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LABOR IN CHILL
Native Laborers are Muscular,
Strong and Hardy.
Chilian Methods of Working are
Primitive, But Practical.
From Theodore Childs’ article in
Harper’s describing a coasting voyage
in southern latitudes, we make this
interesting extract about the native
workmen of Chili:
The next day we were anchored in
the bay of Coronel. The Osiris was
surrounded by lighters laden with
coal, which was being rapidly shov¬
elled into the bunks by dark-skinned
natives. The white mist that hung
■over us made the water look like dull
silver; in the foreground were ships
at anchor and small lighters provided
with winches and nets for dredging
op the bits of coal that fall into the
water while the steamers are loading;
in the background were the wind¬
ing wheels of the coal pits; the
moles surmounted by trainB of coal
trucks; the sickly sulphurous smoke
streams of the inevitable smelting
works; the small town of Coronel
clustered along the sandy black beach;
and behind, the greeu hills diapered
with mule paths and patchos of red
or yellow earth. The meals of the coal
heavers on the foredeck interested
us. Great bowls of beans, lumps of
salt beef and fat, piles of biscuit, and
gallons of coffee were served out to
them. Each man took what he needed
of the solids, chose his corner on the
rail, over the hatches, or simply on
the bare deck, and ate with no more
comfort than a dog. Then each man
produced a large violet mussel shell,
which he used in lieu of a spoon to
scoop up tho beans and drink the
■coffee. Let it be remarked
that these coal-lieavevs earn high
wages, as much as five Chilian dollars,
or say ten shillings gold, a day, and
their food gratis; and yet they remain
little betler than good-natured brutes,
taking no strong drinks while they
are at work, but ready for any quan¬
tity of dissipation after sunset, im¬
provident in the extreme, and willing
to work, and to work well, only when
they have no money left to spend.
While watching those strong muscular
fellows, I had some conversation with
the Russian timber merchant about his
experience of men and things in Chili,
the subject having been led up
to by my remarking the frequent evi¬
dences of primitiveness in Chilian
methods of working. Speaking of
the great strength and hardiness of the
Chilian native laborer, Herr C. said
*hat this was still more noticeable in
the more southern forest dis¬
tricts. At Puerto Montt, for
instance, which is one of the
most important timber ports, the
work is done entirely by band. The
trees are felled with axes, sawn into
planks on the spot by hand, and the
planks carried to the port from a dis¬
tance of ten or twelve miles balanced
on the shoulder of a man, who goes
along under his burden at a run. None
•but native Chilians could do such
work, and, given the absence of roads,
and above all the nature of the work¬
men, all attempts to modernize tho
methods of getting out the timber
have failed. Experiments hatre been
made in introducing North American
machinery, but without success. The
innovators have invariably lost their
money, and the natives, accustomed to
do everything with their hands,
have in the end wilfully broken the
machinery, in order to have done
with it. I mentioned the fact that
the Chilian government, as I had been
informed, meditated the essay of Nor¬
wegian and Swedish colonists in these
southern forest regions. Ilerr C. was
of opinion that this scheme was utter¬
ly improbable, for the simple reason
that Scandinavian colonists would re¬
fuse to live liko pigs, as the Chilians
live. The present primitive methods
are the cheapest and tho most practi¬
cal.
Sir David Brewster, an eminent
Scotch writer and natural philoapher,
invented the philosophical toy called
the kaleidoscope, in 1816. The name
comes from the Greek and means “I
see beautiful images.” This optical
instrument is not only a pleasing toy,
but it is of great use to patt eru de¬
signers and others to whom it supplies
an endless variety of fiarures.
The Best Way to Ventilate.
Eight persons out of ten will en.
deavor to rid a room of its noxious
gases by making an outlet for the air
near the top of the inclosed space. Tho
result is that tho room is cooled, hut
the impurities remain practicajjy where
they were. The reason is tills: As the
air of a room is heated it rises, but the
impure gases, being generally heavier
than ordinary air, settle to tho bottom
of tlie room. A great amount of harm
has been done, in schoolrooms particu¬
larly, by lowering the upper sashes in
windows, thus causing cold drafts
upon the overheated heads of tiic pu¬
pils. A room is best ventilated when
tho heavy and impure air is drawn
gradually away from the lower part
of the room through an opening into
a chimney, the heated -walls of which
cause an upward current. An open
fireplace is thus one of the best venti¬
lators known. When this is not con¬
venient, au opening covered by a grate
should be made iu the chimney near
tho floor. Low rooms frequently
become so overrated as to re¬
quire an outlet near the top, but
this should be used simply to cool
the room, not to ventilate it. In close
buildings occupied by animals, venti¬
lation can be secured by a close shaft
six or more inches square, according
to the size of the room, extending
from within about twelve inches of
the floor up through the roof of the
building. The wind blowing across
the top of this will cause an upward
current, which will draw off the im¬
pure air.
Interesting experiments can be
made by testing the effectiveness of
various kinds of ventilation. Let the
doors of a room bo closed to keep out
drafts; then with delicate tissue paper
cut in long strips and held by one end,
or with a lighted candle, note tho out¬
ward current of air through an open¬
ing near the floor iuto a heated
chimney, or from the room into an
open fire. Note also the outward cur¬
rent of the upper air when a window
is lowel'ed, and at the samo time the
downward rush of cold air to the floor
near the wiudow. If a sleeping room
has been closed all night, as too many
sleeping rooms arc, go out into tho
pure air for fifteen minutes; then go
back into the closed room, and note
the unpleasant change. The first
seed of disease are too often sown in
unvontilated bedrooms.— [American
Agriculturist.
Uow Danny Lost a Coat.
He walked down to tho end of the
pier where the stevedores were work¬
ing, and looked sadly at the water.
“How deep is it here?” he«sked one
of tho men.
“I dunno.”
“Do you think it’s deep enough to
drown a man ?”
‘ ‘I guess.”
“Well, anyplace is good enough for
me,” he said, despairingly, as he began
to strip off his coat and vest.
“Are yez goin’ ter jump?” asked one
of the stevedores.
“Yes, I’m tired of life.”
<*
“Thot coat an’ wescott will fit my
Danny.”
“It will, hey? Well, your Danny
can have it if some one doesn’t como
along and jerk me out of the water.”
“Jerk ye out, is it? Shurc, an’
there’s no danger of that. The last fel-
ley that went over there wuz a gurrul,
and she wuz bit in two paces with wan
bite ov a big shark so quick that she
never let a squeak out of her.”
Tho young man who wanted to die
walked to the edge of the dock and
looked earnestly at the water. Then
he put on his coat and vest and walked
away.
“Ef I had kept me mouth shut I’d
had a foine coat an’ wescott fur
Danny. It’s me mouth that’s always
gettin’ me into thrubble. Giv us a
band wid de bale, Moike.”—[New
York Sun.,
A Personal Reflection.
“When I look at our honored
guest,” exclaimed the orator of the
evening, “and remember how he rose
from a humble position to be the pres¬
ident of this vast corporation I realize
forcibly the truth of the saying that
there is always room at the top.”
The president of the vast corpora¬
tion, a gentleman with a large bald
spot on the top of his head, made a
memorandum in a little notebook, and
the wages of that young orator have
never been raised.—[Chicago Tribuno.
FOR FARM AND GARDEN.
FOWLS WITH SCARRY LEGS.
The thick scabs, or scales, on fowls’
Jogs are caused by a small mite which
burrows under the skin. To get rid
of these small pests the legs may be
washed in warm water and then ’.veil
greased with a mixture of lard and
kerosene oil, rubbing tho grease well
into tho scales with a still' brush. If
the roosts are kept greased in this way
the fowls will be free from all kinds
of vermin.— [American Dairyman.
SALSIFY.
Salsify, better known by its more
common name of vegetable oyster,
although to be found in the catalogues
of all seedsmen, is not very generally
met with in farmers’ gardens, The
crop succeeds best in a light, sandy
loam, well enriched and' thoroughly
worked before the seed is sown. Tho
method of culture is almost entirely
the same as for carrots or parsnips.
The seed should be sown as early as
the ground can be worked in the
Spring and the roots will he ready for
use or market the following Fall and
during the Winter and Spring, but the
Winter’s supply should be dug and
stored in sand before the ground
freezes up, They may, however, if
desired, be left in the ground like
parsnips and be dug in the Spring.—
[New York World.
LARGE AND DOUBLE-YEI.KED EGGS.
It is seldom that a donble-yelked
egg will hatch, though instances have
been known in which such eggs have
produced chicks. When double-yclkcd
eggs are found, it is to bo regretted,
as they invariably indicate that the
hens are out of condition—too fat. A
hen in good laying condition will
never produce an egg other than of
the normal size peculiar to her breed,
and if fat, she is entirely unfitted for
laying. If a fat hen is killed she will
be found full of eggs, so to speak, but
they will be noticed to be of all sizes,
and the poultryman will be amazed
over tho fact that she did not lay; but
examination will show that obstruc¬
tions of fat were the cause, and tlie
lieu is then more profitable dead than
wlion alive.—[Farm and Fireside.
EXPERIENCE WITH TOMATOES.
It lias been demonstrated emphati¬
cally that the tomato is very suscepti¬
ble to careful culture, and hereditary
influence predominates over the plant
as a whole rather than over the fruit.
Heavy manuring does not lessen pro¬
ductiveness, and nitrate of soda and
muriate of potash alone arc not profit¬
able manures for tomatoes on poor
soil. Early setting brings earliness
of crop and fruitfulness. Cuttings are
not as good as seedlings. It is well to
trim the plants lightly in late summer.
Doubled flowered varieties bear ir¬
regular fruit, but a monstrous blossom
upon a young plant may not mean that
the plant will produce irregular fruit
generally. Dark, cool weather in
early autumn, and frosts are the worst
checks to large tomato harvests. Start
the plants, therefore, as early as possi¬
ble; attend to the following essentials:
Careful selection and breeding, early
sowing, frequent transplanting to
bring stocky plants, and a rich, well-
tilled soil. Varieties seem to run out.
The best sorts are Ignolum, Favorite,
Bay State, Atlantic, among the reds;
Beauty, Mikado, among pinks, and
Golden Queen among the yellow va¬
rieties. Tho Ruby and Clierain are
the most promising among the newer
sorts. The “Ithaca” is figured, as
also two views of fields with different
fertilizers.—[American Agriculturist.
BREEDS OF CniCKENS.
An agricultural journal thus sums
up the leading points of preference
in the leading fowls.
The langslians lay best in winter.
They give a goodly number of eggs,
and are excellent table birds.
T«e brahmas come next—the light
class of this variety excelling the
dark.
The partridge Cochins arc tho best
layers of the Cochin class. The buff,
the best table fowls; the whites,
blacks, and partridge follow the buffs
for meat
Tlie Iloudans and the whole French
class are excellent layers and grand
market birds.
The Plymouth rocks are good layers
and capital table fowls. So are Wyan-
duties, but they will lay more eggs
than the rocks, All the American
birds are good, aud come near all-pur¬
pose fowls.
The Leghorns, Minorcas, Spanish
Andalusians, and Hamburgs are the
fowls with big egg records, but they
are not worth much for eating.
The dorkius non-superior for flesfta
qualities.
The white Leghorns, Minorcas,
Spanish and Iloudans lay the largest
eggs.
The brown Leghorns lay the most
eggs of the Leghorn family, but they
arc smaller.
Tho Javas recommend themselves as
table birds, and very readily assume
fat.
Tho Jersey blues are not highly
recommended either as egg producers
or for the table.
The Polish are the handsomest of
fowls, excellent layers, but not recom¬
mended for the table.
The Hamburgs are persistent layers,
but of no account for the table.
The American Dominiques are the
original American fowl. They are
good layers and table birds, aud just
the farmers’ fowls.
The Game class are second to none
for table use, and also possess a cred¬
itable egg record.
GRASSES FOR HAY.
Of grasses there are five that are
usually grown for hay, counting
clover. Tho latter is not strictly a
grass, but on account of its value for
pasturage and for hay it is considered
with them. The five are clover, tim¬
othy, orchard grass, red top and Hun¬
garian or millet. For feeding out on
the farm with all classes of stock, red
clover stands at the head. It can be
sown in the spring on wheat or with
oats or Ly itself. It grows rapidly
and gives a good yield if the season is
at all favorable. In addition to mak¬
ing a good feed, whether pastured or
harvested and made into hay, clover
is one of the best crops to aid in build¬
ing up tlie fertility.
Timothy is one of the best grasses
for hay for horses,and if hay is grown
for market timothy will return tho
best profit, as it sells at a higher price
than any other kind. As with all
grasses for hay the quality is largely
determined by the stage in which it is
cut and the manner o| curing and
storing away. It stands next to clover
in feeding value. It can bo sown in
the fall either with wheat or alone, or
it can be sown in the spring. If the
seeding is done in tho spring it will be
quite an item to sow clover and timo¬
thy as early as the season ancl (he con¬
dition of tlie soil will permit.
lied top makes a good hay; it ripens
after clover aud timothy and is better
adapted to growing on thin land than
either of the others. It can be sown in
the usual way. Orchard grass on
reasonably good land makes a good
growth and yield, tho only objection
being its inclination to grow in stools,
but this can be avoided by using plenty
of seed and securing a good oven stand
all over the surface. It is rather
coarser than either timothy or red top
aud ripens earlier, being ready to cut
at almost the same time as clover. It
is not grown as extensively as the
other varieties, maybe because its value
has not been thoroughly tried.
Hungarian or millet makes a good
hay, especially for cattle or sheep, and
on good, rich soil, well prepared and
in a favorable season, will give a large
yield of hay. It is an annual and
must be sown each year, and is not a
profitable grass to grow on thin land.
It can be sown tho latter part of May
or the first of June, and care must be
taken to prepare the soil in a good
tilth before planting. It is always
good economy with all grass, whether
sown for pasturage or hay, to use
plenty of seed, so that a good even
stand may be secured, and the more
thoroughly this is done, with care in the
preparation of the Boil and the sowing
of the seed, the better the results.—
[Farm, Field and Stockman.
FARM AND GARDEN NOTES.
Never throw large quantities of
seed to the fowls at one time.
In breeding to improve the poultry
it is very necessary that the male used
should be as good as can be obtained.
Broken rice can often be bought
cheap, and makes a good feed for
young poultry. It should be soaked
nntil soft.
To Break a Bog From Eating Eggs.
Divide a heaping teaspoonful doses. of Break tartar off
emetic into eight or ten of the
this end of nil egg, empty a part
contents and stir into the remainder left
in the shell a dose of tartar emetic. Con¬
fine the dog in a room, or tie him, and
give him the doctored egg. In an hour
or two he will be tryiug to turn himself
wrong side out. As soon as he is over
tin; nausea, give him a second egg and a
third, if he will eat it. When he refuses
to eat the egg, and lets lie by him for
several hours untouched, pry open his
mouth and force the egg down his throat.
Afterward you may trust him in your heu
house.
The object in tying the dog is to let
him get nothing else to eat while he is
under treatment, or he may think it was
the last thing eaten that made him so
sick. The idea is to convince him that
eggs no longer will lie on his stomach.
Bowdlerism.
Inasmuch as we are likely to have use
for such a word as Bowdlerize, it is time
to become familiar with its meaning and
origin. Thomas It is derived from the name of
Bowdler, who edited an edition
of Shakespeare, and another of Gibbon
from which all the naughtiness was left
out. A large amount of classic literature
will have to be put through this process
of Bowdlerizing in order to make it ac¬
ceptable to some fastidious folks of to¬
day.
Ilawkes’ Spectacles.
The reputation of these fine glasees is not of
the cheap order. They have been used, en¬
dorsed, and warmly praised by the solid repre¬ Such
sentative men of the United States.
men recommend them as Senator-elect Jno.
B. Gordon, Ex-Gov. Fitzhugh Lee, Gov. E. W.
Wilson of West Va., Rev. II. C. Morrison, D.
D.; Bishop Alex. W. Gregg, Chancellor Uni¬
versity or the South; Gov. R. B. Hubbard, Ex-
Minister to Japan; Judge Simon P. Hughes,
of Arkansas and many hundreds of others.
These famous spectacles are sold in Mexico. nearly
every town from Maryland Take'no others. to New Every pair
Call for Hawkes’.
warranted.
SI00 Rewnrd. Si00.
The readers of this paper will be ploased to
learn that there is at least one dreaded disease
that science has been able to cure in all it«
stagey and that is catarrh. Hall’s Catarrh
Cure is the only positive cure now known to
tho medical fraternity. Catarrh being a con¬
stitutional disease, requires a constitutional
treatment. Hall’s Catarrh Cure is taken in¬
ternally, surfaces actiDg directly tho upon the thereby blood and de¬
mucous of system,
giving stroying the the patient foundation strength of by the building disease, and the
constitution and assisting in doing up its
nature faith
work. The proprietors have so much in
its curative powers that they offer One Hun¬
dred Dollars for any case that it fails to cure.
Send for list of testimonials. Address
F. J. Chknf.y & Co., Toledo, O.
Sol d by Druggists, 75c.
Money In tho Business.
Tell Mrs. Wells that her, or any industrious
person can make §30 a week address iu the the plating Lake
business. Co., For Englewood, particulars III. A Plater costs
Electric and know there is
$3. I am the working business. now
money in
If afflicted with sore eyes use Dr. Isaac Thomp¬
son’s Eye-water.Druggists sell at25e per bottle.
*
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ftw
fed
A*
jSSi
ONE ENJOYS
Both the method and results when
Syrup and refreshing of Figs is taken; the taste, it is and pleasant
to acta
gently Liver and yet promptly Bowels, cleanses on the Kidneys, the
effectually, dispels colds, head¬ sys¬
tem
aches and fevers and cures habitual
constipation. only remedy or Syrup its kind of Figs ever is pro¬ the
duced, pleasing to the taste and ac¬
ceptable to the stomach, beneficial prompt in
its action and truly « its
effects, prepared only from the most
and agreeable substances, its
ent qualities commend it
to all and have made it the most
popular remedy known.
Syrup of Figs is for sale in 50o
and $1 bottles by all leading drug¬ who
gists. Any reliable hand druggist will
may not have it on pro¬
cure it promptly for any one who
wishes to try it. Do not accept any
substitute.
CALIFORNIA FIG SYRUP CO.
SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. N.T.
LOUISVILLE. NY. NEW YORK.
Every Farmerhis own Roofer
CHEAPER than Shingles, Tin or Slate.
Reduces Tour INSURANCE, and Perfectly
Fire, Water and Wind Proof.
lCORRUGATED
te.J Catalogue. FOR at •Uft'lcw HN prices ‘
Our Roofing I* reedy formed for the Building,
end Roofing can be applied till you by write any to ua one. for onr Do not Deacrip* bny
any tlve Catalogue, Serlea H. AOENTS WANTED.
KING COTTON
Buyer sell your Cotton ° n JONHS
Alll|5‘Ton V 11 N0T CHEAPEST Cotton BUT Scale. BEST
k {ST! IB For term* address -
ill ” |i ^ U w JONES or BINGHAMTON,
BINGHAMTON. N. V.