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A.. EDGAR KTI3C.
The Supreme Court of North Carolina
holds that a railroad company becomes
[iablc for punitive damages in wilfully
failing to stop for passengers at a regular
station and cannot escape liability on the
ground that there was not sufficient
roorain the train if it appeared that by
reasonable diligence it might have pro¬
vided extra cars.
It is stated that withiu a short time an
entirely new mode of usmg the current
of rivers having no waterfall, when the
current runs from three to ton mile.” an
hour, with a depth of two to four feet,
will be brought out. The proposed
scheme involves the use of a new water-
wheel, which, it is said, will practically
and effectually settle the question of util¬
izing the natural current of rivers anil
will be especially advantageous in power
transmission for mining districts.
Says the Atlanta Constitution: “Humor
has its fashions. The funny men of the
past generation do not please the read¬
ers of to-day.. Mark Twain realizes this,
and he is trying to strike a new vein.
The Danbury News man, Bill Nye, Eli
Perkins and a host of others have found
their popularity waning, and they are
working hard to adapt themselves to tiie
change in public taste. Their failure is
inevitable. The average humorist has
only one career. When the public drop
him he is at the end of his row.”
The fox that lost bis tail iu a trap
afterward explained to his brother foxes
that it was fashionable to go tailless, and
he suggested that they should follow his
example. Something like this appears
to have happened in the comet world,
observes the Chicago Herald. When
Biela’s comet appeared in 1872 it was
found to have been split in two and to
have lost its tail. Professor Barnard, of
the Lick Observatory, in California, has
now discovered a tailless comet, which
would indicate that Biela's erratic trav¬
eler had been more successful in setting
the fashion than was AS sop’s fox.
It is reported from Russia that the
Czar is both enraged and depressed by
the official corruption which could no
longer be concealed when the famine set
in. He was under the impression that
there was an ample reserve of corn in the
village magazines, but it was impossible
to keep him deceived on this point, and
bis Ministers were compelled to tell him,
at last, that not only had the contents of
the village grauaries been sold, but that
the military granaries had been depleted
also in the effort to cover up these
peculations. His enlightenment upon
this point is said to have filled him with
suspicions as to the actual condition
of the military stores, aud to question
the truth of the reports of the amounts
of ammunition, forage, clothiug, food,
etc., in actual existence. Being natur¬
ally a man of timid disposition, this un¬
certainty is likely to make him anxious
for peace, and, in this way, the famine
may prove a not wholly uc mixed evil.
Our agricultural colleges deserve the
favor and hearty support of our farmers,
declares the New York Observer, for,
taken as a whole, they are doing much
good to the cause of agriculture. There
are some individual schools that as yet
have not fallen wholly into line with
what should be the main purpose of
their existence, but that is no reason why
all should be condemned. The report of
one of these colleges now before ua
shows that thirty-six per cent, of all its
graduates are practically engaged in
farming, while four per cent, are
engaged in the other industrial pursuits
for which the college fitted them, and
seveu per cent, are Presidents or Pro
lessors of other agricultural schools.
Thus forty-seven per cent, are engaged
in the line of work for which the college
especially trains. We doubt if maDy
teehaicai schools can show as good an
averagy. And it is to be presumed that
as time passes a larger number will bo
found in agriculture, as many of the
graduates are compelled to follow other
avocations at first in order to earn and
save the money necessary to establish
themselves upon the farm.
THE ROADS OF THE WORLD.
HOW COUNTRIES BUII/fl PATHS
FOR COMMERCE AND WAR.
Tho Ancient Roman Roads—Those
of Modern Kurope—South Ameri¬
can and Fiji Roads.
Since mankind constructed society and
became distributed over tho world roads
have been necessary to the existence and
progress of the race. From the time of
Moses there have been royal roads.
First the Egyptians, afterwards the
Israelites and then the Greeks called their
lines of travel that were not used for
special purposes “royal roads” or the
king’s highways. In Greece the royal
roads were inspected and cared for by
the senate at Athens. In Lacedemonia,
Thebes and other States they were under
the supervisian of the most eminent men.
Their roads, however, were not the best
of the ancients’. It was reserved for a
commercial city, Carthage, to build the
first paved roads.
The Romans followed the example of
the Carthaginians, and these great high¬
ways, which connected Rome with its
provinces, were the most renowned and
durable ever constructed. All over
Europe, Asia and Africa, wherever their
Emperors ruled, they built roads that
have been supposed by the ignorant of
different ages to be of supernatural
origin.
The continued existence of some of
these wonderful roads thousands of years
after their completion has proved the
skill and greatness of the master minds
which planned and built them. The
Roman via Appia, the via Aurelia, the
via Flaminia, the roads to the Rhine and
the Danube, and the 4000 miles of road
from the Wall of Antoninus in Great
Britain through Rome to Jerusalem still
reveal lessons of construction worthy of
the study of the road builders of the
nineteenth century. They were accu¬
rately divided by milestones,aud ran in a
direct line from one city to another, with
very little respect for the obstacles of
nature or private property. The middle
part was raised into a terace aud con¬
sisted of several strata of sand, gravel
and cement, and wa3 paved with large
stones, which, near the capital, were of
granite.
Adam Smith’s assertion that “the
construction of roads is the greatest of
all improvements,” and the saying of the
Abby Reynal that “wherever we shall
find no facility of travel from a city to a
town or from a village to a hamlet we
may pronounce the people to be bar¬
barians” have long,especially iu Europe,
been accepted bymankinl. Il iads are
the acknowledged civilizers of the
world.
Americans who find themselves in
Europe are struck with astonishment at
the enormous loads drawn by horses and
dogs. One glance of the eye from the
loads to the roads and half the wonder
would be accounted for, because the
roads have almost everything to do with
it. The ancients knew and appreciated
the importance of good public roads.
Many of the roads built by ttie ancient
Romans and traveled by the proud
Roman conquerors remain to this day.
This is particularly the case m Turkey,
where they have, ever since the Roman
era, been in use, with little or no repair.
Roads in Europe are quite usually
flanked on either side by two and some¬
times four rows of shade trees, which add
much beauty to the country through"which
they run and. from a distance are particu¬
larly picturesque where several roads in¬
tersect. One can mark the roads in the ir
windings sometimes as far as the eye can
reach by these fresh green shade trees,
which, with the various teams of horses
and dogs laden with the products of
farms, mines and shop, conspire to make
a very pretty 3cene. The public roads
of Belgium enter into successful compe
tion with the railroads, so much so that
a man who has his team does not by any
means consider himself forced to send
his products by rail.
One can mount his wagon at the Eng¬
lish Channel and drive through the
breadth of Europe (except in time of
snow), or its length, without sinking as
deep as the fellies of his wheels in the
mud, in any weather at any time of the
year. The roads are so firm that rain
does not soften they; they are no sloughs
to wade through, no periods when the
factory aud the farm are cut off from the
rest of the world by an impassable sea of
mud. The loss in break-downs of vehi
cles, of breakage in harness, in time to
abor, increased food, shortened life and
injuries to horses by bad roads in the
United States would amount to an im¬
mense sum of money if statistics could be
gathered and formulated. Railroads,
also, are directly interested in good
country roads. Whatever opens up the
remote farm lot for easv hauling to the
railroad station, or brings an additional
acre of arable land nearer to the city,
cheapens the market for the poorest and
increases the volume of trade and com¬
merce for all.
The French roads have compelled the
respect and admiration of foreigners for
a century, and of all the roads in the
country those considered the most excel¬
lent and at the same time most difficult
of maintenance happen to lie m the most
rugged of the Alps, with their peaks for¬
ever suowclad and rising to a height of
11,000 feet. These Alpine roads are
numerous, of easy grade, solidly built,
always open and always good save when
temporarily blocked with snow. They
are subjected to the most changeful and
violent forces of nature. Snow, frost,
'
points have sought for a decade to de¬
stroy them, but in vain. The greater
part of the roads in France are macadam¬
ized ; it is only in towns that paving
stones are used. A serious objection to
the use of the latter in cities lies in the
ready weapons which they afford in the
hands of mobs during periods of riot.
No part of the road system is neg¬
lected j the routes are divided into
sections of half a milo to three miles in
length, according to the importance of
the road, each of which is confided to a
man or number of men, so that every
foot of the roadway is inspected daily
and is kept in thorough repair.
In reepect to construction the German
road making is identical with that of
France and Switzerland. Every im¬
portant road is a graded macadamized
turnpike, with culverts of massive stone,
ditches on either side and generally lined
with trees, either poplar, principle sycamore which or
linden. The general
obtained in Saxony formerly was that
the obligation of keeping up the roads
depended on the levying of toll and safe¬
guard duty on them. This species of
toll, was so called because in former
times travelers passing over insecure roads
leading through forests or thinly settled
districts were escorted by armed knights,
who levied this safeguard duty in return
for their services.
Russian highways are as a rule badly
built and continually iu process of mend¬
ing. When Alexander Dumas returned
from Russia, which he had been visiting,
he was asked how he liked the roads iu
that country. He replied: “I covered never with saw
any. In winter they were
snow aud in summer they were always
being repaired. ”
In no country in the world is the con¬
struction of roadways carried out with
more Scientific skill and thoroughness
than in Switzerland. The mountainous
nature of the country, the consequent
difficulty of providing means of easy
communication betweeu points and the
severe tests to which roads are subjected
by the violence of storms and the sudden
swelling of water courses, have from the
earliest period rendered the subject of
road building one of primary importance
to the dwellers in the Alps.
One of the greatest charms of English
scenery to the American visitor is the
beauty of its hedge-lined, stone-bedded
roads. Much of England’s scenery
would be nothing without them. The
country roads in Ireland suffer materially
from comparisons with the roads in Eng¬
land and Wales, hut as compared with
the average country road in the United
States they seem to approximate closely
to perfection. The course described by
the country roads in Ireland is most ir¬
regular and even tortuous, the apparent
purpose being to avoid the points of the
compass, but they are none the less
beautifql on that account.
In South America there are hardly any
roads worthy of the name. Communi¬
cation between towns where there are
no railways to the interior is by water in
small boats or canoe3, or by bridle paths
on donkeys, mules or horseback. Togo
in a carriage of any description five, ten,
twenty, forty or any number of miles,
few or many, into the interior is»a thing
unheard of and unknown. In Brazil
thirty days are often required for travel¬
ing a distance of 250 miles.
The subject of scientific road building
in Japan is one that has only of recent
years received attention, Previous to
the opening of the country to foreign
intercourse nearly all of the inland
travel and carrying was confined to the
backs of coolies and pack horses, and in
spite of the introduction of railways and
jinrikishas such is, to a very great ex¬
tent, still the case.
In Fiji there are no roads that deserve
the name. Each magisterial district is
at present making a dirt road by cutting
two parallel ditches and throwing the
dirt from them between the two, more
to employ prison labor than to build
roads for traffic or pleasure. The main
streets of the cities are made of broken
coral washed up by the sea, which is a
very good material for the purpose, but
not very lasting. The traffic of the islands
is all done by water; consequently roads
are not required.
One of the Hare Metals.
Those with only an elementary knowl¬
edge of chemistry are aware that there
are more than forty recognized metals.
A large number of these can only be
regarded as curiosities of the laboratory,
for there is no specific use for them; in¬
deed, they are found in nature in such
minute quantities that some of them are
iar more precious than gold.
Among these rare metals is wolfram,
or tungsten, a use for which has been
found since guns of enormous calibre
came into vogue.
It is unfortunately a matter of com¬
mon knowledge that these guns are
liable to fracture; but it has been found
that by adding a very small percentage
of tungsten to the fine steel of which the
inner lining is made an elasticity is con¬
ferred upon the metal which it did not
possess before, so that it will bear ex¬
pansion and contraction under heavy
discharges without giving way.
Tungsten is a white metal of veify
brittle quality, and its specific gravity ia
only a trifle less than that of gold.—
Chambers's Journal.
The annual amount of sawed lumber
of this country, if put upon a train of
cars, would constitute a train 25,000
miles long. .
THE GREAT EOUTH AMERICAN
NERVINE TONIC
AND
Stomach^Liver Cure
The Most Astonishing Medical Discovery^ ot
the Last One Hundred Years.
It is Pleasant to the Taste as the Sweetest Nectary
It Is Safe and Harmless as tho Purest Milk.
This wonderful Nervine Tonic Las only recently been introduced into
this country by the Great South American Medicine Company, and yet lit
great value as a curative agent has long been known the native inhab.
itants of South America, who rely almost wholly upon its great medicinal
powers to cure every form of disease by which they are overtaken.
This new and valuable South American medicine possesses powera and
qualities hitherto unknown to the medical profession. This medicine has
completely solved the problem of the cure of Indigestion, Dyspepsia, Liver
Complaint, and diseases of the general Nervous System. It also cure* all
forms of failing health from whatever cause. It performs this by the Great
Nervine Tonic qualities which it possesses and by its great curative power*
upon the digestive organs, the stomach, the liver and the bowels. No remedy
compares with this wonderfully valuable Nervine Tonic as a builder and
strengthener of the life forces of the human body and as a great renewer ot
a broken down constitution. It is also of more real permanent value in the
treatment and cure of diseases of the Lungs than any ten consumption for rem¬
edies ever used on this continent. It is a marvelous cure nervousne*
of females of all ages. Ladies who are approaching the critical period known
as change in life, should not fail to use this great Nervine Tonic almost
constantly for the space of two or three years. It will carry them inestimably safely
over the danger. This great strengthener and curative is of
value to tho aged and infirm, because its great energizing properties will
give them a new hold on life. It will add ten or fifteen years to the lives of
many of those who will use a half dozen bottles of the remedy each year.
CURES
Nervousness and Broken Constitution,
Nervous Prostration, Debility of and Old Age, Dyspepsia,
Nervous Headache and Heartburn Indigestion and Sour Stomach,
Sick Headache, Weight and Tenderness in Stomach,
Female Weakness, Loss of Appetite,
All Diseases of Women, Frightful Dreams,
Nervous Chills, Dizziness and Binging in the Earn,
Paralysis, Nervous Paroxysms and Weakness of Extremities and
Nervous Choking Fainting, Impure and Impoverished Blood,.
Hot Flashes, Boils and Carbuncle*,
Palpitation of the Heart, Scrofula,
Mental Sleeplessness, Despondenoy, Scrofulous Swelling and Ulcers,
St. Vitus’s Dance, Consumption of Lungs, the Lungs,
Nervousness of Females, Catarrh of the
Nervousness of Old Age, Bronchitis and Chronic Cough,
Neuralgia, Heart, Liver Chronic Complaint, Diarrhoea,
Pains in the Scrofulous Children,
Pain* in the Back, Delicate and
Failing Health. Summer Complaint of Infants.
All these and many other complaints cured by this wonderful Nervine Tcnio,
NERVOUS DISEASES.
As a cure for every class of Nervous Diseases, no remedy has been able
to compare with the Nervine Tonic, which is very pleasant and harmless in
all its effects upon the youngest child or the oldest and most delicate individ¬
ual. Nine-tenths of ail the ailments to which the human family is heir, ar«
dependent on nervous exhaustion and impaired digestion. When there is fla
insufficient supply of nerve food in the blood, a general state of debility of
the brain, spinal marrow and nerves is the result. Starved nerves, like
starved muscles, become strong when the right kind of food is supplied, and
a thousand weaknesses and ailments disappear as the nerves recover. As the
nervous system must supply all the power by which the vital forces of the
body are carried on, it is the first to suffer for want of perfect nutrition.
Ordinary food docs not contain a sufficient quantity of the land of nutriment
b «essary to repair the wear our present mode or living and labor impose*
upon the nerves. For this reason it becomes necessary that a nerve food be
supplied. This recent production of the South American Continent has been
found, by analysis, to contain the essential elements out of which nerve tissue
is formed. This accounts for its magio power to cure all forms of nervous
Crawfobdsville, Inc., Aug. 20, 'll."
To the Great Smith American Medicine Co.:
De. r Gents I desire to say to you that I
have suffered for many years with a very seri¬
ous disease of the stomach and nerves. I tried
every medicine I could hear of until but I nothing ad¬
done vised me any appreciable Great South good American Nervine was
to try your and
Tonic and Stomach and Liver Cure, since
using several bottles of it I must say that I am
surprised at its wonderful powers to cure th6
stomach and general nervous system. If every¬
one knew the value of this remedy the demand. as I do, you
would not be able to supply
J. A. Hardbs, Co,
Ex-Trees. Montgomery
A SWORN CURE FOR ST. VITUS’S DANCE OR CHOREA.
CBAWFORMvniE, IND., May had 19,1886. af¬
My daughter, for several twelve months years with old, Chorea been St.
flicted skeleton, or
Vitus’s Dance. She was reduced to a
could not walk, could not talk, had could handle not swal¬ her
low anything but milk. I to
like an infant. Doctor and neighbors gave her
up. I commenced g 'ving her the South Ameri¬
can Nervine Tonio: days the effects were very sur¬
prising. Ir. three she was rid of the ner¬
vousness, and rapidly Improved. Four bottles
cured her completely. I think the South
American Nervine the recommend grandest remedy it ever
discovered, and would Mbs. \Y. S. Ensiusoks. to every¬
one.
Hiat.c Montgomery of Indiana, County, 1 “• .
Subscribed and j to before me this May
sworn
19,1887. Chas. M. Travis, Notary Public.
INDIGESTION AND DYSPEPSIA.
Tho Great South American Nervine Tonic
Which we now offer gu, is the oidy absolutely unfailing remedy ever discof
and horror3 which are life result o/duease and debility of tha human Stom¬
ach. No person can afford to pass by this jewel of incalculable value who k
affected by disease of the Stomach, because the experience and testimony of
thousands go to prove that this is tho one and only one great cure in the
world for this universal destroyer. There is no case of unmalignant disease
of the stomach which can resist the wonderful curative powers of the South
American Nervine Tonic.
Every Bottle Warranted.
Price, Large 18 Ounce Bottles, $l.25.Trfal Size, 15 cents.
ISTEILL & ALMOND,
Sole Wholesale and Retail Agents
FOR HARALSON COUvTV. cfa.
Mr. Solomon Bona, a member of the Society
of Friends, of Darlington, lad., says: “I have
used twelve bottles of The Great South Ameri¬
can Nervine Tonic and Stomach aud Liver Cure,
and I consider that every bottle did for me one
hundred dollars worth night’s of sleep good, for because twenty I year* hav#
not had a good horrible
on account of Irritation, pain, dreams, haf
and general nervous prostration, which
been caused by chronic Indigestion and down dys¬
pepsia of the stomach and by a broken
condition of my nervous system. But nowl can
lie down and sleep all night as sweetly as a think baby,
and I feel like a sound man. X do not
there has ever been a medicine introduced into
this country which will at all compare with
this Nervine Tonic ax a cure for the stomach.”
C*AWFORDsvn,us, Ind., June 22,1887.
My daughter, eleven years old, was severely
afflicted with St. Vitus's Dance or Chorea. Wa
gave her three and one-half bottles of South
American Nervine and she in completely i«e
stored. I believe it will cure every case of St.
Vitus’s Dance. I have kept it iu my family foj
two years, and am sure it is the greatest rem¬
edy in the world for Indigestion and Dyspep¬ FaiUag
sia, Health all forms of Nervous Disorders ami
from whatever cause.
Josh T. Mum. ,
State of Indiana, County, \ .
Subscribed Montgomery and \• to before tXslm Jus*
sworn a#
22,1*87. Cha». \V. Wjug-at, Fublto.
Notary