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PAGE 2—THE BULLETIN, October Si, 195§
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OUR NEW POPE
From: POPE JOHN XXIII: An Authoritative Biography by
Zsolt Aradi, Msgr. James I. Tucek and James C. ONeill. Copy
right, 1959, by Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, Inc., Publishers.
PART X
RONCALLI AND THE
WORKER PRIESTS
Among the most difficult
problems facing Archbishop
Angelo Roncalli during his
years as Nuncio to Paris was
that of the French worker
priests.
The worker priest project,
still under consideration today,
sought to answer the frighten
ing de-Christian i z a t i o n of
France’s working masses. Sta
tistical studies in 1943 showed
that there were 110 areas in
France where only 20 per cent .
or less of the newborn were
baptized.
MISSION OF FRANCE
This figure becomes terrify
ing when it is realized that all
the great cities of France are
located in these 110 regions. To
combat this the French heirar-
chy in 1941 set up the Mission
of France.
Priests were selected for the
task of bringing the Gospel to
rural or urban areas where the
people seemed totally fallen
away from the Church. These
priests were trained at the sem
inaries at Lisieux and Limoges.
Even so, it soon became evident
that even these specially train
ed priests could not reach the
people solely by preaching.
Thus arose the worker priests.
These priests, at first were
mostly diocesan, but were later
joined by members of the re
ligious orders. Their vocation
was to work among the work
ers, living alongside of them.
They went into the factories
as steel, chemical and electrical
workers. They became truck
drivers and teamsters. They
worked as miners in the coal
pits, as electricians in plants in
the Alps and as waterfront la
borers, sailors and dockhands.
Archbishop — now Cardinal
— Feltin of Paris stated pub
licly that the worker priests
had brought about many con
versions. He said all those who
knew the worker priests, even
if they did not agree with some
of their political or social ideas,
could always admire their apos
tolic zeal and could easily
imagine how their radiant spirit
reached the souls of others.
In 1945, Archbishop Roncal-
li’s first year as Nuncio in Paris,
rumors spread that the Vatican
was worried about the worker
priests. Some circles, still feel
ing resentment against the Holy
See for not denouncing the
wartime Vichy government,
found new fuel for their claim
that the Vatican was reaction
ary because it questioned the
effectiveness of the worker
priests.
It was true that Rome was
concerned. The Holy See had
never given its full authoriza
tion. The movement had been
permitted only temporarily and
for experimental purposes un
der the jurisdiction of the bish«
ops.
But the Holy See did not
make any open statement about
the worker priests until 1947. It
was Archbishop Roncalli who
advised Rome to wait. The
movement had his sympathies
and he knew well that any
sharp, premature statement of a
disciplinary nature would in
flame public opinion and create
problems of conscience for the
worker priests themselves.
As they inspired confidence
in their fellow workers, the
worker priests were given roles
of counselors and arbitrators in
labor disputes and it was here
their difficulties began.
In France it is not possible to
secure employment in mines
and factories without belonging
to a labor union and thus many
of the priest workers, as natural
leaders, soon were charged with
responsible positions in these
organizations, many of which,
at that time, were communist-
controlled.
Also it was impossible for
them to avoid disputes and
strikes and finally some were
arrested for participation in
demonstrations. One such dem
onstration was directed against
Gen. Matthew Ridgeway, Com
mander of the NATO Forces.
In addition it was found that
they had little time for recol
lection and prayer and even for
the celebration of daily Mass.
'-7
111l
r
KMTSRS-IMSuioRS W • *
ROME INQUIRES
In 1947, the Sacfed Congre
gation of the Holy Office in
Rome was forced to ask certain
questions about the way of life
and about the spiritual exercises
of the worker priests. It pos
ed the question whether other
methods and ways of life could
not be found for these apostolic
souls, that would be more in
conformity with Catholic doc
trine on the priesthood.
Archbishop Roncalli journied
to all those regions of France
where the worker priests were
engaged in activity. The month
ly magazine, Esprit, protested
against these visits, saying they
raised the question whether the
Nuncio considered the bishops
to be successors of the Apostles
or merely Vatican functionaries
to whom he could give orders.
This was the only time Arch
bishop Roncalli was criticized in
the press. And it is significant
that in the following issue of
the magazine the author de
clared that the Nuncio’s visits
to the bishops regarding the
worker priests was a purely re
ligious matter and within his
domain.
The Apostolic Nuncio certain
ly did not recommend that the
worker priests be disbanded.
He knew from his own experi
ence how important it is for a
priest to have constant personal
contact with people.
Despite Roncalli’s efforts, the
situation regarding the worker
priests deteriorated. The French
remained deeply attached and
grateful to him because it was
thanks to his efforts and his re
porting of the truth that the
Holy See delayed its final judg
ment oh the matter.
At his suggestion the three
ranking members of the French
heirard-ty, Cardinal Feltin, Ger-
lier and Lienart, were invited
to Rome for a long audience
with Pope Pius XII.
After they returned to
France, the French episcopate
issued orders that modified the
worker priest movement. The
essentials remained. The work
er priests were allowed to work
in factories, but for only three
hours, not for the entire day.
They were forbidden to as
sume posts of responsibility in
labor unions. The majority of
the more than 400 who receiv
ed their training for the move
ment obeyed the orders and
continued the work. Many of
the recalcitrants later returned
to the Church.
The important thing was that
because the problem was hand
led delicately but firmly by the
Holy See — advised always by
Archbishop Roncalli — French
Catholics also came to under
stand that no priest can identi
fy himself either with the rich
or with the underprivileged;
that Christ did not preach to
classes or groups, but to indi
viduals.
UNESCO OBSERVER
After Angelo Roncalli was
elected Pope, Cardinal Feltin
spoke of the French hierarchy’s
feeling on the worker priest
movement. He said:
“His Holiness John XXIII is
well informed about the prob
lems and about the difficulties.
He had to deal with the ques
tion when he was Nuncio in
Paris. Nevertheless, when he
was Nuncio in Paris, he did not
express any opinion about the
problem.
“Very shortly, however, we
are going to ask John XXIII to
tell us his views, and we will
tell him our experience with
the movement and our inten
tions and if he does not approve
of them we will go on study
ing the problem. We will think
it over again more profoundly
and will search for the best
form.”
During his stay in France
Archbishop- Roncalli was ap
pointed by Pope Pius XII as the
Holy See’s first permanent ob
server of the United Nations
Education, Scientific and Cul
tural Organization (UNESCO).
His first appearance at a
meeting in 1951 drew cheers
from other delegates, for the
diplomats accredited in Paris
knew him well. Their enthusi
asm for the papal representa
tive as a person did not mean
that UNESCO as an organiza
tion or many of its member
states necessarily agreed with
Church policies.
In his first speech to the or
ganization, the future Pope
John said in part:
“UNESCO should be a great
cooperative effort for justice,
freedom and peace for all peo
ples of the earth, regardless of
race, language or religion.”
After pausing for emphasis,
he repeated, “Yes, regardless of
race, language or religion. And
if I underline this clear position
taken by UNESCO, which is
part of the preamble of its con
stitution signed in 1945 in Lon
don, which deals with
UNESCO’s purposes vis-a-vis
race, lagnuage and religious re
lations, it is because the draft
ers of the constitution clearly
employed this word ‘regardless’
in intending that no racial, lit
erary or religious values of any
people should be ignbred or
neglected.
“. . . The ‘regardless’ means
that one should take these val
ues into maximum account. We
should say loudly and clearly
that UNESCO wishes all to be
respected.”
In UNESCO meetings where
Angelo Roncalli spoke, his
words were heard by all races,
religions and ideologies, by the
Soviet Russians and the dele
gates from Outer Mongolia, as
well as by Scandinavians and
South Africans.
'ROMAN PAPERWORK'
One of the American dele
gates observed: “In private
talks, at the dinner table or at
small receptions people seemed
to remember what the Nuncio
said. Even the Russians praised
him for not handing down pious
lectures to them. They did not
rush to the nearest church to be
baptized or to join the Church;
nevertheless, the seeds of Ron
calli’s activity will bear fruit.”
In December, 1952, Archbish
op Roncalli received the news
that Pope Pius XII had elevated
him to the College of Cardi
nals. Archbishop Feltin of Par
is, went immediately to the
Nunciature to congratulate him
and found him reading his bre
viary. The Nuncio looked sad
and said:
“Nov/ I have to leave Paris, I
have to leave France and all
this is painful for me. It is pain
ful to think that I, should end
my life among Roman paper
work, in the Offices of Congre
gations.”
The French Republic gave
him a memorable farewell.
President Vihcent Auriol plac
ed the biretta on the Nuncio’s
head in the presence of diplo
mats and French statesmen.
Also there to watch were the
mayor of Sotto il Monte, the
new Cardinal’s village, and
some of his childhood friends
whom he had asked Auriol to
invite to the ceremony.
Leaving Paris, he was made a
Commander of the Legion of
Honor. Behind h i m remained
the constructive and lasting re
sults of his work. He did not
interfere in domestic politics,
but he had an undeniable in
fluence on the fundamental is
sues which beset France and
VVhen Archbishop Roncalli was elevated to the College of
Cardinals late ir> 1952 the French Republic gave him a memo
rable farewell. foliowirig a 400-yetir-oid tradition President
Vincent Auriol placed the red biretta on the Nuncio's head.
frshch Catholics. By helping to
restore peace within the Church
in France he enabled the
French episcopate to exercise
moral leadership over the en
tire people.
Now finished, he returned to
his homeland for the well de
served rest due a man who has
worked hard and was 71 years
old.
(Next issue — Patriarch of
Venice.)
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