Newspaper Page Text
HEAD QUARTERS, )
Commissary .General's Office,
Atlanta, Ga,, August 4, 18<>2. )
To the J ustices ot the Inferior Oourt o.f;
Fulton County. Georgia:
Gentlemen —l am directed by llis Ex
cellency, Joseph E. Brown, to notify the
Justices of the Inferior Court of each coun
ty in Georgia, of the arrangement lie has
made for Salt, and of his plan for distribu
tion to relieve, as far as possible, the ne
cessities of the widow of each deceased
soldier, the wife of each soldier in the ser
vice, the widow having a son or sons in the
service, and the heads of all other families.
For this purpose, 1 herewith finish you
with a printed copy of the Governor’s order
to me on the 31st July, 18(52, and respect
fully invite and solicit your immediate and
prompt cooperation in the execution of said
order.
Please send to me a certified list ot the
names of the parties mentioned in the first
and second sections in said order, and the
amount of money stated in the second sec
tion, and 1 will order the Salt shipped to
your address, as you may direct, for the
use of said parties.
You will discover in the sixth section ot
the Governor’s order an important sug
gestion, and I would respectfully urge the
propriety of holding the public meeting in
your county, and the appointment of a re
liable Agent to sell salt for the aecommo
dation of the people of the county; this
would no doubt greatly aid and facilitate
our object in relieving the present necessi
ties of the people.
Yours, respectfully,
Jared J. Whitaker,
Comm Issary Gen era I.
HEAD QUARTERS,. /
Marietta, July 31, 1862. )
Col. Jared f. Whitaker,
Colonel: Finding that there was but
little prospect, on account of the impossi
bility of large importations, that private
enterprise would afford a supply of salt for
our people this year, and knowing how in- j
dispensable it was to health and comfort, I
determined, as the Executive of the State, j
to do all in my power for the relief of the j
people, though 1 might, by assuming the
responsibility, be exposed to the censure of;
speculators and such captious fault-finders;
as can never be pleased.
After considerable effort, I have succeed- j
ed in procuring a lease upon a sufficient j
supply of salt water at the Virginia Salt
Works, to make five hundred bushels per
day, during the war, and till tfree months
after its termination, if we should need it
so long. 1 have, also employed a reliable
man to go to work, who is to make all the
necessary preparation as so m as possible,
and use sufficient labor to make the quantity
above mentioned. He is already at work
with what kettles and furnaces he has now
in order, and ex oeets to be able in another
month to turn out the live hundred bushels
per day.
lion. John W. Lewis acted as my agent
in the negotiations necessary to secure these
results. A large proportion of the credit,
if any attaches, is due to him, as 1 should
not have been able to secure the lease and
make the other arrangements, without the |
information received from him and his per- :
sonal influence and efforts in the negotia-]
tions. He has rendered valuable service,;
and has refused to receive any compensa-;
tion for either his time or his expenses
while engaged in this business
My purpose is to sell the salt to the in
habitants of this State, at such priee per
bushel as will cover only cost and necessa
y expenses to the time of the sale. The
standard established at the Works is fifty
pounds to the bushel. 1 have to purchase
by this standard, and must sell by it, de
ducting from the fifty pounds whatever
may be found to be the wastage from drip
ping., leakage, &e., after it leaves the works
till it is sold to the consumer. Experience
will soon show how much each bushel loses
in weight during its transportation and
storage.
I shall order all the salt consigned to you
as Commissary General, and desire you to
take charge of it and have it sold by relia
ble agents, to be employed at such central
points as may be selected as distributing
points.
If it is ascertained in future that the price j
now fixed does not pay cost and all ex
penses. it can be raised until it covers both;
or if it does more than this, it can be
reduced.
For the present you are directed to dis
pose of the salt, when received, as follows; j
1. You will t live, without charge, one half
bushel to the widow of each soldier who
has been killed in battle, or has died in the
military service of the State or the Confed
erate States. As you cannot know the
facts, nor make this distribution without
assistance from the different counties of the
State, ! request the J ustices of the Inferior
Court of each county to send you a list of
the names of all widows of soldiers in their
county, with a certificate of two or more of
said Justices that the persons whose names
are sent are the widows of deceased sol
diers. On receipt of such list and certifi
cate, you will ship to said Justices, at such
point as they may designate, one half bush
el for each soldier’s widow, to be distributed
among them by said Justices.
2. You will sell to the wife of each sol
dier now in military service, if she desires
it, and to each widow having a son or sons
in service, one half bushel for one dollar ; !
the names of those entitled to it to be cer
tified by the Justices of the Inferior Court
as in eases of widows of soldiers; and the
salt to be shipped to the Justices of Inferior
Court in ebch county, at such point on a
railroad as they may designate, so soon as
you may have it on hand, and they send
you the money for it. It is supposed there
Uno county in the State whose Justices i
will refuse to make this advance from the
County Treasury, for the benefit of the sol
diers' families, and to take the trouble and *
THE BANKER AND BAPTIST.
expense of getting the salt from the rail-1
road and distributing it among those in
the county entitled, at the price mentioned;
which can be refunded to the County Treas
ury when paid in for the salt by those who
are to receive it.
Should the widow of a deceased soldier,
or the wife of a soldier in service, desire
more than a half bushel for her own use,
she will be permitted to purchase it at the
: price paid by others, in preference to all
| other persons, if there is not a supply for
j all.
1 3. You will sell to all other heads of
families at the rate of four dollars and fifty
, cents per bushel. But no head of a family
will be permitted to receive more than one
| bushel till all are supplied with enough for
present use. You will have each agent to
i keep a book in which he will enter the
i name of each head of a family who gets
salt; and in case one person applies for
the quantity allowed each of several fami
lies, and has the means of hauling it, your
i agent will let him have it, taking from him
•a written certificate giving the name of
I each person for whom he receives it, and
stating that he will deliver it to such per
son at the price he pays for it, and such
price for hauling as may have been agreed
|on between the parties. The names of the
heads of families thus supplied will be en
i tered on the book, that the person receiving
the salt for his neighbors may be detected
if he should act unfaithfully. All pur
chasers will be required to bring with them
their own sacks to carry their salt, home
from the place of sale.
4. As I can place the salt only at a few
central points in the State, you will estab
lish a depot for its sale by a faithful agent,
at each of the following places, to wit.:
I Cartersvil Ip, Atlanta, Athens. Augusta,
Griffin, Macon, Albany, Columbus, and
Savannah. W ere Ito undertake to send
|it to all the towns and depots on the rail
| roads, I must employ so many agents as
i to embarrass in securing prompt set
| tlernents, and greatly increase the price by
j the payment of so many salaries to dis
j tributing agents. You w ill take bond and
| security from each agent, for the faithful
i discharge of his duties and the prompt pay
j ment to you of the man -*y collected by him,
land for the delivery to you of the salt on
hand at an> time when demanded by you
or other agent of the State. Each agent
; will sell for cash, and will remit to you the
! amount he has collected each week. Any
| agent Failing to make such remittance, will
be promptly discharged.
5. Youwili notify the Justices of tin; In
ferior Court of each county in this State, of
the arrangements proposed for the purpose
; ofsttpply ing the widows of deceased soldiers
! and wives of soldiers now in service, w ith
salt to lelieve present necessities, anil re
quest their active cooperation in the pro
posed plan.
6. When the people of a county w ill, by
public meeting, appoint a reliable Agent
who will obligate himself to them to sell
salt for the accommodation of the people 1
of the county, at the prices above mention
ed, adding only the freight which he h.i • i>
pay from the place where he receives it
from your agent to the place of sale, yon
will be authorized,when you have a supply
on hand, to sell for cash, to such County i
Agent, in such quantities as would be the;
reasonable proportion for his county, at the j
prices above specified. This will afford
those who are disposed to render a public;
service without charge, in a matter of vital
I importance to their fellow-citizens, an ..p
| portunity to display their liberality. It is,
hoped some person with sufficient means'
will be found in each county remote from:
the central points of deposite, willing to’
| serve the public for the public good.
The different railroad companies in this
State have shown a liberality and adisposi- i
tion to afford relief to the people in the
present emergency, which entitle them to
l the gratitude of all. 1 determined to carry j
I the salt imported by the State over the
State Road, to the places of deposite and!
sale, free of charge , and to carry from the;
! place of sale to the depot of the consumer,'
free. .1 communicated this determination
to the Presidents of the principal Roads of:
|the State, and asked their cooperation, and!
! that they also carry all salt imported by ,
the State free, as well while in possession
of the State as for the consumer after he
has purchased from the State’s agent; and
it affords me great pleasure to say that 1
hrve received responses from the following
Railroad Presidents, in the order mention !
od, promptly and cheerfully agreeing to
render this public service free of charge,
till further orders: Hon. R. R Cuvier,
President C. I{. R. and Branches, and of,
the S. W. R. R.; Isaac Scott, Esq., Preai-I
dent Macon and Western R. R.; Ifoa. J.!
P. King, President Ga. R.R.and Blanches,
and of the A. A \V. P. R. R It is not
doubted that the President of each other;
Road in the Stale will meet this request;
I with like liberality and patriotism. The
I salt imported under my direction will,!
'therefore, no doubt, go to any point in the]
; State, on a railroad, to the consumer pur-i
chasing from the State Agent, free of;
charge for freights.
1 shall do what 1 possibly can to supply
| all during the summer and fall; an J I trust,
with what may be made by the < Georgia Salt
Manufacturing Company, whose office i>
located at Augusta, and with what our po j
pie will make upon the caast. j t i- expect-j
ed that all who live near the coast will at
least make their own supply,] that all who]
practice strict economy may have enough. ’
1 respectfully’suggest to our people, to so’
divide what they may receive among their
neighbors, till more'can be had, that none'
may suffer. And I further suggest, that,
they do ail the) can t. permit speculators,
who have a supply on hand for the accom-j
modation of the people at fifteen to twenty
dollars per bushel, to h<ld it to the end ot.
the war,When they can prababiv afford to
sell it much cheaper.
Joseph E. Brown. !
STATE OF GEORGIA.
Declaration of Fundamental Principles.
1. The fundamental principles of Free
Government cannot be too well understood,
nor too often recurred to.
2. God has ordained that men shall
live under government, but as the forms
and administration of civil governments
are in human, and, therefore, fallible hands,
! they may be altered, or modified, whenever
the safety or happiness of the government
requires it. No government should be
changed for light or transient causes; nor
unless upon reasonable assurance that a
better will be established.
3. Protection to person or property is
the duty of Government; and a Govern
ment which, knowingly and persistently
denies, or witholds from the governed such
protection, when within its power, releases
them from the obligation of obedience.
4. No citizen shall be deprived of life,
liberty or property, except by due process
of law ; and of life or liberty, only by the
judgment of his peers.
5. The writ of u habeas- corpus shall
not be suspended, unless, in case of rebel
! lion or invasion, the public safety may re-
Iquire it.
| t>. The right of the people to keep and
i bear arms shall not be infringed.
7. No religious test shall be required for
| the tenure of any office; and no religion
shall be established by law, and no citizen
! shall be deprived of any right or privilege
j by reason of his religious belief.
| 8. Freedom of thought and opinion, free
!do in of speech, and freedom of the press,
are inherent elements of political liberty.
Rut while every citizen may freely speak,
write, and print, on any subject, he shall be
responsible for the abuse of the liberty,
j it. The right of the people to appeal to
i the courts; to petition Government on all
| matters of legitimate cognizance; and
■ peaceably to assemble for the consideration
ol any matter of public consent—shall
1 never be impaired.
10. For every right there should be pro
vided a remedy ; and every citizen ought
I to obtain justice without purchase, without
denial, and without delay—conformably to
the laws of the land.
11. Every person charged with an offence
against the laws ol the State shall have the
privilege and benefit ot counsel:
Shall be furnished, on demand, with a
copy of the accusation, and with a list of
the witnesses against him ;
Shall have compulsory process to obtain
the attendance of his own witnesses :
Shall be confronted with the witnesses
testifying against him, and
Shall have a public and speedy trial by
an impartial jury.
I*2. No person shall be put in jeopardy
of life or liberty more than once for the
same offence.
13. No enfw ieUon shall work corruption
of blood, or general forfeiture of estate.
11. Excessive bail shall not be required,
imr excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and
i> ll usual punishments inflicted.
15. The power of the courts to punish
tin* contempt shall be limited by legisla
tive acts.
15. A faithful execution of the laws is
essential to good order, and good order in
society is essential to liberty.
17. Legislative acts in violation of the
fundamental law are void, and the Jndi
oiary shall so declare them.
17. Ex post facto laws and laws impair
ing the obligation of contracts, and retro
active legislation injuriously affecting the
right of the citizen, are prohibited.
10. Laws should have a general opera
tion ; and no general law' shall be vested in
a particular ease by special legislation ex
cept with consent of all persons to be af
fected thereby.
*2O. The right of taxation can be granted
jonly by the people, and shall be exercised
jonly to raise revenue for the support of
] Government, to pay the public debt, to
j provide for the common defence, and for
jsuch other purposes as are specified in the
i grant of powers.
21. In case of necessity, private ways,
j and the right to earn water over land, for
1 the purpose of mining and draining, may
I be granted upon compensation being first
paid; and with this exception, private
j property shall not be taken, except for pub
lic use, and then only upon just compen
sation—such compensation, except in cases
jof pressing necessity, to be first provided
and paid
22. The right of the people to be secure
in their persons, houses, papers,and affects,
against unreasonable searches and seizures,
(shall not be violated ; and no warrant shall
! issue but upon probable cause, supported
jby oath or affirmation, and particularly
ldescribing the place or places to be searched,
! and the person and things to be seized.
23. Martial law shall not be declared
(except in cases of extreme necessity.
24. Large standing armies, in times of
1 peace are dangerous to liberty.
! 25. No soldier shall, in time of peace,
j be quartered in any house without the con
j sent of the owner; nor in time of war, but
in a manner prescribed by law.
2(1. The person of a debtor shall not be
detained in prison after delivering bona fide
all his estate for the use of his creditors.
27. The enumeration of rights herein
I contained shall not be construed to deny to
] the people any inherent rights which they
; have hitherto enjoyed.
28. This declaration is a part of the Con
stitution, and shall never b; violated under
■any pretence whatever.
Tract Depositor} .
Brother A. E. Dickinson has established
a Tract Depository in this city. Those de
sirous of distributing Tracts in our hospitals
can obtain them by applying at the office of
The Banner and Baptist.
State Evangelist.
Brother Jesse 11. Campbell has been la- j
boring as State Evangelist, and recently asj
Colporteur among our soldiers on the coast.
The committee regret that the income of
the Permanent Mission Fund is so small as
to allow no appropriation this year. We
can only urge that our brethren will make #
contributions to the support of brother
Campbell, and continue him in this import
ant field of missionary labor. — [Extract
from Report of Executive Committee , Geor
gia Baptist Convention. Friend.
RAILROAD GUIDEC
Georgia Railroad & Banking Cos
Augusta to Atlanta.... 171 Milks Fare $5 50
GEORGE YONGE, Superintendent.
Morning Passenger Train.
(SUNDAYS EXCEPTED.)
; Leave Atlanta daily at ) 00 A. M.
: Arrive at Augusta at a aa P. 51.
! Leave Augusta daily at ** 30 A. M.
! Arrive at Atlanta at 7 15 P. M.
Night Passenger Train.
Leave Atlanta daily at 7 -10 P/M.
j Arrive at August aat 5 48 A. M.
Leave Augusta at 4 00 P. M.
j Arrive at Atlanta at 2 05 A. M.
This road ruus in connection with the (rains oi
I the South Carolina and the. Savannah and Augusta
| Railroads, at Augusta.
Macon and Western Railroad.
change of schedule.
! Macon to Atlanta....lo4 Miles Fare $4 50.
ALFRED 1,. TYLER, Superintendent.
Macon, Georgia, July SO, 1800.
On and alter Sunday, 41 h of August, the trains will
be run as follows:
Leave Macon at 10 00 a. m.
Arrive at Atlanta at 4 00 p. in.
Leave Atlanta at 0 00 a. m.
Arrive at Macon 12 05 in.
This train connects with Central, South western,
and Muscogee railroads at Macon.
Western & Atlantic Railroad.
Atlanta to Chattanooga, 138 Miles—Fare,.. .$5.
JOHN S. ROWLAND, Superintendent.
passenger train.
Leaves Atlanta, nightly, at 7.30, P M
Arrives at Chattanooga at 4.10, A M
Leaves Chattanooga at 0.05, P M
Arrives at Atlanta at 2.32, A M
express freight and passenger train.
Leaves Atlanta, daily, at 4.00, A M
Arrives at Chattanooga at 3.40, P M
Leaves Chattanooga at 4.40, A M
Arrives at Atlanta at 4.(30, P M
This Road connects, each way, with the Rome
Branch Railroad at Kingston, the East Tennessee
and Georgia Railroad at Dalton, and the Nashville
& Chattanooga Railroad at Chattanooga.
Atlanta and West Point Railroad.
Atlanta t<> West Point 87 Mile* Fare $3 50
GEORGE 1 HULL, Superintendent.
Leaves Atlanta, daily, at 3.00, A M
Arrives, at West-Point at 7.30, A M
Leaves West-Point, daily, a! 2.00, P M
Arrives at Atlanta at 0.28, A M
This Road connects with the Montgomery and
West-Point Road at West-Point.
Headquarters, 1
Military Post, Atlanta, .-
May 14, 1862. )
tiviutal Order, Xo. I.
In obedience to orders received from
Brigadier General A. R. Lawton, command
ing Military Division of Georgia, in assu
ming command of this Post for the purpose
of guarding the Government stores, to pre
serve order in and around Atlanta, and for
the protection of. all loyal citizens and the
niffUhment of all disorderly conduct, the
following regulations will be observed :
1. Details will be made daily to protect!
the Government stores and propel ty, and
guards will be posted at different points in
the city for that purpose ; also a scouting
guard,*day and night, to preserve order, act
ing in concert with the city authorities. j
2. Sentinels will be posted on each rail
road train to examine and arrest all suspi
cious persons pointed out to them ; and to
make this order effective, superintendents
of railroads are requested to instruct con
ductors to cooperate with the sentinels for ]
that purpose.
3. Owners of all cotton, hay, or other,
combustible material, are required without
delay to remove the same to such points of
safety, distant from Government stores, as
may be designated by the commanding of
ficer of this post.
4. Any grocer or other person selling to
or furnishing any officer or soldier with
spirits or wine, which is prohibited unless
upon the order of an army surgeon, will be
arrested and dealt with by the proper mili
tary' authorities.
5. All officers, soldiers, or citizens, found
drunk or otherwise disorderly in the streets,
will be taken in charge by the guard and
sent to these headquarters.
6. No officers or soldiers w ill be allowed
to remain in and around Atlanta, unless such
officers or soldiers be furnished with a per
mit from their respective commanders. —
And all commanders of troops stopping
over in Atlanta will report the fad to the
officer commanding this post.
7. No slave or free person of color w ill
be allowed to wralk the streets after Rie hour.
of nine o’clock p. in., either with or without;
a pass, unless accompanied by hi* or her
owner.
The officer commanding earnestly invites!
the aid and cooperation of his Honor, the
Mayor, and city authorities, and all citizens
in preserving good order and sobriety in the
city, and specially requests of all persons to]
report to him any improper conduct on the
part of any of the officers or soldiers under
his command.
By order of Colonel Commanding,
- * -#►- ♦
Paste-board.
All who have paste board boxes, can turn
them to good account by sending them to
the Franklin Printing-House, Atlanta, Ga.,
to be used in binding Testaments,
GENERAL DIRECTORY.
i onf'erterate Govt*i nnu n 1
President—.] eekkrson Davis, of Miss.
I r ice “ —A. H. Stephens, of Ga.
The Cabinet. —Judah P. Benjamin, of La.,
Secretary of State.
C. G. Memminger, ufS. C., Secretary of
Treasury.
George W. Randolph, of Vh., Secretary
of War.
S. R. Mallory, of Fla.,Secretary of Navy.
Thos. 11. Watts, of Alabama, Attorney
General.
John 11. Reagan, of Texas, Postmaster-
General.
The SeiiMie,
Alabama■ —Will. L. Yancey, 0. (’. Clay.
Arkansas —Robert W. Johnson, C. B.
Mitchell.
Florida — J. M. Baker, A. E. Maxwell.
Georgia —B. 11. Hill, John VS 7 . Lewis.
Kentucky —Henry G. Burnett, William
E. Sims.
Louisiana —Edward Sparrow, Tima. J.
Se tomes.
Mississippi —A. G. Brown, Jas. Phelan.
Missouri —J. B. Clarke, R. L. E. Peyton.
North Carolina —George Davis, W. T.
Dortch.
South Carolina- -Robert VV. Bam well,
James L. < i r.
Tennessee —Gustaves A. Henry, Landun
C. Haynes.
Texas —L. 'J'. Wigfall, VV. S. Oldham.
Virginia —R. M. T. Hunter, William
B. Preston.
House of Itepresentaili es.
Alabama : T. J. Foster, W. R. Smith,
J. P. Ralls, J. L. Curry, F. S. Lyon, W.
P. Chilton, David Clopton, J. S. Pugh, P 2.
S. Dargan.
Arkansas; G. A. Garland, J-arnes M.
Patterson. (Incomplete.)
Florida: James B. Dawkins, R. B
Hilton.
Georgia: Julian Hart ridge, Charles J.
Munnerlyn, Hines Holt, Aug. 11. Kenan,
David W. Lewis, W. W. Clark, Robert P.
Trippe, Lucius J. Gartrell, Hardy Strick
land, Augustus K. Wright.
Kentucky : (Not yet elected.)
Louisiana: Charles J. Villers, Charles
M. Conrad, Duncan F. Kenner, Lucien J.
Dupre, John L. Lewis, John Perkins, Jr.
Mississippi: J. W. Clapp, Reuben Da
vis, Israel Welch, 11. C. Chambers, O. R.
Singleton, E. Barksdale, John J. Mcßae.
i
Missouri: W. M, Cook, T. C. Harris,
Caspar W. Bell, Adam 11. Condon, G. G.
West, L. W. Freeman, Hyer.
North Carolina: W. 11. Smith, R. R.
Bridges, O. R. Kenan, T. D. McDowell,
A. 11. Arrington, J. li. MeLea.., W. S.
Ashe, W illiam Landor, B. S. Gaither, A.
T. Davidson.
South Carolina: John McQueen, W.
Porcher Miles, L. M. Ayer, M. L. Bonham,
James Farrow, W. W. Boy'oe.
Tennessee: Joseph B. Heiskell, W. G.
Swan, W. 11. Tibbs, E. F. Gardenshire,
Ilenry'S. Foote, Jr., Meredith P. Gentry,
George W. Jones, Thomas Mennes, J. D.
Adkins, John V. Wright, I). M. Ourrin.
Texas: John A. Wilcox, 0. C. Her
bert, F. W. Gray, F. B. Sexton, M. 1).
Graham, B. 11. Epperson.
Virginia: M. K. 11. Garnett, John B.
Chambliss, John Tyler, Roger A. Pryor,
Thomas S. Bococke, John Goode, Jr., Jas
P. Holcombe, I). C. DeJarnette, William
Smith, A. R. Boteler, John B. Baldwin,
W alter R. Staples, Walter Preston, A. G.
Jenkins, Robert Johnston, C. W. Russell.
■ - —-
Government of €2eorgiM. ,
Joseph E. Brown, Governor.
N. C. Barnett, Secretary of State.
John Jones, Treasurer.
Peterson Thweatt, Comptroller Geneial.
E. D. Brown, Librarian.
John Billups, President of the Senate.
J. M. Mobley, Secretary “ “
Warren Akin, Speaker of the House.
L, Carrington, Clerk “ “
J. B. Campbell, Secr’y Executive Dep t.
11. 11. Waters, Private Secretary.
J. S. Rowland, Sup’t State Railroad.
James A. Green, Keeper Penitentiary.
T. T. W indsor, Book-keeper “
Supreme Court Judges. —J. 11. Lumpkin,
of Clark. Charles J. Jenkins, of Richmond.
R. F. Lyon, of Fulton.
Times and places of holding Court. —First
District, composed of the Eastern, Middle
and Brunswick Circuits; at Savannah on
the second Mondays in January and June.
Second District, composed of the Macon,
Southwestern, Chattahoochee and Pataula
Circuits ; at Macon on the fourth Mondays
in January and June.
Third District, composed of the Flint,
Coweta, Blue Ridge, Cherokee and Talla
poosa Circuits ; at Atlanta on the fourth
Monday in March and second Monday in
August.
Fourth District, composed of the West
ern and Northern Circuits; at Athens on
the fourth Mondays in May and November.
Fifth District, composed of the Ocmulgee
and Southern Circuits; at Milledgeville on
the second Mondays in May and November.
The Banner and Baptist is published ev
ery Saturday morning, at Atlanta, Ga., at
the price of three doßars per year, always
in advance.