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I Vol. II No. 28.]
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Traiisplaning Fruit Trees.
Mr. Editor, —I am very desirous of
transplanting some fruit trees into an or
chard. this autumn or in the spring. My
land is warm and rather dry. In the
works which I have read on the subject,
it is recommended to use plenty of rich
loam ; but this is an article of which 1
have but little to spare, i have, however
plenty of fine peat and pond mud. Now
I wish to inquire whether these will be
igood substitutes for loam, and how I can
prepare them for use this autumn or in
the spring. Make some suggestions in
your next paper. C.
Uxbridge, Ocl. I t, 184:1.
We shoul 1 not recommend our corres
pondent to U 33 peat or meadow mud as a
substitute for lontn in its crude state, as
we think it would have a deleterious ef
fect, instead o’ a good one. If he has a
compost of one-third good manure and
t«vn-thirds peat or mud, well decomposed,
mixed with an equal proportion of any
good soil, he may apply it to the roots of
his trees with good success. Or it will
j do very well to use nothing hut the sur
face of the surrounding soil. Tiie hole
for the trees should not be dug more than
afoot deep; ths bottom soil should he
thrown out and spread, and the hole filled
in with a little soil, say two or three in
ches deep—and after cutting off the top
root and all wounded and straggling ones
with a sharp knife, the tree should be put
in its place, throwing in the earth lightly,
and at the same time arranging the small
fibres and roots, and giving a little mo
tion to the tree up and down, that every
crevice may bo tilled up. If ilia tree is
planted too deep, it will not do well. We
have seen an orchard, part of which was
.planted on the surface with scarcely any
digging—the soil having been brought to
the trees. This was on rather low ground,
and the trees have succeeded remarkably
well. The remainder of this orchard
was planted very near the surface, and
has done finely.
We planted more than a thousand
trees last spring: with part of them we
used rotten manure freely mix-d with,
loam, and a part of them we set with the!
soil alone Those with the soil had the!
advantage of being planted a fortnight
earlier, and have made a line growth,
notwithstanding the very unfavorable sea
son, and appear now to bettor advantage j
than those where manure was used. No
doubt the manure and the dry season did
not agree; we have, however, lost but
very few of them.
It was our former practiec to secure
The tree by driving down a stake and fas-
I* ning the tree to it—but we have long;
nee condemned that practice as a great
usance, as the tree will oftentimes get
idly injured by its rubbing against the
ake.
It is often asked, when is the best time
1 set out trees—in the autumn or spring ?!
n some accounts we prefer the autumn,!
id recommend fail planting for the ap
e, pear, plum, and ail hardy trees, hav
g been as successful ourselves when we
anted in the fall as in the spring. A
tie more caution, however, is necessa
in some particulars, than when the
ees are set out in the spring. If then,j'
e ground is in readiness, we should 1
ant in the fall. If the ground has been i
ell manured, and a crop of roots has i
en taken off, we consider it in a fit state ’
set out trees, more especially if the I
subsoil plow has been used. In gardens#!
of choice fruit, the ground should be
r trenched two spades deep.
Another reason why we advise fall
planting, is because the earlier in the
■. spring the tree is planted after the grounds
jis open, the sooner it will lie prepared to!
I throw out new fibres from the roots, and’
‘iconsequently will break sooner into life
and vigor; and as many grounds cannot.
, be conveniently worked in early spring,
it is better to have the tree in its place ini
' the fall? provided it will not receive inju
t ry from the severity of the winter.
That the trees may not suffer by the;
frost, we are careful that earth should be
; brought up round it a number of inches!
jin the depth, so that water may not settle;
■jin among the roots, and a few inches of;
;sea-weed or coarse litter thrown around
it, which with the extra earth, must be
j taken off in the spring. If straw or any
’other covering is put up close to the butt,;
the mice will sometimes injure the tree :]
to prevent that, we do not let the protec-j
jtivc covering touch the tree, but fill up the;
space with a shovelfull of soil.
As soon as the leaves begin to fall, the
“ trees may be transplanted, and the work
be continued as the ground remains open.
New England Farmer.
- MSgiELLAINimiIS.
i :rr-r-.T . ■ . .. I ■■ 1
> George and John Evans.
OR A STORV OX SLAVERY.
h NO. I.
I Some fifty years ago (here was an old
man in England, engaged in ihc Iron and
i Coal business. Ho had two young sons,
e* one named George and the other John.
i lie told them that it was high time for
i them to be looking about for some occu
i nation for themselves. George said lie
being the oldest, had the first choice, and
he would remain at home and follow the
- same trade of his fallier. John said as
i that was the case, he should like to go to
> ;he new country, turn Vankee, and try
- his fortune in America —and thus it was
l arranged. John accordingly took pas
? sage to Charleston, S. C., and George re
!, rnained homo till his father died, and then
. took up the regular business his father
i had lollowcd in Wales, viz: mining coal
' and iron. A few years since these bro
• thers interchanged visits—that is, George
first came over to America and visited his
i brother John on his plantation—and af
' ter a few weeks sojourning, John accom
i panied his brother George back to Eng
- land, and spent as many weeks with him
> m Wales. Both had accumulated large
fortunes in tiicir respective pursuits.
i John owned an excellent plantation, and
j one hundred and fifty-three negro slaves
lion it, —and George owned some very pro
ductive coal mines and iron works, and
Memployed about five hundred persons or
•freemen" in them. Just before he left
i England to visit his brother John in So.
*iCarolina, lie had become a violent parti
san in favor of Abolition, and had writ
ten his brother some very severe letters
,|on the subject, and sent him sundry tracts
—and in fact told him that his leading
I motive in visiting America was to induce
I; him to abandon the “ horrible traffic" and
’send all his negroes back to Africa.
! On reaching John’s Plantation, how
:lever, he had scarcely finished the usual
when ho said—‘•John—John,
: my dear brother, how much happier you
p would be and 1 would be, if instead of
your owning human beings—you were
, surrrounded as we are in England by
i r 55 ° J
■ -freemen .
“Wait, brother,” said Johu, “ til! after
>|you have been with us a short time and
.then we will discuss this subject.” Du
: ring this visit George amused himself in
j visiting every-part of the plantation; he
made himself acquainted with every ne
gro oil it. Some had been imported ;
, others were born there; some were old
and infirm and did nothing, and others
who were able to work had each his task,
! according to bis or her ability. Every
! family had a separate house of their own
and made quite a village near the plan
tation house. What struck George as a
very remarkable fact, that every negro
who chose to do so had a little field of i
his own, which he cultivated for himself ;
j after his task was done—and this task .
was such that with very common indus- <
try it was finished before half the day 1
was over. Another curious fact which
the Abolition Society had forgotten to no- t
lice, tiie master of these slaves never ]
thought of raising his own poultry or fur- I
nishing his own eggs, or honey, or rare
vegetables, but preferred buying ail these a
from his own slaves; or if he did not re- r
AUGUSTA, GA. SATURDAY, DECEMBER 16. 1813.
■ quire as much as they raised, they were
allowed tff send them to the markets to
gether with their otner productions : nno’
whatever the master bought of his slaves
they took care to make him pay cash down
and the highest price.
These slaves were all comfortably clad
and looked happy and contented. Seve
ral of them had fiddles, and they would
all dance on a moonlight evening—and
then the repeated shouts of laughter that
;would come from the vicinity of “ the
hills" —would fill the air with north, so
(much so at times that George would sav
lo his brother John—“ it is very remark
able that these very black people, and all
; slaves too, should laugh so loud and so
long—just hear that fellow now with his
“baugh ha—ha—he—ha—tie—ha—he—
ha—ha—ha.” How very odd ! ! !
“Why Uncle,” said a little nephew of
j George, don’t your people laugh too ?
1 “Not quite so loud, my little boy” an
jswered George—“ in fact our people need
jnot if they could, for some of them are
very deep in the earth digging Coal and
jothers are in the Iron Works where the
'noise is too great, and then again free
men don’t laugh unless there is something
to laugh about.” “Well then I guess,”
jsaid the little Yankee, “your people don’t
? ’see much to laugh about, for “our boys”
j laugh in the field, they laugh in their huts
—they laugh in and then when
their work is done and they get at play—
O how they do laugh.”
George employed his time, as before
I'said, during his visit, in carefully exam
pining into tiie whole arrangement of hit
brother’s plantation—and was particular
ly struck with the comfortable condition
r of the old and infirm, who were unable to
. do any work, but who were comfortably
, clothed and housed and well taken care
| of—ns much so as if they had worked.
. When the period of his departure came,
, and John the planter was all packed up
> to accompany his brother George (the I
• ron master,) back to England—a scene
j occurred as remarkable as it was pone
. tr.iting—every negro on the plantation
. had come to the house to take leave ol
, “ massa ;” and such a howling among the
. younger ones, and expressions of sincere
] j grief on the part of the older ones, was
. truly distressing. “Massage away obei
> de sea—ho no come back for long time,
5 and if massa get drown’d, lie nebercomo
. back—o, O, O”—end so the lamentation
passed round in the group, till the two
. brothers were out of sight.
, “ Well George,” says John—“that was
. a trying scene ; but if you were to be
present when 1 return, it would gladden
| your heart—for there will be the same
. grouping, and such a display of ivory and
. hearty congratulations. Now, if by my
I departing from them for a brief period
only, they discover so much grief—what
would he the scene were Ito tell them
they must all leave me and go to Africa
and never see me again?
George was a littic puzzled for an an
: swer, and confined himself to the usual
English expression, “how very odd !” As
the brothers proceeded on their journey,
John related to George, many interesting
; events and occurrences, in and about the
life of a plantation, with his slaves—how
. that for some reasons, by reason of frost
and by a low state of market, the pro
ductions of the plantation would not a
. mount to enough to buy a jacket for a
negro—but this made no difference lo
them, they would all get their usual sup
ply. And when they got old, or infirm,
or sickly, it made no difference to them
on the score of being taken care of—
there were no asylums, no poor houses, —
every planter is expected to take care of
his own paupers.
“Still this is slavery,” says George.
“ If these negroes were only freemen.
like our workmen in Wales, it would all
he very well.” “ But are your workmen
freemen ?” replied John ; “Are they not
slaves to their commonest wants —and are
those wants better supplied by their em
ployers than I supply my negroes—are
Jieir hopes of bettering their condition
superior to those of my negroes? Does
the parent feel that if death or infirmity
arrests the power of labor, that his wife
and children, unless they are able to work
and earn their wages, will be taken care
of at your expense, without going to the
hospital or poor house ?” ,
George was puzzled again—he began
to see a little into the practical phyloso
phy of the questiou—and shaking his
head, said, “ How very odd !”
They arrived together at Liverpool,
and immediately proceeded to George’s
residence in Wales, the old Patrimonial
;j Estate of the Evans’ of Mathyer dcr E
• lyih, in the midst of mines and forges—
Lit was almost a new scene to John, he
> had been so long absent, but having !>e
i come something of a Yankee by his long
;residence in America, he was very curi
] ous and evaminaiice. The result of his
.'curiosity and examination will form the!
I subject of inv next communication.
l| “ •
„j Lexington is thronged at this time with
spectators anxious to hear the Debate go
.ling on between A. Campbell and N. L.
J Mice. The propositions to be argued, as
i we heretofore announced, arc :
r Ist, The immersion in water of a pro
s per subject, into the name of the Father,
the Son, and the Holy Spirit, is the one,!
only apostolic or Christian Baptism. Mr. j
j. Campbell afinas —Mr. Bice denies.
\ 2d. The infant of a believing parent ]
’ is a scriptural subject of baptism. Mr.
j Iliee /firms —Mr. Campbell denies.
13d. Christian Baptism is for the re
,!mission of past sins. Mr. Campbell af
firms—Mr. Rice denies.
4th. Baptism is to bo administered on
jjly by a bisbf.p or ordained presbyter. Mr.
r, Rico affirms —Mr. Campbell denies.
■ sth. In conversion and sanctification,
„ the Spirit of God operates on persons
through the word cf truth. Mr. Carnp
' bell affirms —Mr. Rice denies.
; 6th. Human creeds, as bonds of union
land communion, are necessarily heretical
jand schismatical. Mr. Campbell affirms
' i—Mr. Rice denies.
'' Henry Clay, Judge Robertson, and
h Col. Speed Smith, act as Moderators.
Lexington, Ky., Nov. 15, 1846.
II This being the appointed time for a
° commencement of the long conteinpla
' ted discussion between Mr. Alexander
1 Campbell and Rev. N. L. llice, the va
rious avenues leading to Lexington have,
’ for the last 48 hours, exhibited ample evi
f deuce of the wide spread interest felt in
the cause.
• ! Steamboats, stages, railroad cars, and
'" vehicles of every variety, were crowded
"jwith zealous partisans, lovers of excite
’‘;mcnt, lovers of debate, and lovers of con*
' diet, whether of body or of mind—all
1 ! rushing to the scene, eager to secure good
h lodgings, and good places to see and be
seen.
’ On onr arrival last evening, the town
' was alive with strangers from various
" parts and states of the Union, near to the
0 distance of a thousand miles.
Having secured an eligible nook in
' the very excellent Hotel kept by Mr.
1 Brennan, we awaited with what we con
ri ceived a becoming composure, the arriv
'* al of the appointed hour—though so deep
! wasthe anxiety of many, that the church j
| selected for the occasion, viz : the Re
formed Christian or Campbellite Baptist,!
was well nigh filled by half past 8 o’-
1 clock ; and long before 10, it was a per
-1 feet jam, in some respects, not unlike the
late “Adams Tea Party” at Cincinnati,j
" of which you have doubtless some recol-!
1 lection.
s At 11 o’clock, the lion. Henry Clay
’ rose and remarked that the object for!
which the present assembly had conven-
R ed, was undoubtedly known to every per
' son present. He understood that the
1 gentlemen who were to discuss the high
ly interesting topics set forth in their pro
" gramme, were now prepared to proceed
1 with the discussion. Before they did so,
3 however, he would remark, that on an oe
" casion so grave and interesting, it would
he proper to preserve the most perfect or
-1 ;Jer, arid to give an undivided attention
" during the whole progress of the debate,
~ and in accordance with the usage upon!
1 such occasions, some clergyman present
would invoke the blessing of Heaven.
The Rev. Mr. Bulloch then offered up
•ja brief and appropriate prayer, after!
' j which the discussion was immediately 1
1 commenced —.Mr. Campbell having the!
t first hour and Mr. Rice the second—as
-2 ter which they alternated at the close of,
- every half hour, till the expiration of the!
2 lime proposed for adjournment, viz: two
1 o’clock ; making a debate of 4 hours.
'i
Chinese Tools and Chinese Mechanics.
Though their iron work is not good, j
; yet their tools, such as chisels, planes, j
: axes, &e., are excellent, and kept very |
sharp. They make use of the circular ]
instead of the hand-saw. They have aj
saw for particularly tine work, which, if t
we had not seen them using, we should c
have imagined the work had been done
with a chisel. The blade of it consists
merely of a single piece of brass wire 1
jagged with a sharp instrument. The h
pattern to be carved is placed on the wood,’r
[One Dollar a Year.
land a hole is bored in it through which
■ the wire is passed and made fast to the
i handle, which is kept outside the wood ;
the drawing is then cut out w ith the great
est care and accuracy. For all rough
work, they make use of p. small sort of
axe, slightly rounded on one side. This
answers the purpose of an adze. In
I peaceful times, the streets of a Chinese
| city must present a very fine appearance,
(from the way the front side-boards are
painted and gilded.—The insides of the
(shops are protected from the sun by
jscreens extending across the streets, sup
ported from the roofof the house. These
(are either of matting, or, in order to ad
mit the light, are of oyster-shells scraped
fine, set in frames like panes of glass.
Wo set a great many tailors to work for
us, who made things very well if they had
a good pattern ; but it is necessary to be
'careful that there was no defect or patch
• in it, fur they copied exactly as they saw
!the article before them. Our gloves puz
'zied them most. Their first attempts to
■'imitate them produced most absurd look
ing things; but, as we were not very
• particular about our jicrsonal appearance,
■ they answered the purpose of keeping our
hands warm, being lined with fur. Only
i one man succeeded in turning out a pair
s at all resembling English gloves. They
• were almost the only trades-peopie who
did not desert the city, and they had al
ways plenty to do.— Lieut. Murray's Do
! tugs in China.
s "
“Captain, 1 believe I’ll go Ashore.”
1 A curious specimen of humanity hailed
the vessel from the shore, and a boat was
immediately despatched to attend the
i stranger’s call. On touching the shore,
- our friend the Yankee Pedlar, introduced
r himself as Mr. Jonathan Doolittle, “born
■ at Cape Cod, all along shore” where he
, had “left two as bouncing gals as ever
■ rode a horse to water, or scaled a seven
i foot wall,” said he had been for some time
engaged in purchasing peltires of the
1 aborigines, and had a large quantity a few
i miles above the harber, (La Point) which
-! ho wished to ship for the Sault. While
- the crew are engaged in stowing away
I Mr. Doolittle’s “Injuntraps,”and “Plun
i dor,” as he classically styled his furs and
‘ baggage, we will take a glance at his per
son. His hair hung or stood straight out
:! like the bristles of a hog going to war,
> and bearing every appearance of a liber
“ al use of “ taller”—half concealed by a
coon skin cap. Ilis countenance was
i long, with a melo-dramatic expression,
combined with shrewdness : his nose re
sembled a carroty beet, with air holes,
stuck on his face—whether ibr ornament
' lor use, deponent saith not. His faded
ijjeans coat, half-tanned deer-skin pants
•and leggins, completed his equipment;
we omit a case knife and tin cup fasten
ed by a leather girdle to his back. Well,
(to go on with the story. The brig was
(soon under way—moving slowly over the
, [glistening waves like a duck, dipping her
| prow deep in the liquid spray, or soaring
(towards the blue heavens. But night
came, and a change also —a storm arose,
which soon ended in a complete hurri
cane. Every stitch of canvass was ta
ken in, and under bare poles, vve bore out
further oil the lake to avoid ship-wreck.
• Our yankee pedlar remained on deck but
■la few moments, and then retired to the
i!cabin. The brig was now some fifteen
, miles from shore, the wind was blowing
tremendously. The danger was im-
I minent—fear was legibly inscribed on
■ every man’s face. In a few minutes
i our hero came on deck, with his “plun
, der” snugly packed and strapped to his
i back. Walking up to the captain, his
: face as long as a yard stick ho laid his
hand heavily on his shoulder, and with all
i the gravity of a philosopher remarked—
• “ Captain Ib'iive I’ll go ashore." — Green
’ Bay Republican.
Rival Stagers.
Dr. Arne was once asked by two vo
calists of Covent Garden Theatre, to de
cide which of them sung the best. Tho
|day being appointed both parties exerted
(themselves to the utmost, and when they
had finished, the Doctor addressing the
• first, said, ‘As for you, sir, you are the
'worst singer I ever heard in my life.’ Ah !
ha !’ said the other, exultingly, ‘I knew
I should win my wager.’ ‘Stop, sir,’ says
the Doctor. ‘1 have a word to say to you
before you go ; —as for you, sir, you you
cannot sing at all /’
A Patent Lever. — Is vour watch a
lever? Leaver! yes, I have to leave
her at the watchmaker’s once a week for
repairs.