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THE WEEKLY CONSTITUTION, TUESDAY. MAY 13.1884- TWELVE PAGES.
THE TARIFF.
SPEECH OF HON. N. J. HAMMOND
L???rrlTtrcA tn it. Sou; or usorMeaUtlv-f. Ttnn-
dij. Mir 2, 1884, In Support ol ta, M.rtlion
Blil-tto 8i.bJ.ot Husdisd alMrty ul
tto nu Msneriy SnppoHcd-Bu.
The hoius being in committee; of the whole
home on the itata of the union, end hiring under
con*Idemtion the bill (H. R. 5693) to reduce im.
port duties and war-tariff taxea
Mb. Eaton:???I with to read a provision from
another eotutltnUon, because it teems to me aome
of onr friends here are acting under it:
Bic. 8. Congress shall hate power to lap and
collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises for rev
enue necessary to pap the debts, provide for the
common defense, and carry on the government of
the confederate states???
[Laughter.]
But no bounty shall bs granted from the treasu*
rp, nor shall any duty or tax on Importation from
foreign nation* bo laid to promote or foster any
branch of industry.
A Member. What is the gentleman reading
from?
Mr. Eaten???From a hook belonging to the lib
rary of congrets called the Weekly Register: and
I have read nhat purports to be the eighth section
of the constitution of the late so-called confederate
stales, and it seem, to me seme of onr friends aro
acting under that provision. [Laughter] They
seem to have forgotten that this Is Washington, not
Montgomery. [Renewed laughter ] I speak in all
klndnaes, as they know. I say this, became In
that constitution there is no clause authorising
congress to promote the "goneral welfare" of the
oouutry. In theoonstltuUon of tho United States
them is a clause giving congress power to promote,
under the enumerated powers, the "goneral wel
fare" of he people of the United Buttes, Such a
provision la not found in the instrument from
which I have Just read, and it seems to mefagato I
say I speak In all ktnduess) that mauy of the argu
ments which have been nsed on this floor take that
constitution as their basis.
I do not forget who fought the battle that turned
the tide in the revolutionary war. I do not forget
that ltwas the bnsbendmen of New England who
won the battle of Bennington. I do not forget that
when at the battle of Saratoga the commander-in-
chief was either stupid, a coward, or drank, one of
the three, In his tent, a Connecticut general who
had no command led the attack three times and
won the battle.
A Member-What was his name?
Mr Eaton???His name, I regret to lay, was Arnold.
My friend from Georgia [Ur. Hammond] laughs.
Blr.ho did Ms duty that day when outer men
sulked and aknlked I sneak ol him sa a yanked.
A Member???And a traitor,
Mr Eaton???Yes. mid Urn only one I know of from
New England I think X could go to other statea
and Ban a great many, [Wrcat laughter and ap-
plau.o.] ^
Mr. U.mmond. A surplus of anything is bad. ..
hss grown to bo a proverb that "ioo much of evon
a good thing ta too much.??? Too much money In
the baude ot otto man works many wrongs to
society, unless he uses It wtih exceptional good
seme. Too much money In thehandsof a govern -
ment Is had, and only bad, be
came it eaunot bo wisely used.
Bpesklug of Ita evils In this oouutry President
Jaukaou, in hlseighih massage, said:
???Tho influence of an accumulating surplus upon
tho legist, lou of the general government and the
statea ill effects upon the credit system ol the
conutry, producing dangerous exte.slons and
ruinous contractions, fluctuations In the price of
property, resb speculations, Idleness, extravagance,
and a detcilorauon ol morals, have taught us the
Important lessen that any transient mischief
wnicb may attend the reduction of our revenue to
the nanla of the government fa to bo borne in
perefereuoe to an ovetflowlug treasury.???
If that was wtsnt-m In 1S38, with ute then tnsig-
ndeaut income of the government, how f-rciblo Is
it now? Those who bare observed the course ot
affairs here -tor the past lew years bavo aeon this
prophecy become htstary- Bpeelfloetloi "
be made tn pruve w hat none data deny,
Bnt lavish, asraless, avan raosioss appropriation!
cannot exhaust onr surplus raven us of a nnndrod
millions ot dollars per aunom, aad so strong an ar
gnrucut dels it make In favor of tariff reform tha
men haverack-a tnelr brains how lodlapesaef this
immense income and yat keep the tariff Intact.
Naturally. Pennsylvania with her seven hundred
and titty million dollars' worth of manuiacturad
goods per year, la greatly troubled, In Juty last
her republican c.uveuilon rsaolvtd ta keep thu
tariff high and distribute the surplua among the
statea to uao aa they plaaro
DISTBIBtmeH ASIONO Till STATES.
In many quarters It waauumaroudotl; but when
reflection had op??rai*d Mr. Blaine opposed that
plan In-bta letter at KM Novamoer, 18U, published
in the Philadelphia Pteav. ills Oral objection to
II was mat the amount would be uncertain. ???It
may be one million orltmay bs one hundred mill
Iona,??? he said, tin urged its a more serious okj so
tion that It *ould divide the duttea of .applying
???ute and federal wauls and tempt the represent!
Uvea and rcuetotawaiarvo Ihalattatvo (atuntha
former. Hentged nothing else on that poll'but
that' sucha pa t-ersb ptint war with the w tl b-
ingixf bo'h auto audp adoa.";ilut he roreaaw.waar
every high protaetlnataimnat have formal!, that
the temuta>lon;io make revenue ter distribution
among me statea very latge might rosuli In a very
low tariff to IncrsaM Importation! and one toms la
come. He urged another objection, and hia last,
tn these words:
???A third objection to the Pennsylvsnla proposl
tion la that it proceeds upon the|usnmption of a
Dontluuiag ???' ???
Hassid:
extravagance, to many forma ol corruption, and to
all manner ??f schemes for getting rid si money
A congress assemhlleg with teas of mllllani ul
???nrplua at fta dtapoaalIs very sure to hold aeatloas
which would prove pnflilua to tho people and
perilous to Ita own members "
Having that delivered hits veil ol these univer
sally aoovpied troths as to the dangora oi a surplus
and mentioned the probability ol the abolition oi
tha In'arnal revenue system by a coalition ul
Jndge Kelley arid hta protect.oa allies and Mr.
Cox and his low tariff alllea. be came to his real
aolutlon of the question, lie declared that ???our
state and auuloipal taxation la direct.
It comet upon tho propeity with
crashing loree:??? and showed how eaaily fell a tax
cotlve od aa liquor alidad dewn Ute throats of the
taxpayer!. Then be asked:
Way, rnerctrin:, saau.d oot the states be per-
outers have thought the Uetted States should
cease to collect tats tax lu order that the staiee
m ght have It for their use. But that will not atilt
his views. He was so kind to the states that ha
feared they would not collect the tax, and to urea
that the heat way la for ute Uulted Suites to eolleot
It and dlvtda the same among tha states tn propor
tion to population. Ha laid:
"The machinery of collection la to-day la com
plete operation. A bill ol um line! conbl direct
the secretary oMbetrteinry to pay the whole nil.
ftaalbe small expense of collecUoo, to tho statea
and territorlea In the praporilou of tkrfr imputa
tion, and to con Una it permanently as part of
thalr regular anneal re ream*.'
Mr Blaine said ha bad considered the question
"very ctrefnlly for several mrmrna, land nad uo??.
slbiy overlooked objections which others may aug-
gest ??? But be hlatad at do poaalolo ubjecdon. la.
deed, he attempted to rapport li while arguing the
objection of uncertainty ol amounts, which he
urged against tna ennaylvanla plan by laylsg!
"An occasional fit: from the national uetanrj
would not M valuable. That was proved bv >be
distribution of the revenue under tha eel of MM In
the presidency ol aeoerat Jackson.???
???auction or ultra aemocrann anvnomy. ana si naa
been so treated by writers, if not carelessly ignor
ant, nor earing to dtadaao tna truth.
Tha Called sftalae never made any ???gift??? from
tha national treawqr to the statea during Jackson's
preside: cy The act of 1618 simply loaned tha tor
mina to the ???tales subject to call by tha general gov
ernment, usd Inal only to gal rid uf greater dan-
**10 proof I plaea against Mr Blalaa'i aasertf on tha
history. That act waa approved on thakkd of June,
MM. It required each state before It could take let
stun to authorise seme officer to "pledge tsa faith
of tha ante for the safe- keeping and repayaeut
thereof, and ptadgs tha faith of tat state receiving
the tamo to pay the said money and overy pan
B treat, from time to urns, whenever the same shall
required by tha secretary ol tha treasury for the
purpose of defraying any wants oi the public
"IrMsJi eighth aartual meamga in December,
Ibid, on the same subject, President Jtckson used
tkU Lftnxusx?:
???Tba tacvwtloof nude by as In my annual mts*
U|M of lb.9 *r d 1&30 hsv* beta greatly mlsunser*
stood. Attest ume ibe great struggle w??ab*gun
acair.it that Utlmdlnoiian construction of die
comtiiuitoa which sutbortzrs the unlimited ap
propriations of U* revenues of tbe union to inter*
sal improve menu wfihin Um itatc*. tending to in*
real in the hand* and plaea u?? der Um control of
(he general government all the prlscipal roada an l
can a la of tho coaaftj in violation of atnte right*
and la derogation of atate an horlty. At tho a??me
time the condition of the man a facia ring interests
iru nch u to estate an apprehension that tho du
ties on Import! could not. without extensive mis
chief, be reauced in teason to prevent tho accu*
mnlatlon of a considerable surplus after tho pay
ment of the national debt.
"la view of the dangers of such a surplus and in
preference to its application to internal improve*
went*, in derogation o! the right* and powers of
the statea, the suggcjiion of au amendment of the
constitution to authorize its distribution waa
made. It waa an alternarive for what waa deemed
greater evils???a temporary reeort to relieve an over*
burdened treasury until the government could,
without a sudden and destructive revuialou in tho
business ol the conn.ry, gradually return to the
just principle of raising no more revenue from the
people in taxes than is nccesaaiy for ita economi
cal support. Even that alternative waa not spoken
of but lu connection wtih au amendment of tho
constitution. , . .....
"Mo ttmpjraiy inconvenience can justify tho ex
ercise cf a prohibited power, or a power not granted
by that luauument: and it was from a conviction
that the power to distribute eveu a temporary sur
plus of revenue la of tnat character tnat it waa aug
seated only in connection with an appeal to the
source of all legal power lu the general government,
the state* whlcn have established It* No such ap
peal haa been taken; aud in my opinion a dWirlbu
tion of the surplus revenue by congress, cither to
the states or to the people, is to be coustdered aa
among the prohibitions of the cousiitutiou. as
already Intimated, my views have undergone a
Change, so far as to be convinced that no alteration
ol the cousiliutlou in tub reaped Is wise or expo-
Later in the same mouth (to wit, on the 21??t Do
centner, 1830). hr, caihuuu, lu discussing tho dc*
posit law, said:
??? One point was perfectly ettabllshed by the pro
ceedings of the last session; that when there waa
an unavoidable surplus it ought not to be loft lu
the treasury or In the deposit banka but should
bo depeMted with the states. It was not only the
most safe but the most just that the statea *hou d
have the use o! the money lu preference to the
banks. This, in (act, was the great leading priuci
pie which lay at Uie foundation of the act of bat
sesslou. He considered it uo loss fully established
that there ought to be no surplus 11 it could be
avoided. The money belonged 10 those who made
it, and government nad no righs to exact it unices
necessary. (Calhoun's Works, volume 2 pegs 672 )
Bat it may be claimed that thess are the words of
southern democrats opposed to high tariff,iuternal
improvements by the general government in the
suites, and to the deposit banks. 1 oall to witness
Mr. Webster, the great whig expounder, he who
claimed that internal improvement* had brought
lae far-off western settlers so near to the *a?? that
he could almost ' see the smoke of their cabins and
hear tho ???uokes of their axes." On the 81st of
May, 183d. Mr. websier Introduced iuto the senate
a proposition for the distribution of the surplus
revenue, aud spoke in its support He advocated
tho depssit in state banks and to lucrease their
number to get rid of the "dlurtsting uncertainty
which now hangs over everything???* aud wulcn
culminated lu the terrible financialcrash of 1887.
HecanedUlha"unparaUel??d pressure for meaey
which U now destroying atd breaking dowu the
ltdmtry aod even the courage of the commercial
community."
rip then spoke npon hie second proposition, to
distribute eu In one year lustead of dividing it
into ??????veral years, as rohowi:
"I have already observed that in my opinion the
mensuro should be limited te eno slnglo dlvklou,
one dlsirluud ;n of ihe surplus money ut the treas
ury. ??? ?? ?? 1 thie kit safest to trekt the present
slate of things as extraordinary, os being the result
of aedde* lai causes or causes tho recurrence ol
which hereafter we cannot calculate upon with
certainty. There would be insuperable abjeodoos
is my opinion to a settled pracuc# of dlsuioutlsg
revenue among the stales, it would be a strange
operation of ihlnus, aad its effects upon our system
??? e feared."
i between other money
into# treasury nua tnepro *
he said he would willingly
'regsidlng the pablio lauds as a fand beionglug to
all the states." But rather than take money Irum
tho treasury for distribution among the states, be
sold:
???1 have no hesitation in declaring now that tho
income from customs must be reduced, it must
be reduced even at the hasard of aome branches of
manufacturing industry, Oteause tnat in my opin
ion wuuid be a less evil than the extraordinary and
dangerous state sf things lu which the United
matte should be luuud laying and collecting taxes
for the purpose ol distributing them when col
lected am-iug the states of the union."
Here these greal soul* have "risen from the dead"
to aeuouuce (he pretended precedent and the per
version ol history. Tina would soem enough; but
we live lu "perilous times " We have seen a stats
bought during au election: wo have seen aevoraf
states bought slier an election. But here Isa prop
ositlou to orlbe all the states ana all tho influeace
of property and monopoly in all the suttee by one
tuogelflcmt offer before au election. The devil,
when he took our Hauler "up into au exceeding
ntgh meunutiu" aud showed him "all the kisgrious
ol the world and the glory el them," had doubllose
eonstdered the mailer "very carefully fur several
months" and saw no obj*odou to the unholy wor
ship woich he craved. But the Savior did. And
if there be tInue left la the people they will adopt
Bis language and cry oat. "Uet taco hence. Satan f"
That i may do no Injustice, Mr. BlaUe's words mo
qaoted. lie showed how by such diminution
M??Ue wuuid be entirely iellovcd aud Pennsylvania
almost entirely relieved from srnio taxation, and
by way of perorauon ho concluded:
"States that have been so oppressed by debt as to
be tempted or driven to repudittlou would be ea
ablcd te regain their credit, aud every commnuiiy
from ocean to coean would in one form or another
realize that burdens oi taxation were la some ae??
gico ameiioraied."
He did not mention that thereby tho present tar
iff might remain uniformed Thu no know would
be uudursiood by the manufacturers of the east
and sMt
Mr We
extraordinary
W-ueb the United llates should be found laying
*uu colliding taxes for ike purpota of dlstriba-
ling them when oollecte among thu atatsa of the
union," bat never creamed of this enormity. Do
not the rich, "roaudlug their millions" Invested
In untexed United States bonds pay llule enough
cow to tnelr states for tho protection of their per
sous and property? Most the whole govern
ment be perverted from its conmltutional purpuwa
V* lighten their bmdeuaend keep the load upon tbs
property 1??ss cormimeistf food aud clothing? Shall
??? nsdust 06 Wiped from the dirty bonasef thecarpoi-
bat government* to bo ready for their port of the
???polls? bhppoee the plan adopted a. d the states
wining to pay the repudiated bones? Wu a tinea?
ppose he people Uro of the haielul "machiuory
ui euln clou" which Mr Blaine nay* is "in cum-
a I** to opera ion," aad destroy that macblucry.
Whattnea?
5 the states no longer solf-rellsnt but de-
upon the botilr, the whisky butt o fur*
msh-d by a ocntr*i|zed empire. For a time they
might feel "o'er all t??e ills of Hfe vicioriuua." Bat
aow long would that )a??t? What a state ot hfo
would teat be thu dally food of which depends
upon Hie coai. gee of irade, ihe caprices of taste for
s roag drink, tho votee of a coograstl No, this
~'ao will nut do; another remedy must be found
_ say must be found, because with this surplus of
revenue are linked all toe dangers before mention
ed and surplus taxation bseldts.
TAXATION.
In the eighth me*sage of Jackson, from which 1
have quoted, be said:
"the safest and simplest mode of obviating all
tbedifBcultlee which nave been mentioned is to
collect oiny reveuae enough to moot the wauts of
the government, and let Uie p *iptof keep the bat
sues of uielr property ia tnelr bauds to bo
used for their own prefln"
Asd in fus farewell oddr^si. In 1837, he said:
"Tae tsx??* which i ???" '
The Uailed Hint**???
Uys upon comm*rco???being concealed from the
real payer lu the price of the article, Ui >y d > not
tor ani y attract the attention ot the people as
???mailer sums demanded from them;dlrtcuy;by the
ttxga heier. Bui the ux Imposed on goudsen*
hauces by so much the price of the r .mmodiiy to
tae oorunnur. and as m??ny of these dudte are Im
poeeu on antdee of uecasslty which are dally used
by the great body of the psople, the money ralit-d
by these imports is drawn from their pockets."
In his sixth annual metaage. In Deesmber, 1874,
???peaking of the tariff. Osueraf Grant questioned
whether the law did not often result In "the direct
lorn of the treasury and to the prejudice of the lit*
teres is of honest Importers aad taxpayers."
In bis last annual message Mr. Auour a??li:
"Thereart cogent reasons, however, why the na
tional indebtedueftsshould not be thus rapidly ex
tinguished. Cruel amung them 1* the fact th*t
only by txcetsive taxation la such rapidity atUla-
???bla.???
Tnat this is rot simply the language of high offi
cials cfboih psnieebutlhe comnuin understand-
i*g of ute country, I make two quotations, from
the leading demecratic paper of Georgia, to-wit,
Tbb L'ojfvrmrrioa, puollihed at Atlanta. The
disc Was on the lo.o of May, 1888, la theee words:
"There is no room to doubt ute disposition of
the voters ??f the oouutry with respect to the tariff
They are In favor of cuttiog down the e nor mo ns
taxes, which, lu tha home of "protection," ai%
wrung from the people fer the benefit of the mo
nopolists, and they are ready to Indorse and rap
pbri any party that Ukee a bold Stand against this
Infamous system of robbery."
The other wis oa the 2d of Jane, 1888, and said:
' Mr. McDonald advocates In a letter recently
published a tariff within tha limits of tha consti
tution, and he adds the belief that the pobUe mind
wilt never he sadsfled 'with any tariff that haa not
for its leading purposes the raising of revenue for
the government.' The sentiment of the south Is
practically solid in support of the potky that these
eminent northern leaders (Tllden. Hewitt, Mot
Donald, and Hendricks) unhesitatingly rappsrt;
aud It is therefore difficult to see how It la pomible
rocs not nndtnund the drift of pnbile sen
The more light the people gst.on the tariff ques
tion, the more the subject Q discaseed In congress
aod oot of congress, the sooner will we secures
Joat and equitable and constitutional system of
taxation."
The democratic party alone can right this wrong
or tho republican party has brought St about aod
will not aid. It but binders tho reform. But
many of onr friends say, wait uutil wo axe In pom*
teadou of the government. When will that be?
It is not certain that wo will even have tho hour??
in the next congress. It is certain that wo wi ll
not have tho next tenate. But suppose we should
have both and also the president. May our ma
jority not come from tliefprotected'states? May the
president not bo fmm one of them? Hhall tho large
democratic majority lu this house confess totne
people that It dare not now even originate a bill
for Mtelr relief ?j Verily one feels like Mking tbe
questions sf Patrick Henry, which, aa ichoolboys,
we were fond of declalmlug: . A . .
"Shall wo gather streugth by Irresolution ana
inaction? 8u*U we acquire tbe moans of effectual
rrelstanoe by lying suptuely upon our backs and
hugging tho deiutive phantom of hoi??o until our
enemies shall have hound us baud and foot.
AU auree as to tho evU, but nit do not agree aa
to the remedy. Sums say, repeal the internal rev
enue system and thereby rid us of its hordo oi of*
Hears aud offeualve machinery. Others cornea a
that such repeal, however desirable, would be but
a part al aud temporary remedy; others that It
would uot do to mako strong drluk cheap and keep
bread high, dome especially fear cheap whisky lu
the southern states day others, yet sack repeal
should uot be thought of uutil a?? least the millions
of taxesou disUNbd spirits aud malt liquors are
collected. To this Mr. Kelley replied that he
would repeal now, without collecting a tax, be
causo tbe corn now made Into whisky cou.d build
up the growing industry of making glucoso sugar.
But Louisiana cries out that the people sbsuld
have pure sugar made of CAue aud uot tho bogus
sugar of coru. Au eager eastern manufacturer
says mako sugar as free at the coffee which it
sweetens. Mr. Kelley would advise an increase of
duriertsoastodlmluikb importations and destroy
revenue. ??? .
But the farmers of tho west, with a surplus of
gralu aad meat, and tho manufacturers, with a
surplus of goods for salo, assert that prohibition
wuuid dnstroy their markets. Borne say. increase
the free list, but none agree as to which cf the -4.000
articles taxed shall bu freed. Mr. Hewitt, of Now
York, wonld make free all "raw material." But
uo two mnn agree as to what is "raw male-rial,"
and some suspect that that would break down tho
?? rowing Industrie* of tho south iu isou and cotton
y helping that capital to r??r id the east which
should bo cariled to our mines aud tho cotton belt
There are dlffioultios in the way, many and
serious, but they aro not so mauy nor oosorlousbut
that careful attention aud au houc??t purpose to do
the work will suooeed.
Mr Chatrmau, the place left for me being so near
the oud of tbe general debate 1 will uet reiterate
general doctrines already so forcibly put, but re-
, pty to the main objections to this bill aud to somo
of the points made by its opponents.
Homo of onr friends disapprove of a horizontal
reduction. We have had a horizontal reduction oi
1- per cent in each of the years 1883,
1836. 1817, and 1789, aud of 20 per cent in 1612. We
increased horizontally 20 per cent in 1885 and a 20
per oeut decrease horizontally was made iu 1888.
lu 1871 we reduced 10 per cent, and In 1876 m
creased 10 per cent, all horizontally. A horizon
tal scale is often applied to wages; why not to
taxes? It might in some instances work unequally,
but these, as well as all otber lnstaucse of wrung,
can be and will bo righted by amendment white
the bill is under coiuddurallon by sections. This
horizontal plan is therefore usual, and it Is si rapid
a pedal cases of hardship can be better taken
care of under it than under a bill specifying ovorr
item lu the tariff lists, because it will giro more
ttmo to consider those sptclal instant#*. Such a
bill bvisg shorter allows more Umo for other mat
ters of public aud private Importance. And li is
duubtful whether we would have tlmo to pass a
bill in any other shapo. We tried it last congress,
aud after spending weeks iu
its dlfcusaion had to take a bill
originated lu tho senate and pass it in thu
house without its details having eveu been read by
the representatives of tho people. IIowaver, its
form aud contents are ouly inggestol Dy a com
mittee of this house, and are emiUeu to no more
weight man the reported bills from that committee
should have. We are of course at perfect liberty
to alter or amend os we please. All that our piety
hes agreed to do Is to make aa honest effort to paw
some bill which will reduce somewhat the surplus
revenue and somewhat more the burdens of taxa
tion. Upon that wo have agreed with far greater
unanimity thau is usual upon public questions of
auy unusual luteted, and havo aright to expect
tne c??-<ipuration of all whose absolute sense of
duty does not compel them to hold bock.
Seeing that tne democraiio party was in earner
in tnls matter the proicctieulst press began with
one accord to put ob.Htacles lu tho pith to prevent
evou a dlscmslnu of tho bill. They tried to alarm
the maiufaciurlug staios by a cry that we were
about to inaugurate free trado. They knew the
bill aimed at no vuckthitg. They had read the
speech of Mr. Bandad ou tho tariff commission, ol
Slay 6,1882 la which he Mud:
"lu my Judgment tbe qussilen of free trade will
not arise practically lu this country during our
lives. If ever, so io??g as we contluao to raise reve
nue by duties ou imports, and therefore a dtacur-
???Ion of that is au absaluto wasto of time. * * ???
Ho, too, with freo trade, there i?? hardly a mau lu
pubilo life who advooates it pure and simple."
And to impress that upon the public mind ho
spoke ot four representative democratic tariff re
formers as follows:
' Let mo cull a few eentsnces from recent debates
to show the fesiivg on this subject.
Hountor Jnmrs B. Bsck *arn:
???Not>*dy *Ak%or expects'his congrew
free trade or tear down custom abuse*. ??? * ??? iu
adjusting taxation on imports wltu a view only to
obialn revenue or 'for reveuue only,' we urvor
thought of dlscrlmlcadfigagainst American indus
tries, or of depriving them el tbe lueicestol Pent fis
or preu*don a proper revenue tariff would afford."
Heustor Bayard says:
"The pow<r to tax by laying dalles upon Im
ports may be so exercised as to do wuat it has done
overdue* the foundation of the government, aud
that Is to give an advantage equivalent to tho
amount oi tho tax to the American
producer or manufacturer over hti forriga com-
G titers in the same line of production or man a lac-
re and this becomes hit protection."
senator Cokn. of Texas says:
"As an inevitable consequence domestic manu
facturers and produoersof tee articles upon which
such revenue import duties are laid are to that
extern protected agalust foreign oeuipeliUon."
Mr. Carlisle, of Keniucky.ln suostance niter
am* thus cuuUments. So they all say, with rare
exception. The real question presented and whteh
is in controversy, Is tee revision of taxes, so we
may hold tho control of the markets of the world
for the teuefit of our excess o! productions over
the home consumption.
They uext erica out that we favored direct taxa
tion. No man In el'her house of congress had
hinted et auy thought of direct taxation. In that
some speech Mr, (Uadall had said:
"Who favors direct ux? No one. ??? ??? ??? No-
voted the sums el tnO'iey it new docs, .if not for
Unpropsr. at least f*r qu-sttenable purpose*."
Thai was the ouly eaggeeilon In its fever which
X recall sl-oe 1 have been lu ootigress.
The platform of ihe democratic party in 1810
unong other things, declared:
' Ketoivod, Thai Justice aad sound policy forbid
tho federal goveramerit to fetter one kronen of
Industry to the detriment of another, or to cherish
the lutcreata uf wee po tlun to the Injury of another
portion of our uouairy."
Aud these words were repeated in everr demo-
Cfitla platform up to and including teatoUMd
Sot hoe too party ??v-r uiteieJ any ductrine lnooa
???'.stout with that resolution, Even the Ohio plat
form, houca.ly interpreted, is not inconsistent
with that rendu dorr.
Mr NcKInliqr. In hi. .pvrab, rold w. would Ux
to. sud ouir.o Ho ku.w iUsi bod* w.ro msdu Ireu
lu tbe a.muwsun UrlRio! 1618 sud 1867 sud to
keel lu IM set ot lurobd, 18.1 'Ibn .uc used,
cuffee bum 4 la 6 cenu ??er pound sud las from 15
is XI osiiU Mr pound, fij tbe as . ol Au.um sud
Utcemb.r, 1M1 and ibst ol 1883 sud w i.iuslu.d
???Id <1*7, 187J Belore lbs .oi of 184. irs wss i.ked
s?? ulgb s??6! oeuu p??r pouud woes not .nlpu-d in
Am.rtcuiv.smlA ladivldusl. bsvs fstored ifeu
return to ui. poilov of usla, Hum. bat ariib.r
ptrtj b.srodwfra't. Mr McK l.!.; uld Ibst Memo
a committee .4 a democratic iioa.c m reported onr
par 17 nuu bowcouod.rsd. John Bbermin, um-
rutn7 ut lb. uea.ur7, npt.udiy w rucummeudcd
andb7 parit7of r aaonlafltalspari7 muMMaoaon.
rtd.sud Nor ha. lb. oea.ocr.dc pan, isnoied all
cnusldora'Joi.of.paslalalaaia. lib*. nnfformi7
dlanlmm.Uid boiwaeo Inxurlr. and lha common
rappjeanf lb. hum of our pco.lo, favutlu, ibo
poor rather than tbs rleb.
Bat to relnra. FsUlns to provsnt dlroowlon. sa
spunsl ns. M.d. to pr.Jndioc. sud nurwl (uo
milder word nil! Ml rb. uaib) sad Uw bill
denounced bribe New York American Promotion-
1.1 u die' Jolf D.vls bill. Tbs Nstloul IMpabll-
ou of iblsutiv par. it ibui:
??? Harms fillno lo Hiool lb, union to plcosi, lha
iuibem froa-mdera, ibsdUcIplmof '.'.lb run and
uaufl-miloo. propow to sisrra tbu northern
mccnanlct ana laborers."
IbU remark excite, naucht but s plsararable
pllj???pl:> hr tbs mu ubo tbu. rassis at on. of
me bnxbUnt names mat has tbous lu Amertcsn
blttorr, sud plessuia ro see .a ovoooeut reduced
loeueb aitsila; and.Mr. Cu.lrm.u,l nave been mot
tilled tod.r to me tbs dl.1l.4ulined gaatieioeu
fromCobBtodeul, Mr. Eaton,arsu In expert-
???net older than <e li seen In lean, a mu of
broad vise, and (enerou. Irapdie.., In hit advu-
c??7 of a doubtful dlamat from bi. portr, .wop 10
taXeoomfort br Hke tw.dd e. He read fr.m tbe
coai'JinUoa of the ooof???derate luiea-ln order b>
do what? Tn prove that tala tariff bill area wron,7
Not ats'l, but to excite Borib.ro prtjodloaatala.i
tha Math, became it fumlabu demecrailo repra-
???vnUlleM favarloc Urll7 reform.
Mr. Salon???lb. (ontieau baa no rfchl to nuke
that statement*
Mr Hammond???I know It la trot. An7one bnt
a fool woaid kaou tnat. Uentlemea can not con.
aaal their purpoam from people who nave brains
The, ounotconceal tbam from Uo worklrrf peo
ple of Ulaaonolty. Toer read aod tbe j ulak.
1 wUb to make .remark or two .boot Out con
federal* con. Halloo. I: wet almo.1 la lu ntj
word, tbacon* Jtnlion of tha Ualiel BUiaa. Tha
reaoJQtloo noder which It waa fruaed was Ibai.
balsa aalUflad wfu tbe form of (overaauat from
whlcn ??e teoeded, onr committee tbeald report s
coatdtauon a< nearlp u practicable ibe uc.
Thai conidutlon pmerredthe peculiar I nulla-
lion 01 slavery heotnu that war the property of
tbarouth It leoetheDed tho term of president
from four to *lx ye.r., bec.uro ibo
framer. of the Inatrument bed seen,
an you have rtvn auil r.a wo ;et
see, theoorroptlon which may be exerted for ibo
???ccnrt.K of a nccond term, in |he promotion of
purity that Icurument undertook to cut off iuoh
a source ot corruption.
With tew exception. I recall none other but
thoro the gentleman Irum Connecticut [Mr. Eaton]
btu tmJ.y brought before the houto. They dta
??? Wipeout??? "lb.general welfare" cl.uie, for un
der It >11 the >obi, all Ibe corruption, all the dl??
homely, all me black pages of American binary
In ItgUlsUon have been written. Tney were a
people Klibout any maautMturea comparatlrely:
they nad but inue leacoait comparatively, and
they believed 10 much wrung bad been done by a
oerveulou of tbe Uxtng clause and by ibo per;
venlou ot ibe commerce clause of tne Uulted
Butte, couttliuilon lu legislating fer 000 section
against another Kctlou, tu the teeth of democrat
ic platforms, that ibry determined la uuo that
C ower away from ibtlr congrem. They were a.
oueat in making that conntiuliox a. were Car-
roll and Baacock when Ibey signed tho declara
tion ollndependen e.
Mr. Eaton???1 did not Impugn their honesty at
all. *
Mr. Hammond???No, sir.
Mr. Eatou???I tuted a fact. , ..
Mr. lUmmoa.???You luted a faet, aud I havo
staled wny you staled lb
Mr. Eaton???You have not Mated that correctly,
became you do uot know.
Mr. Uammoud???I am prand tbe gentleman dis
avows It. lie now cornea up lo the measure of ibo
mau I navo thought him to Do Uo does uot .toqp
like Ibew penny-a-llner. to mako l.lio prejudice
kgaln.t a rat .sure Instead of artuing agalutt lb
Mi. Kate.???if ihegend.man will permit me. ho
ought to know mo boner tnaa ibst. 1 am 1<> favor
aud <li.il be one ol a committee to report an
amendment to tne constitution making a alugio
tetm oi tlx yean lor tbe president, rut It was lu tho
confederate oonidmiloti,
Mr. Hammond-I am glad to we tke gentleman
following alter Ibo grand men who undertook 10
make vuoocMlul Ibst over-to bc-lameuied attempt
at revolution
Mr. Eaton??? ldo not quite understand you.
Mr. Hammond???1 will now go on wlib my re.
marks
Bunn twaddle I. an Insult to Ibe northern voter..
They out read; they can think. They kuow that
a cause l.good or bad wltuout regard to wno favor,
the cause; that tho proposed reform 1. urged by
man from the torth a. true to tho government a.
any who oppoao the mouure. Those voter* kuow
that that canto la weak whlcn must be rapportsd
not by combating tbe argument, made In ita lavor.
bnt by abuse ol Mine ol lla advocates. Lai not
the republicans hops lu that way 10 distract atten
tion bom ibomcrltao! tho controversy. Nor can
tnose vdtera be made ihe followers at tho now
theory ol Mr. Rnsaell, of Maasaohusetla, aa to tho
functions ol this government. Ho aiirlbulea the
prosperity ol tnta country to ???the laws which toico
such a diversity ol Inieresuand at tha fnlleat pos
sible oorapenaatloii for labor." And elsewni'reiu
hli speech of April 17 he laud! "a taw, whether
natural or other else, that compel, a diversity of
Interacts. * 1 ???
It readied to my mind lha famnua ???Georgia pro
test" of 1889 against tbe tariff ol 1818, tho ilrit tariff
lu which srcrlou, ware directly opposed 10 secdooa
aa such In this country. The protest waa signed by
John Forsyth, governor, aud presented lu tho
United 8Utim senate by John Mofhcrson Berrlrm,
??????parnoblle Iratrum.??? Tha climax ot tbe Mate's
denunciation of tbe piluclptca which led to lla
adoptionwaa???'thedegrading system which con
siders the people to ba Incapable OI wisely direct-
lng their own enterprise! which sou up the serv
er. 14 ol the people in oongrea as tho exclusive
Judgsa ol what puiralti are moat advantageous aud
suitable for those by whom they were elected.??? Bo
Mr Tllden wrote:
"Devoted toiherlghuof onr American Industry,
which la now beginning lo All tbn world with tho
reuowit ol Its achievements, It [tbo democratic
party] Has relnsou to direct Ita application by pro
hibitory or protective tariflb, preferring that each
man ihonld Judgo how be can make his own labor
most productive, and trusting for tho aggregate
result 10 Iboao natural laws which ciiahlu every
ono ot out million of city population to dairy
chooss his food, and yot furnish ouyera for every
thing that haa been provided beforehand."
Mr. rtuiaaU'a doctrine would aulborlsa congrem
to forbid our boyi from fallowing callings or pro
fession! suitable lo ihctr capcsluea aud lasts, aud
bind them to the trades ol tnelr fsihera, as has baen
done In despotic ages aud governments, such doc
trluo wonla have auihortssd congress lo bind for
ever to drudgery man wbo bavo adorned tbe high
est places In our 000ntry.
???ounraxit >tanwactoaxs,
Itfioonceded thsi Ibe Morriion blilcannot affect
southern eotiun nulla Abrelulo free trade subsists
between uaand me north and wort, aud yot Iboy
cannot compete with our ootlon mill products;
muchlcaaran distant Earopoalvena trouble. Our
sdvauco Is duo uot to tatlfft, but to natural ad
vantage! of which none can doprtva us, though
bad laws may greatly Impair those advabUgea*
I am about to call attention to soma flgnrea taken
or made upfrom tbocuutpcndlumo! Iheceustiauf
ih-u I do not claim at??o1ut* coriccutem fer them,
for tbo L-. sis Is not Infallibly cornet.
That' ..soeuausua ol 1830 aud 18C0conlaln many
errors bauc deny. Tbo gresattcaa ol tbe lalslty of
that ol 1870 In tbo aontberu alntus la teeoKuIz.u by
all. Tn Aim I.i 11 lloi'tiiHlli.g r'tirr. 11': > Ills wholly
misleading everywhere. On Uioto have come tho
oeuansol iSiO. tbe Iragmcntary reports ot ouroou-
???nlaandot tboiwrtnuUural department; and tba
brood of lying o.nelualona drawn from tbam all
baa multiplied Ilka toellcoln Egypt. In every
???porch, lu everynowapapor.lheyarawland iqnlrm
bill lu default of anyibing boner onr reasoning
must be from tbo ccusitsea. I cull atwntlou
10 a few of thi-lr aiatemtnla from
our last Compendium. It la a vary common
liaprca.lo'1 that tba south waaleaa prosperous as 10
ntaiiufacturcrt before the war, aa compared with
tno norm, than sluoa ibe war. Tbocen.ua shows
that ibai ia uniruo. Take Ueorgla aud rentiaylva-
ul. aa reprascnUrtva ataica titurgla'a capital so
laveared nood la that of Fcttuaylvanla aa 1 lo
184-Atn I860:about tbaaama Iul880,aal lo 31 lu
1170; aud 1 lo UX In I8M Bunthern Invest
ments greatly luenuaed, bnt those ol the north
Increased more.
But thu tabic abotva that from 1150 lo 1850 mtnn-
facturea In Ibe ???.utherti and cotton sum grew
relatively faster than they did In Ute g eat menu-
facunuk autea of tho north. Alabama almnat
trebled. Arraus, a more than quadrupled. Deorgla
doubled. Teoucawe more Ihaa doubled and 1'txaa
lucreawdsixfold. Nouardtoru alato doubled but
Fenpsylvkola. Cotton nrver sold furiomdcbi*
It did in 1857, except Jnat alter Ibe ootton famine
produced by tba war. And all thlaoeourred under
uo low democratic tariffs of 1541 aud 1857. Here
la the labia:
fa
itss
IK* **
???e*ssitss
"???a
SSK3
18
Isfasss
jm
iu
WlfslUslMPF
*???8a-a3R?????
SS
mi
E3358K
sugssss
(slfill
8BS5S82
santgag
liteiRHS fg???:3
S22P8CS
SgpMal
Isl5ss55|
as Aoui.ee
VAJUIIAI.
Thoaa wbo havo apokan against tariff reform ea
deavored lo alarm lha farmen. Tha democratic
party wonld not knowingly take any atop which
even might Id Jure them. Bullet us examine the
allocations*
Mr.cnaoe.ofRbod.Iilaad.il a manufaetprer.
llriDtinaMAtawnlcblulMP by Ihe coins, raised
but two hundred and fo.ty bushels af wheat,
aud yat ba undertakes lo advise
tbe wheat fainura of tna wait.
To his spatch la tba Record of 15th April, 1884 he
app udtd a table of valura of aalaetad artlcraa for
'be year lilt So 1850 lucmilva,and 1871 u llso,
luciu.lve, ta draw aexnrait between -tne trado'*
and "prelection??? K> the advantage ol tke latter a*
10 farm produeta Who made bfa flgnre* I do not
know, Parkapa It waa Uw tame man wholu Feb
ruary, 1893, betrayed Him Inis using a labia wbieb,
upon examination, I showed covered arrowroot,
maccaronl. croton ou, "coffee and mlik prepared.???
"frogs (retard and prepared ".plum pudding,
ventaninlkHiM furniture, bubafor wkeola.tbtu.
am. willow baskets, and sawdust, wbi.h table bo
averred only ihowad ihe protection given to our
larmerx upon ???'agricultural produeta pure aud
???asr
foiiowieg labia 1* taken from Gionrtaoris
Dies FrotscUoa Froteat? I an told teat he is boot
the iiadadeUu of tbs Near YorfejaTrlsaas. HU
ficures were mods lo 1870 and, wnaoni regard to
nu own mtriu. are irotteortbr bceatise nude op
from tho official resort of the eaeretarj of tee
p??Kfc ??yrr*Ku pnw* iorBu pentni, unr,
tea year* covered br Uie protective uriff of 1824
aad the higaer protective tariff of 1*2??; stcond.
tee 7??ar??* ???oomprotaiei noa protecuve tariff."
1863-1642 Indarire; teffd. prow??? 1 ! years lHt3-
lea; fourth, next four years uoprotecielp fif'd,
the -tieeeedlng fenr year*, and tail he years U55
toUMiocJaiive; all from 1617 to 1880 inclusive
briag under the democratic or "free trade" tariffs.
Certainly tbi* table 1* far more ta'lifocmry thau
Hr. Chacora comparUoa ot two period* of five yean
each and they thirty fear*apart The absurd
part ef his speech w??s that showing that a bushel
of wheat 4h 1846'50 would buy less iron or cotton
K rinta then thau in 1870 '80, utterly ignoring the
iet that the prloe ol wheat varied mile, but of thu
others bad cnormouslv decreated in thirty year*,
Mr Chace???If these Ogun faro correct, then your
pulley 1* a bad ono for the farmer.
Ur. Uammond???I kuow more farmer* than you
do. I see more in due day than you havo in your
???tate. 1 see more lo my dlstrlet than you have vetesa
In your state You come here, with every laborer
in your state driven from the ballot box, to preach
the dignity of labor*
Mr, i.'hace???Tbe gentleman is now stating one of
his fio* trade facta when ho rava evory laborer is
driven from ballot box. That Is a??out a* true.
Mr Hammoud???I should have said every laborer
of foreigu birth. You kuow what 1 meant*
Mr Chace???I denounce the statement.
Mr Hammond???Oulv 10.C9J men voted in tho last
election iu ail vour state.
Mr <:ha.\o???You drive ton from the ba\\ot>box
where Khod* island docs oue, aud you do It with
the sh??t guns.
Mr Hammond???In tbosouth some are driven off
in violation of law, but yours aro driven away by
you rj law.
Mr Ciuciy-If you can make anything out of
that, you can.
Mr Uammoud???If you can make anything out of
this dabiato. you are welcome
Mr. Utfcockou Tuesday presented many figures
showing Increase in farm products, eta, from 1860
to 1880, aud attributed that to thu tariff. He makes
tho high proactive war tariff tako all the glory
which has come from the development of the oouu
try, the reapers aud mowers, the rallrOAd*, steam
boats and tolegraph, all the work of bralii and
muscle for over twenty years. How will ho ex-
plain that India increased her wheat export from
2.000,000 bushel* in 1679 to 3C.000.000 in 188) under
English freo trade?
Answering them. It would bo fair to attribute all
tho gaiii to the democratic "freetradt " tariffs. But
caudor ootnpcla me, and should have compelled
them, lo admit that tho differences sro not always
attributable to the tariff ouly* Homotime* ltaoems
so sud at others uot. For instance, in 1830 wheat
sold for tl.OJK aud tho tariff was 26 cents per
btithel. lu 1832 the prico was 81.23!*, and the tar
iff 12% cents per bnsnel Price plus tariff in 1880
wo* ft 32%, and in 1832 91 86. On tbe other hand,
In lKH, tne prloe, 81.20, plus tariff. 2i cents, equal*
81 45, and iu 1844. toe price, 91.46%, plus tariff. 12%
eents, equals 9119 in one case wheat was higher
nuder tun lower tariff end in the other tho re
verse Again, fn 1844.186%, asd 1866, wheat aver-
sgod 9i 61,9212% and 92 tw per bushel, respective*
It* and the tariff wav the aamo in "
three years; but tho Crimean
made increased demand. In 1857, 1868
1859, and i860, wheat averaged fl 70%, 91.60, 91.30
and 9L47%, respectively. The reciprocity treaty
whh Canada wu In furoe from September 1861, to
I860, and under it Canadian wheat came in free
and that was onr main aouroe of foreign *ur~'~
With practical free trado wheat was higher
ever before. (My figures ate by averaging the
highest and lowest prices for each year, tskeu
from Hpofford's almanac)
But if It bo fair co to argue, I present Another
short table, takou from tho cousincii of 1869 and
lx 9, ot artiolca oommonly quoted ns of l&r-O aud
810 Tbo first column Is fmm Brcrotary Chase's
report Of 1863 before mentlsned, except hay, nor
thi re nlvi-u. The mho'mI column Mmm Hie bu
renu of staUstlcR, copied into census of 188), at
psgo 27:
1'nccB uf farm prod*um lu l8hUaau 1879 ??ud tee per
cent of increase of 1869 over 1879.
Corn, per bushel
Oats, per bushel..
Wheat, per bushel
Cotton, per pound
Hay, pur tou
Bicuu and hams, per B>
Butter, por pound.,.?.....
Lard, per pound
fallow, per pouud
Tobacco, per ppund
Wool, per pound-.
Prices la gold
in-
1869 1879.
fO 47 1
297
1 OA)
099
15 02.i
67.0
14 i
07 0
Mi 9
071
101
43
Ttietucoiisianrauouii show nuw very utix-p tve
mere tables of ilzurcs aro Arguments confined to
them aro only Iom false thau that of attributing all
increase of prices to protection in the face of greater
decrease in Bn rope, protected and unprotected
Europe. Mr, Cutaheou yoatoiday menUweed tho
enuapmring of steel rail* see sample He knew
that by ( xplratloo of peteuts, better muhlnery,
???10, they are 10 much cheaper in EnaUnd than
here that we fence them out by tarifl. Mr. Chsoe,
of Ubode Island. Mir. Kusm;1I, another eastern man*
ufsciurrr, aud Mr. Kelley txprosoed great alarm
for the farmers of tho wast because toe wheat of
India, Australia and frusta aro crowding tbpm
out of the markets of the world. Mr. Kelley ad*
vised them u 1 raise sorghum and told them that
they oouid live on its seed, for that twine, horned
cairie, and the negroes of lutexior Africa had so
lived. Ills words were:
'Onrfsrmm, therefore. need>ot fear the oompes
litlmi of low ws??es in too wheat*fields of ludta
aud ftussla as threatening a vita) nhango. Wheat-
cul??ure exhausts tbe s-ll. The wheat we export
beyond tho seaosrrtee with It tho vital prlnciblrii
of the fa m on which It was raised, which does
not return to enrich the nrotf ucets acres ss It does
when consumed in industrial vIIIssmi or lsrg??
cities near 10 where It wss grown. With tug??r-
>lcldlng plants it is otherwise; they are green
plants sod give to the toll the nutriment they sh.
sorb from the a'mnsphero Whenever corn will
ripen sorshumosn bo prodnoed in perfection, end
tno value of tae seed of tots plant aloao is found
to be squal to the cost of growluv and hmis<
lng the entire crop. Not only does thisreed fur
nlsh nutriment to owlet and horntd catUe, but
u.,u iih wuiunu
foryl-eapply mat tho
n wtinut "
hleiory cad trerel ctruril cbuuflcntcarannoa mat
In Iba peal norc people ba.o Uu??l on aircbum
acert than bare been euaialccd by wbctL Myriad,
ol tba people ot the Imcilor ot Africa and Asia,
from wbtao dark reyloba wo are but now rac.tr.
Im enppllMof rtaMr TkitaUa* of lha aurghum
K nt tban wn bar* ??? *
na In lu area l ,
osucailan raoo. bare lauod In wbaat.'
Mr. knawll remind, u. Utal tbo Itold
Indian wheat tuerwed lrom 7 wo,
0 bubals la relit to ' 38,ooomo
ubala In 11(3, while onr rxpor i on
wbaat fall of nearly (6 000,000 buabala In
real, aad ba aaya mat rota ta bnt a bee In
al.g id mo ,a>t Uada In abut wblcb moil ruult
from opsnlOE np iraneporuilnn. au* In ludta and
Kna.li, and which mart cm oir our KrglUn market.
Uo adrlKa a prnhlhlil rn i.mfon wueal and other
?? reala, ao aa io force 700 OW farmarm tnn> futnitaa.
Wonld ho atop all Importation! and force direct
burton or an enlancmtnt of tba baleful Imcrnal
rer.nne ayitem?
ar. Bnaaolldtd not explain bow b. wonld ka??p
np watea with tbta rnormona crowd forced Into
ompeuiloo wfib w.ga-asrnfng mccbanlca.
aid:
"Thla would In Itaalf lire a home market for
about one-third of onr total axporta ol agrlcounial
products."
???ut what wonll become of tba other two-thlida,
even If Us prsaent product to oarer lucreaeaof
Aod share wonld Um Increaaed prodne; of lb.
f.exirtca beyond tba praarnt anrptna ba baatawad?
When wo an nr out tbaimda of otber mubirtaa
they would ratal* to tako on re, would reject onr
rerenU and awln* aad buaf and oonoo. Ho* mack
[setter toenoonreitrxcbeniei ra'her tban ???limn-
stta prepare,lone by tnr-lgn couuirfee to supply
IhemsalTM wtmooi oomtex hare Tbta brlop m*
I*recall Ibai tar otr M.lnoacnda atooaaad ice us
Georgia almun fur notblnc. bacons* bar ablpa need
ballast whan ibry coma tor cottoa. Tbe rety Ilia
of proraartty It facility of excbaogai of produeta.
it ta remarkable that no nonnera or weatcra
man. when arguing that a high tariff farore
farmen. dcatgaa u, noUea tba cotton maker,
of iba gootb. Tba crop of coton
to., ray. 6.00 ,tw of. Ulc. Tbn xrrat
bulk of Ittasxportcd. It bu no protection, bran
tbo longauplo cation!, tea Island cotton, has no
protection, though mo northern thread market.
Import u much of It u we retrain tbta ornery.
Cotton la almost tho exclustre crop of many stale*.
It. firmer, can rco n.light bnt Incresue of prloe
in them from tho tarifl. which keep. C.nadUn
wheat and the like oat of tho north to enable
northern farmers to Hell to us without competition.
Tho tariff on cotton sted oil ii a f-h am, for none Ir,
imported But five gallons oamo in in 1831, and
none since. Thesa cotton planters remember the
succinct statement of Calhoun that" a tariff on
ir porta Is a tax on exports." Exports in
the long run must pay tar them. They know Mr.
Webster's answer, that tbs Kentucky mule-raiser
and hemp-grower, the ship owner and others, who
furnlAh supplies, help to mako the cotton. But
they also know llu t part of thelrcoUon pays for aU
that and still leavss the exported balance to pay
the tax. I recall also that sotton In tho fall of
1877. under the lowest tariff we have had for half a
century, brought 18 cents per pound, tbe bizhest
price aver had except war prices, and wheat ranged
from tl 25 to 9105 per bushel, and wool from 33 to
44 cents per pound.
. AMIXICAN LABOR*
Mr. Kelley told us that because congrem made
J uf nine free from Import tax toe house of Powers
Wybtuan was removed from Pennsylvania to
Germany, "where wages were low," and that
thus they will be able to "monopollze.the Amer
ican market." and that by thu* banishing one
house we have closed all the others and made the
United States the dumping ground for the cheap
J and adulterated qtrinlne of all irresponsible eonti-
ixntol manufacturers." If Powers 6s Wyhtman
will 1 monopolize the American market," how can
I Anthony eirosell quinine here and how can we
get Adulterated quiufno except from them?
But his main oondaslon ol that subject was???
."Thus did anticprotrctlgro ltglslation haalshone
vital Industry and (Uprlve a lew hundred Ameri*
can laborers of employment
If there Is no other work for them to do (hey are
without employment; otherwise not. Hbonld olv
thu people of this oouutry have conrinu .ualy paid
that quinine tax forever to keep those few men
from sccklrg otber work? In the some speech
Mr. Kelley (knounce* the importation of contract
labor that Is being brought hereby Pennsylvania
protectionists. It seems that whlfo they talk so
much of protecting American labor they will have
cheaper labor If they must bring it here under
contract or go themselvts to Europe to use it there.
Verily, "for ways that are dark and tricks that are
??????In*; the Pennsylvania protectionist! aro "pecu
liar,"
ArtTooalei of protection profee, (real concern for
iho wngis of factory operative. Tbelr exaggera
tion of their picture, throw au., Idon upon their
sincerity. On ihe other hand wo have Hm-ncrl loa
???per ch of Mr Wood, of Indiana, who look the op-
|K??lto cronnd. lie brloug, to tha comintiteo on
labor sullnicM, and I rappore he hu made thta
matter a iprcl.1 study. Ho wu .peaking for lha
w.go c.rnluir ctaia lie tild:
???1 think a high proticlivo tariff the wont foe we
hare to American labor. It klvee high prnfln to
la,g. Invesimonliln certain kind, of lnduitiy..-id
every ijsu-m Is adopted or machine pmehued
that will do awey with laboring men. II tho tar
iff actwu reformed, iho highly protectlia durfen
cut down, prufl|?? would uo lower but reasonable:
???hen tbo gte >1 Inducement, for ccbtrmllzed capital
would cease, and It would go all over the country
to citabllih other bnt useful Industrie* One great
and highly protected Indnetrv, rarhat Iron or
???Icol, woolen or ootton, having from 1509 000 to two
or Ihrco million, luvestod, with Iu tabornvlng
machinery, doei not emplor a tithe ol lha labor
??? hat would bo employed If ihln aggregated capital
waa dlrldod among, doxen different aud neor.??ry
Industrie., ??? * ?? Ono great trouble about labor
now Is lhal there ta not a suniclon t market for Ita
prnduci, and one ahlo to consume them ???
Tho democraiio policy would giro labor more
strady aud more remunerative employment But
them aro m.uy erroneous sUUmeuta about wage,
lu thu pm! end lu spcechethere.. Wages. Uka
other things, arc not always what they seem. Wsgea
In Iho protected Untied mail's are higher than In
England unprotected But In unprotected Eng
land they arc higher than In prolccrod aermanyor
protected France. Ills, therefore, certain that pre-
teC'lon dots not make the dlffetemv. A thousand
cures operate Terhap. lha chief cauro hernia
that laud, are re cheap that tho caplultat cannot
forcaonv mrch.ulc. Intake hta prico and stay fn
hi. employment at In.dr quote retanocnitlon.
In . rn-t <-h made here on tho Bih of May, 1879.
Ur. Kclloy.nf Tronsi vanla, said,speaking of wage!:
Indeed tno condition ol tho l.oorlng people ol
iho claimed world I. In ibtarospcci plluble. Onr
country, more favored thau any other, 1. suffering
greatly, but lea. than other! Our bred, open,
che.p lands are protec log tm agalust Ibe lnteara
Mulcting, miters are enduring.
II English wait* are so low, with no counter,
villi g advantage, why do not tcoro English me-
rh.ntoa coma here? Oar factorle. coutsln bnt
80 OOO of them and 913.000 Gorman npcraTvc. (lor-
many i.a "pro'eoiad ouuntry." Englsim's pupn<
lation 1.484 to Ihotqnare mile, and uotmauy. ta
but 213.
Thu fslrnrn of wage, depends not wholly oa
what ta paid a pers.n for any given tltno, but also
upon iho valneof bln labor to bit employer durlug
tnat time. By tbo census compendium it appcni
that each perron In f.ciorio. over 13 year, oi ago
produced luir.???Oono thousand and sixty-four dol-
lata' worth ol goudir.aml lu 1880 twenly-ono hun
dred dollats' worth of goods. Wage aro greatly
affected by tbo uso ol machinery. Hupp ao. to do a
0 -mdn quantity uf wot kin a day In India, require,
ten laborers. Hay their wages and food coat the
??????mplojir84,1---, 20 cent, per man Nowlfthe
employer can get a machine with which one will
sirs tho work ol tho ten, he may pay that one much
hlglir r wages. Bnt whether thu srgregato of wage*
for the country will ho lm-rcascd depends upou
whether tbo men dUplaccrl by ihomachlnoareldiu
consumer, or havo other remunerative employ-
aunt,
Ute wage, of Individual ahoemakcra In Iho
United Btate! ta double that In England, hat It
cos'.tirotn.uttlse'urerleeato havoapilr of shoes
made hero than there. With an Amerlesu machine
ono man can make three hundred-pair of boo ??? per
day, and lha number of rbeso nt-chlncs have lu-
ooaasad from tlficen In 1884 toh.looln 1380 Before
Iho InvenUou of Blanchatd???a machino It took
tnvcnty-flvomou to make ono hundred gunslockt
per day, It reduced tho number of meD
uccosary for that work dowu to aeren-
teen, then to twelve, and now to
nine. Hupposo Iho roventy-flvo men got 82 rich
per day, ihe hundred guuahicka would bavo coat
tho mannlaeturi rJTgti.iua mui-rlal. Bnppoashe
nowpayiraparday loarahnun. iu- tuin-ir. o gun-
stiKki wouui cott him bur 151 plus material and tn-
itorulon bta iDvratmeni i??? tm- reat-Miii-. w.gn,
hit gunstoek makers would ihul appear lo tm
thrcblerl. hut It would also appear lhat sixty-four
mm had boon driven to route olhor unploymsut,
ttulcta there had been equivalent Increased dev
mar,d for guiutnckx. Again, Um census table-
show lhat' in maoufaclntlng at iho raloof l.ooo*
rlfleaaday threw man wilt do as much wotku
Sevan In sms mau lu manufacturing at Iho raio of
Ally a day,???
workrdi panda npon v
sort of machinery. In wbat slud establishment,
aud above all what Ihe food and clothing ol hta
family, fualaud ran lot hta dwelling coat
It ta v.lrpfur Mr tihace to re ad aDoni tha abject
???-city nitomo la England. It Is vain for Mr.
ley lo tali of Ihoio whom ho mw there living
with theirplgv. They kaow, everybody known,
lha: thaw are axrapilonal case! and lhat aur h mty
, - -. ^-???--- . ??? ??? ..??? which 1
have quoted, painted Ihe cmidlil- n of aomo of our
machaulca aa daplorablt lla safd:
???'Why. ilr, Iho paaplo ol my city (Philadelphia).
Ihe working people whu>e prole H haa beta lo
bavo thalr families lira uuder tin Ir own roof, am
many of loam hudd lag togctgarlhrea or four
factllUa In oua such home and then are probably
nnsbla to pay thalr r> nt ???
I lla vain f.ir gentlemen to try lo make grown
man believe lhat such are fair aamplea o! huullrit
laboreis, and valuer u> try to maku them belleru
lhal rarh a conuiilun ta due to her trade policy.
How much hwiuroff aro Iho lahotera of England
now than before sho abolished her protective pel-
Icyf since then lupri* ,nmeni for doot has hewn
ataillshed, drinking anlriis has greatly decreased,
education haa Pcuuni, general, wages havo In
creased almost twnluld. Manhood suffrage ba*
boan granted; asylum,, hoanlula. cbntchaa tell tea
mtiulllccuco ul tke lovernment and the charity
and dtro'.hm ol the panple Ii wss to tlicse me??
chsnlca and Isltotera In fatrorles, or men ilka
them, lhal Cobdcu and Briaht, meu bora without
titles, belonging lo Ute people, preached a crusade
agsltint tho corn laws Tmy h-d Imbibed uw
truths of Jar kson'a farewell address, lhat Jackson
Mj[UbIy [ qo?tad Moisting In favor ufa ???-Judicious
"The various tbtercita wtlch hero combined lo-
galbrr to Impow a heavy tariff and reproduce au
nvottowlng treasury aro loo atroagand have too
rauen at stoke tosunend- r theoontast. I he on or
ations and wealthy lad vldu.ta are engaged In
tars* manufacturing evtabllibments.and dc-lrea
high totlff to Inert aso'lhelr gains. Designing poll???
llcUi.a Will support 11 to conciliate tnelr favor and
to obtain lha mean* of profuse expenditure for
pnrpnwof puicnerivg influanoeln otherqnar-
. - * ??? Thovurplux revenue will bedtawa
front Uw packets Of the iteoplo-from the farmer.
Ihe m??rh??!ilc* aod U'.oiii.k society.'
Tk*y might have idnp-e-i hta vary words, except
jot the main nroliibltivo dttilc. then were on
farm prodnai* It waa at Msuchntar and front
themaekanlatolhstlha aallatloncama Fcrieare
lhay arruygjtd until lha failure of the potato ere n
brought Ireland re ???tarvsUon Thus raenforc d
they sutceeded. Tho corn lawa fell before the
hnogwr of the people. Wo muit oome to a revenue
' er or later. Tho present Utlff cannot bo
l. Wo hard go physical lamina. With
onr broad acresand fruitful soli "iho early aod
Iho UUM min??? will famish plenty; bur
our products ol head and loom, of factory and
WM{ 0S7OBitfUMliOii "cmitle upon a thousand
hUla;??? onrcouotrm droves of iwlnc; barcereata
rolling la haras and clevstora are more than bom*
consumption can exhaust abort ilm*. short wains
mullcsrae units, woappaaa* the onlvaraal hangar
far ! muket for tha surplua If tbta demaad is
heeded things will adjust ihemselv-s slowly and
quietly, Ii inis demaod is despised the mull will
com# nevertheless But In tost css# it msv com#
suddenly; it msycome ruluoualy upon sll wbo
wlto??is..d the people???s clamor lor reform aad re*
daciion of laxei and oost of liyiaf. [ApplaasoJ