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air pump, a vessel in the shape of a
steam boiler, filled with concentrated
sulphuric acid. It was designed to
produce carafes frappees, or frozen
decanters, which was done by insert
ing air tight, the nozzle of the pipe
of the air pump, into the mouth of
the decanter, and then the evapora-.
tion caused by the rapid exhaustion
would produce cold sufficient to
freeze the water in the decanter.—
This apparatus can be worked rapid
ly, and can freezo twelve flasks con>
taining a pint of water each, in three
minutes. However convenient this
apparatus may be to produce ice in
small quantities, itisobvious it would
not answer the purpose of producing
ice in large quantities at a cheap rate.
M. Ferdinand Carre, the brother of
the inventor of the sulphuric appara
tus, invented a method of producing
ice in large quantities, at a cheap
rate, which has proved successful.—
During the French exposition of ’67,
this machine was in constant opera
tion, producing huge blocks of ice,
congealed even many degrees below
the freezing point; and one of these
same machines is now at work in the
city of New Orleans, supplying its
citizens with ice at a cheaper rate,
than the imported ice of natural for
mation. The object of this little ar
ticle was to explain especially the
principle of this machine of Ferdi
nand Carre. This can best be done
by explaining a lecture room experi
ment of Faraday, first illustrated in
1823. Chloride es silver will absorb
at 60°F. about 40 times its volume of
dry ammoniacal gas; but at the tem
perature of 100° this gas is wholly
expelled from the compound. Now,
if some chloride of silver previously
saturated with ammonia at the tem
perature of 60°F. or lower, be placed
in one end of a glass tube bent in
shape of the letter A, and the other
end be hermetically sealed and placed
in vessel of cool water after the air is
expelled, then the application of heat
to the chloride of silver will expel all
the ammoniacal gas and press it to a
clear liquid in the end of tho tube in
the water. After this has been done,
if the end containing chloride of sil«
ver be placed in a vessel of water so
as to bring it down below Go°, the
liquid ammonia will evaporate so ra
pidly, being so absorbed by the chlo
ride of silver, that it will present the
appearance of ebullition, and so much
heat will be absorbed in this rapid
transition from a liquid to a vapor,
that the water immediately surround
ing the glass tube will be frozen.
Forty years after this experiment
was made, the principle involved
therein was adopted to increase the
comfort and luxury of man in produ
cing cold as desired. Carre soon
found that chloride of silver could not
economically be employed in the
manufacture of ice. But it was long
THE GEORGIA COLLEGIAN.
known that water, at ordinary tern
perature, would absorb about 700
times its own volume of ammoniacal
gas, and that this water heated to
somewhat above the boiling point,
would retfin hardly a trace of ammo
nia. HenceWt' Was suggested to Carre
to machine to utilize this
property of airnmonia to produce cold
artificially. Vfie constructed two
forms of apparatus for this purpose,
one of whieju is intermittent, and the
other cortti'nuous. An explanation of
tfce intermittent apparatus can be gi
ven in fewer words, though this is
not tho one adapted to industrial
uses. A cylindrical vessel acting as
a boiler contains the water saturated
with ammonia. This is connected by
a pipe leading from the upper part to
a closed vessel called the refrigera
tor. The refrigerator is the closed
space included between a large and
small cylinder. The small cylinder
is open at the top, and is the recepta
cle for the thin metallic cylinder con
taining the water to be frozen. When
the boiler is heated, the ammonia is
driven off into the space between the
two cylinders, and by pressure is re
duced to a liquid at ordinary temper
ature. Now if the cylinder contain
ing the water to be frozen be placed
in its receptacle, surrounded by salt
water or alcohol to prevent adhesion
when congealed, and the boiler be
immersed in water, it will imme
diately re-absorb the ammonia; and
the transition of this liquid ammonia
into vapor will absorb so much Beah>
as to freeze the water in the cylinder
One pound of water saturated with
ammonia will thus produce three lbs.
of ice. The machine actually in use
—one is now in successful operation
N. Orleans, and probably they are
already introduced in other cities in
the South—is the continuous acting.
No new principle is involved, only
tho machine is adapted to continuous
action with a limited amount of am
monia and water. It is a wonderful
and beautiful application of science,
thus by the application of heat, ice is
produced. M. Carre states that eve
ry pound of coal burned, will pro
duce from eight to twelve pounds of
ice. He has constructed machines
capable of producing over 400 pounds
of ice per hour. This apparatus
would cost in Paris about ten tbous
sand dollars in our currency. And
it is computed that ice can be made
by it at the actual cost of one quar
ter of a cent fora pound avoirdupois.
Besides theproduction 6f ice, there
are many other useful applications of
the refrigerating apparatus of M.
Carre. By this apparatus, the tem
perature of a room may be entirely
under the control of the operator;
and in processes where it is desira
ble to maintain a uniform tempera
ture, as in breweries and in the man
ufacture of sugar, wo have no doubt
ita use will soon be general. Cattle,
sheep, poultry, &c., are now trans -
ported in closely packed cars, and in
the warmest weather to furnish the
daily supplies of our large cities.—
The character of the moat is thus in
jured, and the expense of transporta
tion a maximum owing to its bulk.
By the use of one of Carre’s ma
chines for producing cold, the ani
mals could be prepared for food at
the place where they are raised, and
transported in any weather safely.
Meat is thus shipped at present from
Texas to New Orleans. We con->
chive it would not be difficult to con
struct a car so that a constant tem
perature could be maintained in it
for any length of time, even a tempe
rature of zero if necessary. It could
also be applied to the ventilation of
churches and all public assemhty
rooms, by which in the most sultry
weather, a flow of refreshingly cool
air could be introduced.
In 1850, Professor Twining of U.
S., patented a method of producing
ice on a commercial scale. The prin
ciple of Twining, is similar to that
subsequently adopted by Carre—
that is of producing cold by pumping
the vapor of ether and re-condensing
the same by an air pump. In 1855,
a machine of Professor Twining’s was
in operation at Cleveland, Ohio, by
which six hundred pounds of ice was
produced in about ten hours.
It is a source of regret, that for
eign enterprise has been allowed to
appropriate and to develop into a
great industry, what was first clearly
conceived of by our own country
man.
Titillative Trifles.
...After a very fine lecture of Dr.
L.’s on the Laocoon, a dull Senior,
who it seems, did not catch the point,
asked of a fellow student, “What
kind of a coon did he say that was ?”
...A certain Senior don’t like As
tronomy becauso it makes him see
stars.
...Why is a street lamp-post like a
man’s nose? Because it has a glass
on it.
...Why is an eel like a black walk
ing cane? Because it is black.
...Why is a college-boy like an
elephant? Bocauso—he fell of the
horse.
...“ Father,” said a loving child, “if
the outside of heaven is so pretty,
how beautiful must be the inside.”
...A friend of ours called recently
on one of his young lady friends,
when presently a sweet little voice
cried out from up stairs to a servant,
“ Oh Jane, bring my hair from the
table in the passage!”
Deponent saith not how tho hair
came there.
...“ Rum done it all,” said a man
on the scaffold, “ and I’ll never touch
another drop as long as I live.”
...A Now Albany lover, knowing
.that a savage dog was kept on the
premises occupied by his sweetheart,
took an equally ferocious cur with
him the other night and set the two
dogs fighting. While the old man
was separating the animals, the lov
ers escaped out of the back door.
...I see tho villian in your faco, said
a western judge to an Irish prisoner.
May it please your worship, replied
Pat, that must be a personal reflec
tion.
...“Yes,” said Mr. Quill, in a dis
course upon the millennium, “we
may all live to see the lion lie down
with the lamb, but it is likely they
will bo inside each other, and the
lamb won’t be on the outer side nei
ther.”
...A yawn in company generally
indicates a gap in the conversation.
...A member of the Pennsylvania
Legislature, in defending mothers
in-law, said: —“I know ’em Mr.
Speaker. Have had several. They’re
a good and useful class, and yet—
and yet —with the best of them there
may bo trouble.”
“How heavy you walk,” exclaim
ed Mrs. Mackwhack, on hearing her
husband tumbling up stairs the oth
er night. “ Well, my dear,” was the
gruff response,” “if you can get a
barrel of whisky up stairs with less
noise, I should like to see you doit.”
...“ Now, my little boys and girls,”
said a teacher, “ I want you to be
very quiet—so that you can hear a
pin drop.” In a minute all was si
lent, when a little boy shrieked, ‘ Let
her drop.’
...Prof. S. of Hartford, the other
day felt uncomfortably stiff and sore
—caught cold perhaps. He lay down
on a lounge and requested his friend
W. to knead and rub him after tho
movement cure style. W. gently
beat him on the chest “How hol
low it sounds,” said K., who was
looking on. “That’s nothing,” said
W.; “ wait till I get to his head.”
... A writer draws a comparison
thus:
“ Leaves have their time to fall,
And so, likewise, have I;
The reasou’s the same with both—
It comes of getting dry.
The only difference ’twixt leaves and I
I falls more harder and more frequently.”
X on your paper is to say
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LUCIS & DEMINS,
DEALERS IN
French Cloths and Cassimeres,
Gents’ Furnishing Goods, &c.
Sept 17, 1870.
Notice, Students!
M. G. & J. COHEN,
HAVE juift received a full supply of REA
DY-MADE CLOTHING, of the
Latest Fall Styles,
'Which they will offer at the lowest market
prices.
Look out for their advertisement in the
next issue of the Collegian. Sep. 17
7