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News
Objective
DECEMBER, 1962
8,400 More
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Segregation-Desegregation Status
egroes in Biracial Schools
7.8 Per Cent of Negro Pupils
Are in Classes with W hites
State
Total
School Districts
With Negroes
& Whites
Deseg.
Enrollment
White Negro
In Desegregated
Districts
W T hite Negro
Negroes
In Schools
With Whites
No. %tt
Alabama
. 114
114
0
527,075**
280.212**
0
0
0
Arkansas
. 417
228
12
320,204***
108,841***
58,993
13,801
250
.230
Delaware
. 87
87
87
74,417
17,073
61,045
11,684
9,460
55.4
Dist. of Columbia
1
1
1
22,141
110,759
22.141
110,759
87,749
79.2
Florida
. 67
67
10
917,557
219,380
531,946*
99,292*
1,168
.532
Georgia
. 198
182
1
668,548
327,656
58,629*
51,991*
44
.013
Kentucky
. 206
167
150
610,000*
43,000*
460,000*
34,000*
22,765**
52.9
Louisiana
. 67
67
1
451,778*
297,427*
39,352
59,428
107
.036
Maryland
. 24
23
23
515,093*
152,667*
510,219
152,667
62,121
40.7
Mississippi
. 150
150
0
297,419**
288,089*
0
0
0
—
Missouri
.1,633
214*
203*
766,800*
85,200*
NA
75,000*
35,000*
41.1
North Carolina ..
. 173
173
16
802,188
339,841
165,621
78,305
901
.265
Oklahoma
.1,180
240
195
513,064*
41,600*
301,430*
34,493*
10,555**
25.4
South Carolina ..
. 108
108
0
361,162
250,058
0
0
0
Tennessee
. 154
143
25
671,348*
161,000*
289,096*
96,095*
1,817
1.13
Texas
.1,481
919
174
1,951,613*
310,341*
1.100,000*
125,000*
6,700*
2.16
Virginia
. 134
132
31
679,230**
221,037**
355,229
100,913
1,230
.553
West Virginia ...
. 55
43
43
412,878*
25,250*
412,878
25,250
15,500*
61.4
TOTALS ....
.6,229
3,058
972
10,562,515
3,279,431
4,366,579(
1,068,678
255,367
7.8
‘Estimated **1961-62
((Proportion of Negroes
***1960-61 (Missouri not included
in schools with whites to total Negro enrollment.
Southern Education
Reporting Service
ALABAMA
State University Leaders Urge
Calm If Negroes Are Admitted
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MONTGOMERY
T'he University of Alabama’s
Board of Trustees, President
Frank A. Rose, the faculty and
Alumni Council issued statements
in November calling for law and
order and a suppression of mob
violence should Negro students
be admitted to the campus.
The university is still under a perma
nent injunction, dating from the Au-
Inerine Lucy case of 1956, to admit
qualified Negroes. Miss Lucy, driven
' :om the campus by a series of riots,
later expelled by the Board of
rustles for accusing the university of
’■'net*® * n the disturbances.
S. District Judge H. H. Grooms of
J-mingham, the same judge who had
ered .Migs Lucy admitted, upheld
'd: as a valid use of college
y^Plinary authority. Miss Lucy had
; at tf*ded classes three days.
1956, the university revealed,
[Kj. e S r °f5 -have initiated applications
’blure^ Com P^ e t ec t the required pro-
Luth M t ntg0mery ° ct 19 ' Dr - Martin
‘m ri, • n . g dr ’> President of the South
ed = “ ris t* an Leadership Conference,
P r aDar U a° UnCe ^ tbat dve Negroes were
v ers i t ec l to see k admission to the uni-
ieast f ^ ater it was announced that at
SSM V \? these had decided to wait.
November.)
Applications Received
Th
^university reported receiving one
SS N a PPhcation Oct. 24 from a Negro
of tij’ 0Vem ber), unidentified because
'baling Umver sity’s policy against re-
ve aduiiu^ 3 a PP bcants before they
r ecej v ^ OV ‘ the university confirmed
^egr 0 5 t applications from two more
Il ail ) Pnents in post-Thanksgiving
Misj v* n . dec kning to identify them.
Jt Al a k.’ Vla ^ M.done, now a student
’°v. jg ., a A & M at Huntsville, said
'ants— nr at she J v as among the appli-
* A totaling three so far.
c °tteg e , , ’ a state-supported Negro
ducati on ° ,* s ma joring in business
11 Personr,'’ Wants to pursue a career
Th e 2ft roanagement.
•b ttttiverstf' r ~°l d Mobile student said
at As,-,l °ffers courses not avail-
! s aid eg ? n unac credited college.
s he j- e , oes not expect trouble
S for ¥ She said s he was
a jV ne , Wor d from the university.
3: l f her Sem ? Ster begins in Febru-
ii, s he wil , applica t‘ on is denied, she
lL^AACP PUrsUe it, probably seek-
JV No assi f ance - !n Mobile, J. L.
& e -iidS:t a t r , and p ° staiem -
■j is SDn Mobile Citizens Com-
t tion. Sp ° ns °nng Miss Malone’s ap-
” a ced
and resolutions (excerpts from texts
acompany this report), called for law
and order and the suppression of mob
violence.
President Frank A. Rose, in his re
port to the Board of Trustees Nov. 9,
warned against the dissipation of uni
versity resources on lesser goals than
academic excellence.
The Board of Trustees responded,
unanimously, by expressing its “deter
mination that law and order must be
maintained at all times on the . . . cam
pus.” The board said it “will not con
done, and will take such measures as
It may deem necessary to prevent vio
lence, riot or disorder.”
The resolution was offered by Gess-
ner T. McCorvey, Mobile attorney and
prominent States Rights Democrat. It
was seconded by Montgomery con
tractor Winton M. Blount. A week later
Blount was re-elected to a second term
as president of the Alabama State
Chamber of Commerce. Both are mem
bers of the Board of Trustees.
Alumni Council
■’-if,.Egroes f„ h !, POSsibi l it y °f admit-
I
. 4 n UI aUIIilL-
Univ ersitv ° ‘ he al . 1 -white campus,
’ 111 a ser ies of statements
The Alumni Council followed Nov.
10 with a similar statement, presented
by Judge Dan T. McCall, president
elect from Mobile, pledging support to
the President and the Board of Trus
tees. The council commended Gov. John
Patterson and Gov.-elect George C.
Wallace for their assurances that law
and order will be maintained (see
“What They Say”). The council also
praised officials and citizens of Tusca
loosa and Tuscaloosa County for their
similar assurances.
The council represents 60,000 Uni
versity alumni.
University faculty members adopted
Nov. 14 a statement prepared and
passed two days earlier by the Uni
versity chapter of the American Asso
ciation of University Professors. It said,
in part:
“. . . This institution must discharge
its duties in a manner consistent with
the law of the land. ... It is the duty
and purpose of the faculty to teach all
students at this institution. . . . Learn
ing can flourish only in a peaceful at
mosphere free from the threat of vio
lence. . . .”
The resolution, introduced by Dr.
John Henderson, AAUP University
chapter president, was approved as read
to more than 600 members of the fac
ulty and administration.
j/\bout 8,400 more Negroes are attending public schools with whites
in the Southern and border states this fall than were enrolled last
spring. The 255,367 Negroes in desegregated elementary and high
schools this fall are 7.8 per cent of the total Negro enrollment in the
region. This compares with 246,988, or 7.6 per cent, last spring, making
the increase two-tenths of one per cent.
Enrollment in the 17 Southern and
border states, plus the District of Co
lumbia, totals 13,841,946 for the 1962-63
school year. This includes 10,562,515
whites and 3,279,431 Negroes.
The number of desegregated public
school districts rose from 912 last
spring to 972 this fall, while the total
of school districts dropped from 6,368
to 6,229 because of consolidations. The
school districts include 3,058 in which
both races live and 3,171 that are either
all-white or all-Negro.
Registration Closed
The University announced Dec. 3
that registration for the spring semes
ter, beginning in February, had been
closed Nov. 30. No transfer student who
had not completed registration by that
day would be accepted for the second
semester, according to President Rose’s
instructions to the admissions records
office.
None of the applications of the three
Negroes who seek admission had been
completed by the deadline, the univer
sity said. Registration for beginning
freshmen was also closed.
In the case of both classes of stu-
(See LEADERS, Page 2)
Record Compiled
The record on desegregation in pub
lic schools and colleges is compiled by
Southern Education Reporting Service
and is published annually in a Sta
tistical Summary. The 1962-63 edition
has just been printed and is ready for
distribution. In addition to enrollment
figures by race, it contains up-to-date
information about teaching staffs, court
cases, legislation and other subjects.
When in May, 1960, the Statistical
Summary first recorded the number of
Negroes in schools with whites, the re
gion had in this category 181,020 Ne
groes, or 6 per cent of the total Negro
enrollment. Subsequent surveys show
ed these figures: November, 1960—195,-
625 Negroes in biracial schools, or 6.3
per cent; May, 1961—213,532, or 6.9 per
cent; November, 1961—233,509, or 7.3
per cent; and last May—246,988, or 7.6
per cent.
The new summary shows that 32.6
per cent of the region’s Negro students
live in desegregated districts, but of
these 1,068,678 Negroes, only 23.9 per
cent attend desegregated schools.
Border Area
The border area (Delaware, the Dis
trict of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland,
Missouri, Oklahoma and West Virginia)
Hard Nut to Crack
SOUTH CAROLINA
Judge Orders Speed in Clemson Suit
COLUMBIA
A United States district judge
■t*- has ordered “full speed
ahead” in the handling of Harvey
B. Gantt’s suit to enter Clemson
College and thus become the first
Negro to enter South Carolina’s
white schools.
The jurist is 77-year-old C. C. Wyche,
for over a quarter-century the judge
of the Western District of South Caro
lina and a former law partner of ex-
Secretary of State and Supreme Court
Justice James F. Byrnes and S.C. Gov.-
Elect Donald S. Russell.
Judge Wyche, concluding a three-day
trial on Nov. 21, told attorneys that
“time is of the essence” in the Gantt
case. He is under pressure from the
Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals, which
on Oct. 5 remanded the case to Judge
Wyche with a request that it be han
dled expeditiously so that any possible
appeal could be heard in January. This
would enable 19-year-old Gantt, of
Charleston, to enter Clemson in January
at the start of the second semester if the
case is decided in his favor.
Attorneys for Clemson and for Gantt
agreed to submit written briefs on their
arguments and Judge Wyche ordered
them to begin work on them imme
diately. He also directed the court ste
nographer to give precedence to the
case in transcribing it.
To Work Over Holidays
The judge, who has four weeks of
heavy dockets facing him in up-state
Anderson, where the Gantt case was
heard, and at Florence in the lower sec
tion of the state, said he would devote
the Christmas holidays to a study of
the records and the arguments in the
Gantt case and have a decision by
Jan. 1.
(South Carolina’s federal courts are
crowded because two of the state’s four
federal judgeships are vacant due to
one death and one retirement.)
The November trial came after
Gantt’s attorneys, headed by Mrs. Con
stance Motley, of the NAACP’s New
York legal staff, and Matthew Perry of
Columbia, had been before Judge
Wyche last summer. At that time, they
asked for a temporary injunction to
admit young Gantt, who then was en
tering his junior year as a student at
Iowa State University, to Clemson’s
School of Architecture pending a trial
of the case on its merits.
Judge Wyche denied this injunction
and so did the Court of Appeals, sitting
in Alexandria, Va., on appeal.
Two Major Points
Gantt’s attorneys, who brought the
case on behalf of the principal plaintiff
and others similarly situated, made their
case around two major points:
• That Clemson has a policy of not
admitting Negro students; and
• That Gantt’s application had not
(See JUDGE WYCHE, Page 8)
Summary Ready
The latest information on the
status of desegregation in the public
schools and colleges of the Southern
and border states is provided in the
1962-63 edition of Southern Educa
tion Reporting Service’s Statistical
Summary, now ready for mailing.
Developments for this school year,
the ninth since the U. S. Supreme
Court’s 1954 decision, are reported
for each of the 17 states, plus the
District of Columbia, that in 1954
had laws requiring racial segrega
tion in their public schools. Several
tables summarize information for
the region and give comparisons
with previous years.
The Summary is available at one
dollar a copy.
has 475,549 Negro students, or 14.5 per
cent of the region’s total Negro enroll
ment. But this area has 243,150 Negroes
in desegregated schools, representing
95.2 per cent of the region’s Negroes in
schools with whites.
The states of Arkansas, Florida,
Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina,
Tennessee, Texas and Virginia, have
1,985,523 Negroes enrolled, or 60.5 per
cent of the region’s total Negro enroll
ment. The public schools in these eight
states have 12,217 Negroes attending
classes with whites, comprising 4.8 per
cent of the region’s Negroes in biracial
schools.
Three states—Alabama, Mississippi
and South Carolina—remain completely
segregated at the elementary and high
school levels. They have 818,359 Negro
students, or 25 per cent of the region’s
total.
The District of Columbia reported a
decrease in the number of Negroes in
schools with whites this year. The fig
ures for 14 states increased. In Missouri,
Oklahoma and West Virginia, where
only estimates of the Negroes in bi
racial schools are available, the figures
remained unchanged from those of last
spring.
District of Columbia
Public schools in the nation’s capital
have an enrollment that is 83 per cent
Negro. The white enrollment continued
to decline this fall and the Negro en
rollment to climb. Last May, the Dis
trict had 20 all-Negro schools with
combined enrollments of 14,925 and five
all-white schools with 2,100 students.
This put 88,881 Negroes in biracial
schools. This fall the District has 23,100
Negroes in 26 all-white schools, 1,066
whites in three all-white schools and
87,749 Negroes in biracial classes.
Maryland experienced the greatest
(See 255,367, Page 15)
In This Issue
Slate Reports
Alabama 1
Arkansas 11
Delaware 11
District of Columbia 15
Florida 13
Georgia 4
Kentucky 6
Louisiana 5
Maryland 12
Mississippi 14
Missouri 13
North Carolina 6
Oklahoma 3
South Carolina 1
Tennessee 7
Texas 10
Virginia 9
West Virginia 8
Special Articles
Regionwide Survey 1
Texts
Statements in Alabama 2
Katzenbach on Schools 16