate possession of the
canal and use it against us,
The United States navy was at that time
fourth in rank among the world’s navies.
Mr. Hearst sent a staff of his ablest writ
ers and ecartoonists, under the direction of
the late James Creelman, to Washington to
oppose the ratification of the treaty. Public
opinion throughout the United States was
quickly aroused by the appeals, editorials
and cartoons of the Hearst papers.
The unselfish and able mind of the Secre
tary of State, John Hay, could not see in the
eriticisms of the Hearst papers anything more
than a personal attack upon him, although
nothing was further from the purpose or de
sire of Mr. Hearst, In ‘‘The Life and Let
ters of John Hay,”” written by his intimate
friend, William Roscoe Thayer, the inter
esting fact is publicly disclosed for the first
time that John Hay felt so keenly the attacks
upon the canal treaty that he tendered his
resignation as Secretary of State to Presi
dent MeKinley. Mr. Hay’s personal
biographer says of this incident :
To understand Mr, Hay's almost mor
bid depression over the criticism of his
work, one must remember that he re
garded the securing of that compact
with England as of supreme importance
both for the carrying out of America’s
imperial destiny and for its binding to
gether of England and the United States.
To his mind the great fact to be
striven for was the friendly annulment
by England of the Clayton-Bulwer
treaty. He had succeeded in persuading
England to do this; the matter over
which his newspaper critics quarreled
seemed to him unessential. To jeopard
the great project for the sake of a mere
minor consideration was wanton.
In his letter of resignation to President
MeKinley, tendered March 13, 1900, revealed
by his biographer for the first time, John
Hay wrote:
I can not help fearing that the news
paper attacks upon the State Depart
ment which have so strongly influenced
the Senate may be an injury to you if I
remain in the Cabinet. I therefore hand
you my resignation as Secretary of
State.
President MeKinley, with echaracteristie
generosity and loyalty to his aide, answered
at once:
I return your resignation. Had I
known the contents of the letter which
gou handed me this morning I would
ave declined to receive it or consider it.
As in all this matter you have taken
my counsel, I will cheerfully bear what
ever criticism or condemaation may now
come. We must bear the atmosphere of
the hour. It will pass away. . . . Con
scious of high purpose, we can not yield
our posts however the storm may rage.
Yours devotedly,
WILLIAM McKINLEY.
The United States Senate rejected the
treaty. Secretary Hay wrote to Ambassador
Choate, in London, that “The irreparaule
mistake of our Constitution puts it into the
power of ane-third of our Senate plus one to
meet with a categorical veto any treaty nego
tiated by the President, even though it may
have the approval of nine-tenths of the na
tion. . . . If it be true the Democrats as
a body are determined that we shall make no
arrangement with England, we shall have to
. . . make a treaty which will fail in the
Senate or to wait for a more convenient sea
son, . . ~ President McKinley is ready to
take the consequences without regard to
their effects upon him.”
After a close friendship of many years
with James Creelman, who represented the
Hearst papers at Washington, Secretary Hay
refused to see or speak to him. He wrote to
his son Adelbert:
I am having my first experience with
newspaper abuse. I have made some
mistakes, but they have not got on to
them. The things they blackguard me
for now are the ones where I am abso
lutely sure I am right.
What was the result of this bitter tem
porary disappointment of the MeKinley ad
ministration and of the strenuous opposition
of Mr. Hearst’s papers?
The Hay-Pauncefote treaty was rewrit
ten a year later and the United States OB
TAINED THE RIGHT TO FORTIFY AND
DEFEND, AS WELL AS TO BUILD, THE
PANAMA CANAL. The fortifications now
in course of construction there will have the
greatest guns ever forged in the world, guns
having longer range and hurling missiles of
greater destructive power than any dread
nought or mobile artillery.
THE HEARST PAPERS WERE ONLY A
LITTLE IN ADVANCE OF THE REST OF
THE COUNTRY IN ADVOCACY OF THIS
ACHIEVEMENT.
The wisdom of it, indeed the necessity for
it, was a little later universally recognized,
as Massachusetts’ great and patriotic Re
publican, Senator Hoar, admitted.
Even John Hay's own personal biographer
+« ATEANTA®® GEORGIAN ~
Tuesday, December 3, 1918
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With 13,000,000 Tons of Merchant Ships Afloat or Nearing Completion, the United States Will Kesume Her
Predominant Position On the High Seas.
and intimate friend, after deseribing the pain, anger and humil
iation of the able Secretary of State at the time, says, on page
261 of ““The Life and Letters of John Hay:"’
SECRETARY HAY HIMSELF WAS FINALLY CON
VERTED TO THE NEED OF FORTIFYING THE CANAL.
. . . The amended treaty with England, passed by the Sen
ate by a vote of 72 to 2, provided that the clause in the treaty
‘‘establishing the complete neutralization of the canal in
time of war as in peace shall not apply to measures which the
United States may find it necessary to take for securing by
its own forces the defense of the United States and the main
tenance of public order.
No papers in the United States worked as hard as the Hearst
papers for many years to obtain the Panama Canal.
Their opposition to the treaty in a form which was danger
ous alike to the honor and the safety of the United States and
their success in securing the amended treaty are only convine
ing illustrations of the fact that newspapers are often the most
powerful single agency in effecting radical and just policies of
government.
They are usually the most potent agencies in DEFENSE of
the Government, but are sometimes forced by the highest motives
of patriotism to OPPOSE the Government. But they always are
—or always should be —SEPARATE from the Government, un
controlled and uncontrollable!
Shafts of Sunshine
Higher prices have struck drugs,
Pennyroyal 18 now quoted as
nickelroyal.
5w
Sob sister sends postcard back to
her city editor, “Arrived safely
over-syeeze,”
. . . .
Ever eat any Wedlock Oleomar
garine? You can take it for but
ter or for worse.
. - -
Count it the end of a perfect day
which has not seen one make a per
fect fool of himself.
. - .
Many a man who feels odd in the
morning feels 'dlfl.ere‘nt by evening,
It's too bad that being very, very
good should make so many look
unhappy.
. . L
You can not win the friendship
of any man by. ur‘uui‘ng with him,
Lots of men fail from having an
overstock of headbone and not
enough backbone.
» N .
Consclence may make cowards,
but there are lots of cowards who
do not seem to.hu:'c .uny conscience,
Artificial Ilc.ht-.-pc;roxldo blonde.
The spirits never warn the for
tune teller when the cops are about
to pull her joint,
.8
The man unable to keep a large
BACK ON THE MAP
bank account can find joy in a few
thrift stamps this season.
. we
Somehow the hall of fame never
seems to have a niche for the faith
ful vice president.
- .
Fewer people would catch influ
enza if they would open their win
dows and ahut.thslr .mouths.
One by one the centrifugal pow
ers are quitting; von by von the
cabinets fall.
29 8
It is as difficult to win a war
argument as any other,
. - .
I smoke no more 10-cent cigars, 1
smudge me with a 2-for; the gold
figsh in yon aquarium some day” I'll
eat for Hoover.
. . .
Judging from the number of up
risings in Austria, one would take
it that the inhabitants thereof sub
sist on a yeast diet,
. N
The good deed performed always
makes you feel better, whether the
other fellow lxzpr:cla‘tu it or not.
The promoter does not often pro
mote the happiness of the fellow
“touched.”
. 8 9
If you haven't got it it's a flu
mask, but i{f you have, it's a flu
muzzle.
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Z 7 772 / ’4///”’ /'/ ""/r"f"//'fj :
IT WAS my lucky day.
- - -
LAST FRIDAY.
- - -
FOR IN the first place.
- . .
| BEGAN the day.
. . -
AWAY OUT in the country.
- . .
WHERE JUSI about daybreak.
- -
I LAY awake.
- . .
AND THERE was no noise.
. - -
AND AN hour later,
. Ll -
ouT OF. my window.
- .
THERE.WERE golden leaves.
. -
AND BRIGHT red leaves.
- . .
ALL OV.ER. th.e ground.
AND ON the trees,
- . -
AND DFSIF;I’H!G down.
AND TO‘!E .ur.wu crisp.
AND Ac.no.ss_:h. road.
THERE.WER.E hurrying squirrels.
-
WITH \N‘OEK.to do.
ERE THE :vinter comes.
- -
AND U'fLI‘KE. humans.
THEY WE.RE:aolns it well,
-
AND W!TI-‘IOI.JT any play.
TILL TP;IEIR :ask be done.
»
AND A garden spot,
. - .
LOOKED UP gt me.
WITH RIPEN.ED pumpkins,
.
THAT LOOKED like eyes.
- . -
AND TP-!E sun brought warmth,
. -
AND AEL ‘or .\ho world.
THAT | could see,
. - -
FROM V.IH.ER‘E 1 stood.
WAS A .pca.cel:ul world.
AND NI‘GH.T gtmo ecame,
AND BACK in town.
. . .
FROM V'IH‘!R.E 1 live.
AND CF.COSE a show.
AND TOOK my seat.
PUBLIC SERVICE
AND A little later.
- - -
THE ORCI-.IE§TRA played.
»
“THE STAR-SPANGLED Banner,”
* - -
AND W‘E :zll .stood up.
AND SOMEBODY yelled.
* - -
AND SOMEB(.JDY cheered.
. .
AND WE didn’'t know why.
. - -
TILL WE looked to a box.
r » *
AND THERE was the man.
’ - .
WHOM ALL t'he world.
- .
HAS ITS eyes upon.
. * .
AND THERE was L
. . -
IN A $2 seat. :
w 9 -
AND MY wife was there,
. » .
FOR $2 more.
. - .
WITH 20 cents each,
- - -
FOR ‘I'H‘E .F'e(Zeral tax.
AND TP:EIEE we sat.
THROUGH THE whole darned
show, .
. . .
AND ALL 1 did.
. - -
WAS WATCH_thn President,
. -
AND | don't know now.
- - -
WHAT ]‘H.E a.how was about,
AND WE'VE x.ot to go back.
. "
FOR FO.UR' fo‘rty more,
BUT NEVE.R Tlnd that,
.
FOR ALL in a day.
. » -
I HAD trod my feet.
. - -
WH ERE. N.AT:JRE reigns,
AND SAT me down,
. . -
AT THE. to:) o: the world,
WHERE. T‘H E' eyes of kings,
AND OF. common folk.
ARE LO.OK.IN‘G up.
TO KNQW‘ th:lr fate.
g WAS. nu‘re Jome day.
FOR TH.E :ml.suun and me.”
- THANK vyou.
Timely Topics
of Today
By Arthur Brisbane,
T is thankfulness after Thanks-
I giving that counts. -
If you are old, look at Theo
dore N. Vail, past 70, chosen by Mr.
Burleson to manage telephones, tel
egraphs and cables for the United
States. A few years ago Vall was
building trolleys in the Argentine
and knew nothing about telegraphs.
AGE DOES NOT PREVENT AC
QUIRING NEW KNOWLEDGE
AND POWER. Many young minds
are in old bodies.
* 0
If you are young, be thankful for
a whole life ahead to study the
world in its most interesting devel
opment.
Originally, religion was govern
ment. News from Europe indicates
that government intends to put re
ligion aside and rule the world
without its supernatural partner,
That's an important change, man
relying on his own feeble mind and
sense of justice. It's like a small
child out walking alone.
- . .
As an American be thankful for
this country, a whole world in itself.
In Texas you have territory about
equal to the German Empire. And
Texas, intensively cultivated, could
feed all the populations of the earth
—only about fifteen hundred million
human beings.
Be thankful for oceans on both
sides, and United States determina
tion to be the great shipping power
and control those oceans. Winstonp
Churchill, of England, grandosn of
Jerome, a New York stock broker,
says that England, “of course,” will
maintain supremacy at sea.
He is mistaken. The country of
his grandfather will have suprema
cy at sea, and in the air—for peace
purposes more important than the
water,
5 9 9
This country reads with satisfac
tion that twelve thousand flying ma
chines built for war will be kept fly
ing for the postoffice, ready for war
work should justice demand it, with
trained flyers in postal blue uni
forms. .
When the English lord boasted,
“T have fifty thousand sheep,” the
Hungarian nobleman answered,
“Very interesting; I have that num
ber of shepherds.”
- 9
Carrying mails through the air,
shipping all the products of the
United States on ships cwned by
the United States people, mapping
out a great additional battleship
fleet to the tune of six hundred mil
lions more, “in case of accident,”
this country, with world-wide,
coastwise, submarine, flying and
other ships, ' (1l have as many cap
tains as any other nation will have
sailors.
England is a good friend; a won
derful little island. She can not
develop too rapidly to suit us.
But this is a big continent, and
when you talk about “SUPREM
ACY?” it is reasonable for this coun
try to decline politely any number
two position.
* - -
The United States is buying from
Panama the little island of Taboga
at the mouth of the canal. The is
land will be fortified with big
American guns and made a base for
dynamite-carrying flying machines.
Having appropriated fifty-seven
billions and registered thirteen
million men to make the outside
world safe for democracy, Uncle
Sam intends to make this conti
nent safe for Americp,ns. A good
idea.
». W »
Do we mistrust anybody? No,
indeed, but we are as wise as the
thoughtful colored lady of Charles
ton.
Before the earthquake she went
to the brick church.
During the earthquake many
brick buildings fell, while wooden
buildings stood.
And after the earthquake she
moved to a wooden church,
“Don’t you trust the Lord?" asked
her pastor,
“Yes, I trust Him, but I don’t
believe in fooling with Him.,”
This country has learned some
thing from the recent earthquake.
We trust in peace, but don't believe
in fooling with it.
y 9 .
Let it be remembered in connec
tion with supremacy at sea and
safety on land that supremacy, safe
ty and independence of the coaling
stations of other nations are locked
up in oil underground,
The ship with a Diesel engine
burning oil can sail all around the
earth and ten thousand miles far
ther without taking on fuel,
The great fuel ofl supplies are
underground in the territory of our
good friends, the Mexicans, and
fortunately they are largely owned,
with good title, by United States
concerns,
Let us remember that, and make
sure that Mexico 1s not {ll-treated
by any foreign power—twenty thou
sand American flying machines will
fix that.
And the same flying machines
will help to maintain Mexican and
United States friendship. A power
ful man or nation keeps friends
easily.