Newspaper Page Text
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HY CAMAK & It A GLAND, STATE 4* UX1TED STATES' PRI.VTEUS.
MILLEDGKViLLE, TUESDAY, MAY 23, 162(>.
ir?*THK GEORGIA JOURNAL
G published weekly, at the corner of Wayne and
Hancock Street*, at Three Dollar* per aun. in ad-
**ni , or Four Dollar* at the end of the year.
The paper will not he sent to any person out of the
State, until the subscription i* paid in advance, or
■atiifactory reference ftren.
Advertisement* inserted at the u*ual rate*.
N. n. Sale* of land and negroes, by Admini*tra-
•on. Executors,«ir Guardian*, are required, by law,
to he'held oti the first Tuesday in the month, be
tween the hours of ten in the foeenfton and three in
the afternoon, at the court house of the county in
which the property is situate.—Notice of these sales
must he given in a public gazette SIXTY da>* pre
vious to the day of sale.
Notice of the sale of personal property must be
given in like manner, FOH l'Y days previous to the
dky of sale.
Notice to the debtors and creditors ol an estate
must he published for FORTY days.
Notice that application will b< made to the Court
of Ordinary for leave to sell land, must be publici
st] foj-VlNE MONTHS.
interested in those advertisements which
•re | fished monthly, will find them in the first
*nd fourth page of ihe./Jrjf fmper in every month.
All business of this kind continues n n-oeive
prompt attention at the office of the Georgia J" i*
Laws of the United States.
[Cl’ AUTHORITY J
AN ACT lo authorize 'he Sitrc of Pennsyl
vania to I iy out and m ike u canal through
the Unite J Si ties public ground, ’near «»»«'
r : t\ of Pittsburg
lie it enacted bn the Senate and House of Re
presentatives of the United States q f Anunru
in Congress assembled, That the cous-ni ol
Congress is hereoy given to lire Slat** ol Penn
sylvania, to lav out anti make a canal through
tit* United ditties miblie ground, atlhc village
of L.itvrenr.eville, near the city of Pittsburg:
Provided, That, in laying out -and inakucj Haul
canal, the said State, the Engineer#, artisans,
or laborers, by Her employed, shall not inter
fere with, or injure, any of the buildings, im
provements, or other works, erected, or that
in iv be. hereaftei erected, by, or for the use ol
ill'**United Stnc-s.
S»*e *2. And be it further enacted, That ns
nc lulitii.n on w liich the assent of Congress
is given, wherever 8 tit! canal s..allcro s ;te\
I’ublio or private road or highway, in s >i<! pub
Xhc ground, the Slate of Pennsylvania, tlnli
cause bri Ipesto b erected lit lor ilie passagr
of carts Med wagons; and forever tberealier
keep and mamt in the said bridges pis-mlne
nnd in good repair, without receiving ai:\
toll or toll#, or any other compensation what-
Approved, April M, 1R2G.
AN ACT giving the light of pre-eropfion, i.i
the purchase of Lands, t<» curtain rsin
the States of Alabama, Missis^, "« nid Ter
ritory of Florida.
fie it enacted by the Senate nod House of
llrpi e sent stives of the United Sf.vies of America
in Congress assembled, Thai every person, or
the legal r pp .-seinaiives of anv person, who,
I) i .g either the head of a family, or tvv» ntv-
oneyeatgol age,did, on or before the fir.-t
(lay of .Tannery, in the yea** oee thousand eight
hundred and tvveiitv-f;\c. actually inhabit and
cultivate a tract of laud siluatr d in the Terri
lory of FI >ru!w, wnieh tract is n*,t rightlully
claimed by any other |» ?son, and who shall
not have removed lio n the said T* niton ,
shall be entitled to the act of pre emption ie
the purchase tin rent, under the same terms,
restrictions, conditions, provisions, and regu
latious, in every ri'.qv c', a- are diiected by
tlie act entitled “ An act giving the right of
piv-.inpu-uij in tie- purchase of lands, to cor*
tain s :ii !, »i' in ilit? Illinois Territory,” passed
February the tilth, ouo I li imud eight hn• died
and thiriet n. Provided, That no person shell
be (.Milled to the f>i\i\ i.siens of tins seeliou,
who claims any tract of land in said Territoiy,
\\) virtue ol a co.ili, matiuii of the Couimis-
Biouers, or by virtue •>! .any act of Congress.
See 2 And !e it f in ,'lier enacted, That any
person, oi 'lie leg.d representatives ol any
person, entith'd to a preference in becoming
the purchaser o; a tract of laud, at private
sale, according lo the piovisiors of this act/
who issellled oil a fractional quarter section,
shall have the piivilege oi pur« hasing an
joining quarter section, or the fractional quar
ter section, improved l>. them, ai their option.
Sec. 3 And be it further enacted, That in
c u*s where two or mote pers us entitled to
the right of pre-eiuptun sh.dl be settled on
tine quarter, or fractional quarter section ol
land, they shall be authorized to purchase one
or more quarter sections, which, with the
quartet section, or fractional quart* r, upoi
w hid) such persons ate aeu.cd, shall be equnl
ly divided between them, ia such manner a
It.a Register and Receiver shall direct, so ai
to secure, as far as may be practicable, to each
such person, their improvements, r, peclive-
!y : Provided, That in no instance shall i 1
person be entitled to a preference in Hit p
chase fur more than one qnaiter section
land, in addition to his portion ol the fraction
al quarter section on which he is settled.
Sec 4. And be it further enacted, That
person or persoi ■», who have setth*d on and
improved any of the lands in the saidTerrito-
roserved lor the use of schools, and v
would have had vhe \ ight ol pre-emption ih
hr. and die same me hereby, rcro.''i»ized as
valid, and confirmed ns aforesaid ; and the
said Commissioners, nnd their r.'cretary,
-h.ill he entitled to receive the suite compen
sation as they were authorized to demand by
aw, nr.or to that day, up to the time at which
the Receiver and Register V ok possession of
their iecords, in obedience to an art of the
bird day of March. ciglm*n hundred and
twenty ffte. entitled, “ An act for ascertaining
claims and lid s to 11mis in the tci ritory ol
Florida,” tec.
Sec. 3 And be it further enacted, That the
Spanish claim: contain' cl in special icports,
from one t<* ilurtv, reported in obedience to
thelomth seeticn of an art of Congress, ap-
p.oved May eighth, eighteen hundred and
twenty-two, entitled, “ An net for ascertain
ing claims rini titles lo lauds in t'• territory
ol Florida.’ h< nnd flies one me li. re by
confii n- d t • In* cl liinaeis in po-scs?ion
. 4. And be it father enacted, That the
t. lots in report u.al nbstract K. re-
(Ird f >r coiifii mati» n as equitable li
ith tin exception of the lart ter., In .
e same are herr by declared valid an
ned, and the Haim of ih» Cathobc in
n s to a lot on which the church stands
bn, an : tli • s i ae is hereby confn mod to them
f .r tii.it use,so long as it is occupied for that
purpose.
f-ic./j And be it further enacted, That tin
cairns i etnoo d in the report« I the R»n eiv* r
t .d Kegiste.-, made to the See,re ii' f the
iP.e irv, i oil* diene, lo i law ol the la-t -
•to,, of Co. ig'ess, ilated lb* 1 llmt tli ; y <>.
'wy. eighteen J.limbed andtwe ay-five, be, a
the same ate I- rebv . >nfi, n.ed
See. f». And be it fur liter enacted, That til”
c aim v.l Fistncisco and Kcuiiaido Moreno,
near Fort San C.<rlos dc Uarancas, i-hall be
?o I,railed as no. tointerfeie with the grounds
reserved by the laws and ordin luces of tin
Spanish <»ovi rnmtnt, for forts, nor with that
which Iras been lately selected for a n.tvy-
v ud and naval depot, i,y the Nav y Commit-
s mners, and approved by the President oftli-
United Stains.
ben. 7 .’hid be it farther enacted, That the
claims co lots, in report L, with the exception
of that on the fq.iiitr Feidmand Seventh, l» •,
ti- i the same are hereby, approved and con-
■ii met), so lar as the Uuiti ' States have any
fide to tlie same, without prejudice to the
tight- of the corporation : and the lots reser
ved for market houso and other publi'* mes
in the plan of the Constitutional Cabildo, are
r•*!*nq,n-hed and confirmed to the corporation
d Pens acola; and the lot* reserved and
gi anted for e.liureh, parish, vicar, school, amt
Mistom liou-e are respectively set apart and
med. for the objects set forth in the dc-
of said C ibi.de, so far as the United
■’dates have any title to the same without pre-
lire, aa aforesaid Provided, That no claim
the public '.quares of -Seville, Ferdinand
Seventh, and the square and garden on which
he court bouse stands, as laid * (Tin sai l plan
<d the Cabildo, shall be allowed or recogni-
ed rh valid, by this act ; and provided, also,
hat flip confirmation of all the said claims
provided for hv this act, shall amount only ton
‘niquislimenl lorcver, on tlie part of the
United States, of any claim whatever to the
act of land, so confirmed of granted
Sec l> And be it farther enacted, That the
nils fronting Pensacola Bay, from the mouth
of the Big Bayou, to .i lit e below Turn r Point
»nd thence hack to the Jayou, selected by the
Commissioners, and all the lands front
mg raid bay, and lor one mile back, as far ai
he Grand Lagoon,shall be reserved from sale
■r location, for the u.-c of the navy-yard or
depot, and fur other public works of the Uni
ted States
.9 And be it further enacted, That the
proper accounting officers of the Treasury
Department be, nnd they are hereby, author
d to receive and adju-t the accounts of the
Commissioners appointed to ascertain claims
and tides to lauds in East and West Florid;
die contingent exponecs of said Comniis-
Mono,s, and to pay the same out of any money
the Treasury, not otherwise appropriated.
Approved, Apt il 22, U.2G.
to by the la v, had
served, shall him
under the same i
subject to the saun
ill other case# of
said Territoiy to a
propriated lauds ’
tlie s
(lie right of p
‘rat* and c
lestrictions
i tight of |
(in.i
be i
3-empiin
idiiioiis, an
provided I*
e-enipiion i
(lie >
ol
: ivv ns
near adjacent as lands oflike quality can bi
obtained.
Sec. 0- Andie it further enacted, That ev
cry person,or In o, her legal representative
comprised in the li .t of actual serlers, repor
ted to the Commissioner of tlm General Lai
Ollice, by the Register # und Receiver fort!
Distrtci of Jackson (a,urt House, in the slate
of Mississippi, under the .authority of an act
gf Congress, entitled “An Act lor adjm
the chums to lands, and estabbsliing f. mil
Offices in the Districts east of the Eland ol
New Orleans,” appioved the third day
March, one thousand eight hundred and nir
teen, not having any written evidence of claim
to land, iu said district, and who, on the third
day of March, one thousand eight handled
aud nineteen, did actually inhabitaud cultivate
a tract of land in said district, nut claimed by
viitue of any written evidence of claim, leyal
|y derived troni cithi r the French, Bi ittsli,
Spanish Govcraincuts, or granted as a do.
tiou by virtue ot tiny act ol Congress here
fore passed, shall be entiilt d to a right of pi
ference, on becoming the purchaser fiom the
United States of such tiact of land, at the
same price for w liich other public lands
sold at private sale : Provided, 1 natsuch tr
of land shall not cunt tin more than onu bun
sired and sixty acres, to be located by section
al lines, and that the same shall be duly enter
eil with the Register ol tlie proper oflke,
in the term of two years, or before, if the
same shall be offered at public sale : And i>
iAdtd,also, Where any person is settled on,
and h is improved any ociiuol lauds in said dis-
tuct, he, she, or they, shall be giuernt d h)
tho provisions of the louitli section ot this
act.
Approved, April 22, 182G.
*4
7lN ACT to confirm the Reports ol tlie Com
missioners for ascertaining Claims and ii
lies to Lands in West Floiida,aud for other
purposes.
lie it enacted by the Sm ite and House of Re
present at ires of the United States of America m
Congress assembled. That all liie decisions
made ny the Commissioners, appointed to as
certain claims aud titles to land in the District
of West Florida, made in favor of clannaub
to lands and lots in s ml District, cont.iined in
ihe reports, opinions, and abstracts, ol the
Commissioners, which have been transmitted
to the Secretary of the Treasury, according
t,. law, be, aud die same are hereby, confirm*
*Sec 2. And be it further enacted, That all
. r« ports, abstracts, and opinions, mad
and* forwarded i»y ilia two commissioners in
h ai,l Districts, subsequently to the first day ol
Jauuirv, eigiiteeii hundred and twenty-live,
l |„. period at which that Board expired by law
publican form, let them stand undisturbed
monuments of the safety with which cr-
rbrof opinion may be tolerated, where rea
son is left free to combat it. I know ridcnd
that some honest men fear that a republican
government cannot be strong ; that this go
vernment is rrot strong enough. Rut would
the honest patriot, in the full tide of suc-
essful experiment abandon a government
liirh has so far kept us free and firm, on
the theoretic and visionary fear, that this
government, the world’s best hope, may,
bv possibility, want energy to preserve it
If? I trust not. I believe this, on the
contrary, the strongestgoverntnenton earth.
I believe it the only one, where every man,
the call of the law, would fly to the. stan
dard of the law, and would meet invasions
ofthc public order as bis own personal con
cern.
Sometimes it is said that man cannot be
trusted with the government of himself—
~ lie then be trusted with the government
of others ? Or have we found aiU’eh in the
form of kings to govern him ? Let history
answer this question.
Let us then, witli rournge, nnd confi-
niro pursue our own federal ami republi
can principles; our attachment to union
nnd representative government Kindly sr-
irated by nature nnd a wide ocean from
exterminating havoc of one quarter of
the globe ; too high-minded to endure tlie
degradations of the others, possessing a
bosen country, with room enough for onr
descendants In the thousandth and ten thou-
Itb generation,entertaining a due sense
of our equal right to the use of our own fac
ulties, to the acquisitions of our own indus
try, to honour and confidence from our fel
low citizens, resulting not from birth, but
fr< • m our actions nnd their sense of them,
nligbtennd by a benign religion, professed
ndood and practised iu various forms, yet
til of them inculcating honesty, truth, tom-
tenmfo. gratitude and tho love of man, ac
knowledging and adoring an overruling
rovidence, which by all its dispensations
proves that it delights in the happiness of
bore, and bis greater happiness licrcnf-
with all these blessings, what more it
necessary to make us a happy and a prosper
ous people? 8till one thing tnoic, fellow-
itizens, a wise and frugal government
which shall restrain men (Tom injuring one
another,shall leave tlion olberwiso free to
regulate their own pursuits of industry
nnd improvement, and shall not tako from
the mouth of labour the bread it lias earned.
This is the sum of good government ; and
INAUGURAL ADDRESS
OF MR. JSFFERSON,
Delivered on the 4ih March, l w 01.
Friends aud Fellow Citizens—
Called upon to undertake the duties of
the first Executive ollice of our country
ail tnvself of the presence of that portion
of my follow-citizens which is here ns
bind to express my grateful thanks for tli
favor with vs Inch they have been plena.nl to
look towards me, to declare a sincere cot
scion.-iloss that the task is above m v talent
and that I approach it with those anxious
and awful presentments which thegreatue
of that charge, aud the weakness of my
powers so justly inspire A rising natir
spread over a wide and fruitful land, tia
(rising all the seas with the ri. h productions
of their industry, engaged in commerc
with nations who feel power and forget
right; advancing rapidly to destinies bo'
yond the reach of mortal eye ; when
contemplate these transcends.t objects,
and see the honor, the happiness, and tli
hope oi this beloved country committed l
the issue and the auspices of this day,
shrink from the contemplation and humble
inyselt before the magnitude of llie und
inking Utterly indeed should I despair
did not the presence of many, whom her
see,remind me, that in tlie other h h i
tlioritiea provided by our constitution, I .dial!
find resources of wisdom, of virtue, and of
zeal, on which lo rely under all ditileultie
To y6u, then gentlemen, who are charge
with the sovereign function of legislation,
and to those associated with you, I loq.k with
encouragement for that guidance and sup
port which may enable us to steer with
safety tho vessel in which wo are all
baiked, amidst tho conflicting elements of
a troubled world.
During the contest of opinion throu
which we have past, the animiitiotp* of din
missions and of exertion# has sometime
worn an aspect which might impose
strangers unused to think freely and to speak
and to write what they tlnok ; but ibis be
ingnow decidedly the voice of the nati<
announced according to the rules of th
constitution, all will of course arran
themselves under the will of the law, und
unite in common efforts for tlie common
good. All too will hear iu mind this sain
principle, that though the will of the mu
jority i* in all c ase# to prevail, that will, to
be rightful, must be reasonable ; that the
minority possess their equal rights, vvl.
equal laws must protect, and to violufi
would be oppression. Let us then, fellow
citizens, unite with one heart, and oi
mind, let us restore to social intercour
that harmony and affection without which
liberty, and even life itself, arc but dreary
things. And let us reflect, that bavin
banished from our land that religious intol
eranre under which mankind so long bled
and suffered, wo have yet gained litti
we countenance a political intoleranci
despotic, a# wicked, and capable of as w
cd und bloody persecutions. During the
tbroesand convulsions ofthc ancient world
during the agonizing spasms of infuriated
man, seeking through blood and slaugbte
his long lost liberty, it w as not wonderfu
(but the agitation of the billows should
reach even this distant and peaceful shun
hat this should be more felt and feared I
Some, and less by others; nnd should d
s ide opinions as to measures of safety ; but
every difference of opinion i •( not a difference
of principle. We have called by difl
names brethren of the same principle W
are all republicans ; o are all federal
If there be any ..rnnug us who would v
to dissolve this union, or to change its
make some enquiriesveapecting him. The
result has been tlie more satisfactory, l»o-
eauso lie represents a portion of the Union
from whose representatives we hare not
been accustomed to hear of lain, such fear
less avowals of doftrinos, conflicting in
some measure, with the supposed local in- j
torests nnd feelings of that section ofthc
confederacy. Mr. Woodbury we are in
formed. bus always belonged to the Repub
licans of t] old school Notwithstanding
the fashionable doctrines of the day, lie
lias the boldness to think that tiro federal
government is em reaching upon the re
tained rights of tho “ states and of the
people ;” that the constitution is interpre
ted by a rule so broad as to give to the gov
ernment all power, or in other words, pow
er to do oven tiling which, in the capricious
opinion of a changeful majority, may con
duce to the “ general welfare” and that a
check should be put to these almming con
structive usurpations. Amid the universal
fanatacism by which Mr \V. lias b um sur
rounded, he lias had the independence to
think, that the states who tolerate slavery .
are not criminal, because they cannot, at
nine, deliver themselves (Tom one evil,
without incurring a greatei—and that v. e
should be left to regulate this matter for
ourselves, because wo best know the extent
of the evil, nnd ought to ho the best judges
of theiomedy to bo applied
Just and disinterested sentiments like
these, and coming from such a quarter, can
not but be gratifying. His report or the
salt tux contains views equally just nnd
liberal We recomim ml it to tlio perusal of
our renders The prodigals of the day
may hoot nnd sneer at a K-ductinn of tax
on so trifling an article as salt. Inconsid
erable as it may seem, it is recommended to
the government hv considerations injustice
and equality ; nnd we cannot, for a moment
believe, that when the, finances nro repre
sented to be in such » prosperous condition ;
when our tnonnr. are so abundant us to tempt
Congress to embark in schemes to “ better
the social condition of man ;” schemes ol
defence; of internal improvement;
“ National Universities ;” of “ exploration
and even of •* light houses of tho skies’’
reflect on Europe, “ light for light ’ at such
ii time, nnd with means piompting the
such brilliant adveifiiires, verily we cannot
believe that Congress can deny to the great
mass of the people, and particularly to the
middling classes, who oru agriculturists, so
poor a boon ns this. It'it be so small
matter as the prodigals teetn to think it,
this is necessary to close the circle of our I whv hesitate a moment about the matter.
felicities. The public officer with his snug salary—
About to niter, fellow-citizens, on the the contractor with his rich contract—(und
exercise of duties which comprehend eve- there is a goodly number of them both .)
ry thing dear arid valuable to you, it is pro- j ovon the member of Congress with bis eight
per you should understand what I deem tho j dollars n duy, (during llmso long sessions)
ntial principles of our government, and I all receive their money, whether it ruin or
consequently those which ought to shape
its administration. I w ill compress them
within the narrowest compass they will
bear, stating the general principle, but not
all its limitations. Equal and exact justice
to all men, of whatever state or persuasion,
religious or political—peace, commerce,
arid honest friendship with all nations, en
tangling alliances with none—the support
of the state governments in all their rights
ns tlie most competent administrations for
our domestic concerns nnd tho surest bul-
rks against anti-republican tendencies—
the preservation of the general government
its whole constitutional vigor, ns the
sheet anchor of our peace at home, and
safety abroad—a jealous care of tho right
of election hv the people, a mild und safe
corrective of abtues which are lopped by
the bvyurd of revolution where peaceable
emedies are unprovided ; absolute ucqui-
scence iu the decisions ofthe majority, the
vital principle o. republics, from which no
appeal but to force, the vital principles nnd
immediate parent of despotism—ti well dis
ciplined militia, our bcKtreliance in peace,
and for the first moments of war, till regu
lars may relieve them--tho supremacy of
the civil over the military authority—econ
omy in the public cxpcoce, that labor may
be lightly burthennd—the honest payment
f our debts and sacred preservation of the
public faith—sucouragomenl of agriculture,
and of commerce as it# handmaid—-tho
Effusion of information, nnd arruingment
of all abuse at tho bar of public reason—
freedom of religion—freedom of tho press
— and xeedoni of person, under the pro
tection of the Habeas Corpus—and tri
ll by juries impartially selected These
principles form tho'* bright constellation,
which lias gone before us, ahd guided our
steps through an ago of revolution and re
formation Thew sdom of our sages, and
blood of our In* rocs, have been devoted to their
ittuiurnunt^—thoy should be the creed of our
political faith—the text of civic instruction,
the touchstone by which to try tho services
of tlioso we trust—and should we wander
from them in moments of error or alarm,
let us hasten to retrace our steps, and to re
nin the road which alone leads to peace,
liberty and safety.
I repair then, fellow-citizens, to the post
u have assigned me. With experience
enough in subordinate offices to hjivc seen
the difficulties of this greatest of all. I
have learnt to expect that it will rarely fall
to the lot of imperfect man to retire fioin
this station with the reputation, and the fa*
, which bring him into it. ——■ Without
pretensions to that high confidence you re
posed in our first and greatest revolution
ary character, whose pre-eminent services
had entitled him lo the first place of his
country’s love, and destined for him the
fairest page iu the volume gf faithful histo
ry, I ask so much confidence only as may
give firmness and effect to the legal admin
istration of your affairs. I shall often
go wrong through defect of judgment.—
When right 1 shall often bo thought wrong
by those whose positions will not command
a view of the wholu ground. I ask youi
indulgence for my own errors, which will
never b« intentional ; and your support
against U.c errors of others, who may con
demn what they would not, if seen in all
its paitt;. Tho approbation implied by
your suffrage, is a great consolation to
me for the past; and my future solicitude
will be. to retain the good opinion of those
have bestowed it in advance, to conciliate
that of others by doing them all the good
in my power, and to bo instrumental to the
happiness and freedom of all
Relying then on the patronage of your
good will, I will advance with obedience
lo tho work, ready to retire from it when
ever you become sensible bow much better
choices it is in you power, t-i make—And
may that infinite power which rules tho
destinies ot tlie Universe, lead our councils
to what is best, und give them a favorable
issuu for )oui peace and prosperity.
THOMAS JEFFERSON
From the Richmond Enquirtr.
TAX ON SALT.
We lay before our reader* tho folio win:’
Report on ibis subject, submitted to the I
S. Senate on the 17th uil. by Mr. Iloou
burry ol New Hampshire, who is under
stood to bo tiie au.lior of it. The course of
that gentleman in the Senate; hi* udher
once t«, and b »ld avow d of, the dnnocrutie
i principles gf Mr Jefferson, have led us to
shine : whotherthe price of labor and pro
ducc bo high or lew. Yet, how many of
these favoied few will prefer quixotic
schemes of “ exploration” and “lighthou
ses in tho skies,” to tlie simple act of equal
justice proposed by Mr Woodbury’s re
port’ Iu the present embarrassments of
our commerce, and so long as the unusually
depressed prices of agricultural productions
should continue, a repeal or even a reduc
tion of the salt tax will be most acceptable
to the middling and poorer classes of socie
ty. How many of the tillers of the soil are
there, whose whole disposable produce w ill
scarcely buv the suit, iron and steel, and
the few groceries they are compelled to
have ? Let the reader look through the cir
cle of his country acquaintance and s
how many of them confine their purchases
to thct’c articles. Soino ure compelled to
have « few coarse cloths. Y r et, upon ull
these articles of first necessity to the poor
man, the government imposes a tax, fur be
yond that imposed upon the foreign luxuries
which tho rich consume. Is this just? Mr
W shows that the consumer pay s to the go
vernment for his Fait three hundnul turns
as much as it cost the merrhunt abroad. Is
such an enormous tax imposed upon any ol li
ber article of necessity ? and why should ii
be upon this ? Is it because tho government
wants money to enter into the pretty
schemes wo hnvu mentioned above ? But
are these schemes to bo preferred to tlie
claims of the people for justice ’
la.: us not De fold that our own salt-boil
er# want protection, and as they belong to
tlio brotheihood of manufacturers, they
must have it; and have il too, at this enor
mous late! Our salt boilers need no such
protection. Their operations aie mostly in
tlio west, and if foreign salt on tlio sea
board cost nothing, tho price of transporta
tion would protect them from its competi
tion Rut even if it did not effectually do
ibis,what has government to do with it?
“ The sum of good government” is thus
briefly nnd beautifully given by Mr. Jeffer
son. “ A wisonnd frugal government which
shal 1 restrain men ftom injuring one attotli-
shall leave them otherwise free to reg
ulate their own pursuits of industry and
improvement, ami shall not take from the
month of tabor tho brad it has earned.''
There is another expression of this illus
trious man of tho people, which we copy in
this place : “ Considering tho general ten
dency to multiply offices uuil dept udtncir
und to increase tjju nac to the ultimate term
of burden which the citizen cun bear, it be
hooves us to avail ourselves of every occa-
sio n for taking of the. surcharge; that it
never may be seen here that, after leu ring
tolubor the smallest portion of its earnings
on which it can subsist, Gov in. n m k n t
sir vli. i rsr.LK, consume ilu residue of wliat
it was instituted to guard."
We have no room »t present, further to
pursue this subject. We uru gratified that
Sir. Woodbury has taken it up, and hope ho
will jicrse.vore in this, and similar patriotic
efforts. The proposition coming front one
of’ the representatives of u northern state is
more likely to succeed than ii it had origin
ated in the abused region south of the i’o-
tonme. More anon
M r. Woodbury s able and masterly speech
on the Punauni Mission was justly entitled
to tlie praise it received from all who read
it.
In Senate, of the United States.
Mxnut Id, l'2d.
Mr. Woodbury, from the Committeo on
Agricultuic, made the following
RhPortl :
That this important branch ofour nation
al inJuatry, i* now compelled to sustum oi e
burthen, veiy severe and partial in it# ope
ration. It i# the duty imposed upon impor
ted salt ; a duty which ai the rate of twen
ty cent* oil each bushel weighing fifty six
pounds, is almost unexampled in amount,
us it sometimes equals three hundred per
cent, on the prime cost of the article, lh-
chimc, while the weight of some salt per
bushel, doe# not exceed sixty pounds, that
o. other species is nigh as eighty lour pounds
and is frequently purchased abroad at ton
cents per bushel,
So enormous mii impost, noton a luxury,
but on un article of the lirsi necessity, tails,
also, in a great measure, upon the agricultu
ral intoiest.
Becuusc whether salt bo employed as a
dressing fwr the-.oil, in he manufaeture of
butter and cheese, iu the preservation of
beef und pork, m ike fodder to sheep and
catth*, or in the various other ordinary uses
of it, tho tax comes, in the fir^t instance,
and in most of the^e particailars, exclusively
from our farmers ; and, in the end, proba
bly more than five-sixths of it is paid by
them, as the purchasers of it. without sub
sequent remuneration, by any enhanced
price of their commodoties, and ns the
greatest consumers of all agricultural pro
ducts.
Your committee have searched in vain
for a justification of the continuance of a
burthen thus severe and partial.
Because, though Congress possess the
power “ to lay imposts,” for the £>rposa of
paying/* (ho debts, and providing fur the
common defence and general welfare of the
United States;” yet tho Constitution de
clares that these imposts shall ho ” uniform
throughout the United Slates,” and care
luis, in general been exercised, to make
them uniform in their operation, as vvtdl as
amount, and to lessen tlioiraniount, wherev
er and whenever the exigencies ofthe coun
try will pei mil it.
The fir*t tax upon imported salt, in July.
A. I>. l?8f), of only six i nuts per bushel was
declared to have for its two principal ob
jects, “the support of Government, and
tlie discharge •»F die debts of tho United
States ”
W ith a national debt of almost eighty
million, and a revenue of otdy about six
million, t.bcro might then have existed a
sufficient apology for so small a duty on a
foreign article, whoso uso, at that time was
so uniform in different parts of (ho Union
as to render the burthen not very unequal.
(u August, A. I). 1730, f e same objects
induced Congress to increase tlio duty to
twelve i ontj pet bushel.
In July, A. J). 17!>7, tli lensons for it be
came strengthened by our foreign difficul
ties, and cur atignu ntod expencr -. Rut
while these last furnished an argument to
rai.-e the duty still higher, to twenty cents
per bushel, public complaint and apprehen
sion were, in some degieo, quieted by lim
iting the duty to a period short of three
years.
!n May A. D. 1800, ibo time was farther
extended to ten years ; but, ere it expired
and soon as onr revenues from otbersource*
had become adequate to our annual oxpeu-
m's and to h gradual reduction ofthe nation
al debt, Congress interposed with parental
watchfulness, over tlio fust gieat interest
of society, and, in December, A- D. 1607
put an end entirely to this invidious bur
then.
Imported suit afterwards remained free
from duty, till July, A I). Jf*13. Then
as in former periods, between A. 17
and A. J). lbOl, bur ordinary resorces, by
means ol’ ioinm. ini cinbariaHsment and
war, were found altogether insufficient to
meet the wants of Government, und, among
other extraordinary burthens, tho tax oi
twenty cents p r hushi I upon suit was re
vived.—Rut it was rxpiossly limited to onr
year after tho close of war, and, in Apri 1 , A
1). 16!t>, would probably not have been re
tained, and indeed, increased, by gradua
ting the duty on tho bushel weighing only
fifty-six pounds, had not our d» hi become
swollen to tho alarming »utu of more than
oiio hundred and twenty millions.
Now, however, all the apologies lor this
tax, whether original or subsequent, seem
to have ocas d. Tho national debt is rc
din ed to about its firstumount ; nnd our rev
entio From other sources, to meet our cur
lent expenses and to discharge this debt
have increased nearly lour-fold. Although
those expenses liaVa also increased,yet i
the lust nine yearn, vs# hnvu had not on
ample menm to meet them, but to pay off
more than forty millions of tlio debt
Tlie whole impost on salt, within tlio po
riod, has aided in tli- financial operation
only about live millions ; and it# piedent an
nuul amount of about ijjfii.TU,(iH(), appears to
u# not to be needed, cilher for the support
of Government,or the gradual discharge
the public deLt. While il# continuance
operating now principally on tho East cm
declivity of tlio Alleghany Ridge, become#
a tax ho sex ero und so partial, on only a sin
gle and indispemnble article, a# to average
in that region, IT oui one to two dollar# per
year in the firmly of almost every agricul
turalist. What i# still further,ohjoctionuble,
an undue poition of thi# tax, even among:
agriculturalists, fill upon the midding and
pnonT classes If it could ho imagined
that such a buitben was ovor imposed, with
a view to encourage the domestic manufac
ture of salt, (the only apology now .eft fur
retaining it,; a sufficient uuswer would bo
found in the sketch wo have given ofthe
periods,occasions, and manner of imposing
und repealing it Still further might ail an
swer bo found, in tlio fact, that, notwithstan
ding • lac duty oil salt, its manufacture on the
seaboard bus declined, rather than increas
ed and, iu the interior, has flourished, not
fmm tho duty, but from tlio small cost ol
the production of the artir.lc, and the great
expense of its transportations.
It can he made iu the interior, at a price
from fifteen to fifty cents per bushel ; and
a duty of twenty cents would not pay it#
(icight by land, much beyond that number
of miles. Rut whul ia’deciEtvo, us to the use
lessness of thi# exorbitant und unparalleled
duty in a protecting view, ho as lo lessen the
consumption of foreign salt, appears iu ik>-
records of the Treasury, in tho (act, that the
consumption of it has kept up to more than
three milium# bushels per annum. In A.
I). 1823, it was 3,536,323 bushels. The
amount of revenue on this article, at differ-
cut |»< riods, shew#, that tho consumption
of imported salt has increased, rather than
diminished, or remained stationary — Be
cause, in A. D. l8<)l,it was }jj)37tj,3o0 ; in
A. I) 1?MMi, #030,619 ; m A D. 1 ‘20,
$603,913, nnd m A D 1623, $869,918.
The tax therefore, appears to your coin
mittce, in every point of view, injudicious
und they entertain tin opinion, that the in
tercsts of agriculture, nnd tho true policy of
the Government, require a speedy attention
to the reduction of it.
Under thi* impression, they recommend
tho adoption of the accompanying reso
lution.
Resolrcd, That the Committee on Fi
nance he instructed to report a bill, provi
ding fur u repeal ofthe duty on imported
salt, in a manner gradual, or immediate a#,
iu their opinion, eiitv*r mode may bo pre-
feiable, considering the estimates und pro
bable revenue of tl»c current year.
[Tho lesolutiou was modified by the
Senate, so as to enquire in to the tipediency
of repealing it.J
England hid# fair fo*slrika at the root r.f
parliamentary declamation, which ha# been
m that country, and is in this country, a
dreadful nuisance. A well informed man
ol good (not brilliant) understanding, labo-
riouK, accurate, attentive and intelligible,
[ike Mr. Huskison, is worth all the Chat-
hams, Pills, and foxes that have over ap-
lenred, or are likely to appear. Lord Cliat-
lam s violence, or il you please energy
I < haractur, led him into freq tent mis
ikes, & contradiction of conduct ; nor <h
hi# printed speeches, exhibit srar< o any
epocimensof useful information.—His son
rind Mr. Fox wuro party doeluirnors ; a
species of oratory of no use but to make the
people stare at tho dexterity of the parlia
mentary combatants, and exclaim like the
heroine in the play, “Then ho would talk !
— Ye Gods, how ho would talk!” Mr.
lux had usually die better of Mr Pitt, be
ing an older and a wiser man; and from
being also tho leader of opposition : n \nn-
tage-ground ot gieat importance ; for in
nine cases out of ten the Government of
that nation were uniformly in the wrong ,
aud that (ns the lawyer says) from time
whereof the memory of man runneth not
to the centraly. With us, hv the courtesy
ot the country, the Government is always
the right! However, to the point,” A c.
Extract from Mr. Mr Derm’s last Speech
on the. amendment proposed by him to the
Constitution, in reference to the election
oj President—bring his general reply.
I believe, tlmn, that the election ofthe
present Chief Magistrate involved a gross
I palpable violation of the spirit and
principles of flic Constitution, and that the
means by which it was effected—denomin
ated by the gentleman from Massachusetts,
‘ a union of counsels” was a bold, daring,
and shameless coalition, setting nt defiance
the will of the nation, and neglecting even
the oxtei ii a I decencies ofpolitical morality ;
oalition for which no parallel is to he
found in the darkest periods of English
history. Rut, sir, l will now repeat a de-
luration which I mode immediately afti i
tin* election, q hough I believe this admin
istration came into power by a violation of
the spnit of ibo Constitution, yet bavin?
complied with it# forms, they must, for the
Hum, be icgurded as constitutionally inves
ted with that power; and, sir, I never shall
lorgel—God forbid that I should—that tlie
Government they administer is my Govern
ment, and the country over which they pro
side is my country. Yes, sir, upon the re
gular and unobstructed operation of the
several Departments of this Government
depend the “ common defence nnd general
welfare’ of the Republic. If it were prac
ticable—ns I know it is not—to render un
administration unpopular by (blowing
hairuHsmcnts in the way of measures essen
tial to the prosperity ofthe country, I .should
regard myself a* a fuctionist, if I were to
pursue such a course, even to render this
adininistration unpopular It i# the dul)
of every patriotic, citizen to sustain tlie
wholesome operations of the Government,
whatever lie may think ofthe aclni; n ; H trnt*on
nmi I would say to all those who think as I
do of that cold and meretricious “ union
counsel*” by which tlie sovereignty
the People lias bden violated, and a “ King
of shred# and patches” put up to reign over
them :
“ But howsoever tliou puist/st ibis act,
foiiii mu thy mind, nor I*-1 tliy soul co>>lriv
Against «l»y [“munir,’] aught ’
Sir, the gentleman from New York, to
whom I last referred, las said, iu the Ian
gunge of .Mr. Burke, that lie i# unwilline
to lull, one by one, successive victims in
miserable conflict. I have only to say, in
the language of another ?reot man, “ 1 will
do my duty, and leave tho consequence to
God.” 1 would rather fall with honor thun
rise with shame. If I should fall in
tending for those great principles which
have been consecrated bv the blood of grea
ter and better men, I am consoled by the
reflection that the conflict will not be
erable,” m>r tho fall ingluiions. No, sir, 1
would say to the gcnllernuu :
Let all I he end# tliou aiui’n! at be thy com.
lr> R *’
then, d thou lall’st,
Tliou l.dl’bt a blesocd mariyr.”
The gentleman from Massachusetts has
been pleased to make some allusion to
mosaic opposition, and to ask if a “ union
of counsels” be not as justifiable for the
purpose of Fiihtuining, as for that of oppos
mg an administration ? Them is something
ingenious and plausible, but only ingenious
nnd plausible, in this mode of presenting
the subject. Jt must occur to every gentle
man, upon a moment’s reflection, that men
may very cordially agree in disapproving,
and detesting the means by which an ad
ministration ascended to power, who do not
agree in any thing else. The same rule,
therefore, does not apply to the opposition,
that is applicable* to the administration —
The mosaic character, so fur from being a
repioacb to an opposition, only pioves that
men differing in principle on oilier points,
may have the same reason, us those agree
ing in piiuciple may have very different
reasons, for believing nn administration to
he unworthy of confidence. There are,
for example, gentlemen, on this floor, who
differ with me, toto calo, as to the Constitu
tional power# of this government on the
swhjei t of Internal Improvement—a ques
tion, by the by, on which 1 am in accord
with tin* aduimistration- und yet those* gen
tlemen, believing with me that our present
rulers carno into power by u moral usurpa
tion, and an immoral coalition, arc a# deep
ly itnpieased ns I am, with the importance
of wiping from the pages ofour history, the
pernicious example of a successful usurpa
lion effected by such means.
It must Ireqnenil) happen in the progress
of public uflturs, tluit men w ho have stood
VOLUME XVII—XO. 34.
an.l flcsenc.J th, confi.l,nr, of none j l
' »«pp™« Uiat m all tl,„ virion,Hr*
which mark In. pi.lnmil tpreivareatien lio
ateudily Kontinneri to appro*,.|. | lis ,
nevar Tailing, byeai:h Nnrcwalv,. dianro
*0 gain „i power what hn lo*t in nr,,,,,. In’
hn ;‘ 11 ' " 1,1 «'I|.pose that a,:,:,ir,li„L
Nio rod,, ,,t' hi* political morality. i|,p in\-
ermn. nt of a nation, i, „ busim-as „f |,nr-
gam anu nrrnnt l e,ri,. r .t and < oniliinmi. ii
a,nonat leading politician*—ihe whole es-
.enj eol p.diUcnl honesty eot sisting in a
faithful performance of corn,aets. I will
suppose thru ,he individual I huv. dcaerih, d
should oiler the fraternal embraee to a
member of tins House, who had bent, for
eighty,a,a Ins personal and n.ljli.al on,-
my, denoun, ,ng I jut vvthont e th r h-heaev
erd.gnuv, in the llallaof L, T .h,t,on. thb
( ourts ot j„s,ire, and eve,, j,, ,he ■ oldie
'journuls , und dm luring on y fi
ion that he would
in the sume
itbinet, b
apostate Federalist" ] *
member in question to be -
for the |i
In a communication in tlie Columbian
Teltscope, which wo suspect i# tioin tlio
pen m Pr sidcni CouRt- u, the following pa
ragraph occur*
*• The subject ot weights and measures
i# bel’oie a committee of Congress ; but
while tuples are introduced that will enubh
decljuneii to talk by the duy, without anv
laborious searching fur fuels, or anv appli
cation of practical knowledge, tins unpoi
taut subject will continue session after ses
sioii among the unfinished business ol iln
house, us it did in the English Euihamen
from t ie beginning of Lord North s admin
isirutioii till tlie year 1621 The business
character gf the prctcu* administration in
opposed lo eucb oilier
soinu questions.
may be brought,and honestly brought toco
opeiate upon other question#. Rut tin# sort
of union between public men, without any
stipulation or arrangement, ns very differ
ent, essentially different, from su< h a coal
ition as 1 could imagmn 1 will take leave
lo present the gentleman from Massachu
setts, a ‘ j polhelical case of* coalition be
tween two politicians—a case, however,
fit which 1 urn inoro indebted to l*i-C >ry
than to my own imagination--an I to uslc
him whether that I# one of tlie politic d
combinations, that lie would regurd u# a
patriotic “ union of counsels ?"
1 will suppose tho election ofthe Presi
dent to have devolved upon thi# House*, und
that the voice of tlie Nuriou had given one
ofthe cundidati s a decidej prominence,
aud thrown another-of lhern—u member oi
tins llou&e—out ol the competition. J wiil
-oppose one of the three persons, from
nodi the President is to be chosen, ncalie.
!io highest nor the lo*\est oil the li*t, to b<
• old, cuh uluting politician, shaping hi-
•lilicul course, iisnumuig his polite al prm
• pies, und forming nndbreuking off his pi;
leal connexions, wi:h an ex« lusivc view
) hi# own personal aggrandiz* inent.
• d su; | • s* him, by pursuing tin# artfi
’* 1 " 1 I -1 - *‘C
siKccssiv e!y, tho confidenc*} of all purtte ^
»rniei ofc .s-
n serve with him
luso ho was an
II suppose the
, man notorious
, . ki* nioridiiv and tho
VPfsntilily „( |,i. politirnl prin^ij I. . ; a®
w “- v " pr«I>Hred t„ ncn.n,m,'ri„t e |, H ,j,, ( .
trines ,u iIid temper of ll,« tiniea® vcT b lid
rlaritte,ami terkless i„,| le pr^eeuti,,,!
?' In» sclif'ine. of ambition ; in n w,.r,l „ r
I will sup|i(i«e In,,, to he a politirnl e„ m .’
bier,regarding politics as,, /„,e, at„l p„vv-
er in a piiznto lie wot |, v mt . m i„i>uln, g
nn.l dexterity, , ct akilled Seven,] all . Tr
men to disguise Ins nn.biluxterout, tr.,-!.- |,y
u cnn/ide.nt nnd impnsinj, manner, and m
assume a virtue when |,r |,„s it net." [
will suppose, sir, tlmt after the niceth - „f
the C migrraH by which tlie President „ !<t „
be elected, this member holdinp the highest
stntion in tho Home,and noteriunsli
tiertsmg a preat and decisive influence j n ,I „
election, should, for five or six smci-ive
weeks, maintnina profound und invatrrieu,
reserve on the subject— not surety' f or ,|,n
purpose Ot nmkin R ,,p |,i» jmlp.m'.it either
as to the i/mihJiciUiuns or the claim, of t!, 0
indidatcs, Iml senn ngly fi, r ,|.e purpm-o
"laking it apparent to ull pnrtius, 'eat ho
held the ha unci,” >» Ilia Imiida, and that
no man could ho elected wilho, l m„i 1I:g
rniH will, It nt—or t„ plain Eu P l,sh for
Purpose ol “ holding ha. It for a h .
gam.
During this period of suspense, „ n ,l
•hmid, und anxiety, I will make no an,
Hitionaato tho midnight eonsaltations. t). B
awkarrl ndvaners, the mutual dcehira i..ns
ol returning oonfidnnce, and intended sun-
port ami nd\utR'omem, cur ed la’kvvaik*
and foruarils by llm agency of b-»-y , IB j
Drugmutii al ministers—wliirh preced, ,1 and
led to the consuimnatinn of that |mt ten Iona
und disastrous conjunction in political as .
tmingy— a coalition of politic,I enenins—
in who h each makes an nffPring of his own
leolmgH und principles, and both n. k. •,
common oflermg ofthe principles of ,|,e
1 ousti,111 iiji) und the most .acred ri d of
the Fcoplu But,sir, ns the gentleman fre m
Now Y oik, (Mr. Stokrs) upon aotnu i.r.n
Liph! ot ussocmtioB about which I have no
right to ask him any prying questions, has
betm (ilcased to allude to tlie breaking up
ol thu t ouneil ol 1‘antla momum. aft,, it had
been H truly, d that Satan should undertake
In. Pita I voyage for thu purpose of sc,luring
our first I’aieiit, from their all, glume; I
will take leave, with his permission, to give
a lew additional ton, lies to the picture w tiicli
he has I, It unfinished Satan, it will to ic-
eollected, had but just cmiuneie cd Ins jour,
ney, vvhen he v*as air,'sled by ihe barrier.
Ol lcll, aecred by gates " Ihrire tl,rec
old and ” impenetrable,'* anil guarded by
u:h ; who, to oppose his progr, ss, stood
lorlh, “ tierce as ten furies, terrible ns Hell,
and shook a dreadful dart.” 1 Ori the oili
er side, incensed with indignation, Satcn
stood, un'erntied ” " Eneh ut the headlu-
velled Ins deadly aim, tkeir fatal hands no
second stroke oitend." Dm family for the
innocence, the purity, nnd tlie happiness of
onr race, interposed her mediatorial „f-
hecs, thu cotnhuttams who had sc ,wild
till “hell gievv darker at their frown,’
vve.esu, dcn/j/rtcencihd.nnd "bothseem-
iu highly pleased.” Butrin disrluscd if**
object of hi# enterpridr*, designed for their
common benefit, and held out to Death
hopL.soi luturu advancement. Death dr« p-
j)*.d hi* spear, nnd “grinned hoirifly a
g ia#tly smile, to hour his famine should bo
yir > they formed a coalition.
Bin, the putties* «jf hell, was dm instigator
and “ iroiiilicr suits thu fatal key, sad iriHliu-
ment of all our woe, she took /’ “ on a sud
den, open flew the iuFcruul door*;” never
to clusu again ; f»*rth went “ibo adversary
ol God and loan,” aud wan was lost.
fchi, 1 shall louvq it to uibeis to trace out
thu i eseniblaiKc, il rtscmblancc* th( ie ho, bo-
twern ibis infcrnul coulihou, and any thing
ihut Inis fecii recorded, or iciiiuin# to !,o
recorded, in the history of thi* eai tJi. Rut,
as I have attempted to draw the picture of a
political coalition, exhibiting “ ibo counter-
lent preHcnuucni” ol two politicians t>nd-
dtnSy relaxing from frown* to smiles, and
ru-dung ft out blows to embraces ; I huVe no
sort ot objection, being at beat but n ve
ry indifferent painter, to wrqe tho iuuvm*
under die respective likeimmiefc With u>, 9
view, 1 shall Iny aside die brush ofthe pain
ter, und lake up the pen of the histoiiim.
Rut, »w, ms it now occur# to rue, I will
here notice a remark mad*- hv an honora
ble gentleman from Nyw fork. (Mr (’au-
Biuj.tSG) not altogether unuonnei ted with
this part of the subject. lie compjriimj
that i assailed tho caucus ; and was jdeasui
to add that the people could not be duped
into the belief tlmt h convention was ai.y
thing belter. 1 vv li barely observe, tfut o
convention, emanating directly from tho
People, i# a# different from u cuucus »,f
Member# ol Uougres#, a# u moontuiii stream
is from a stagnant pool it i# the coalition
and the caucus, that have a strong family
likeness, though the former i# certainly tlio
worst. In reference to these, if the gentle
man will uluvv me lo quote in# favorite uu-
tbor. Dr. Ollupod, 1 would suy, “ rhubuib
i# rhubarb still.” The gentleman call* up
on me Hr sympathy, in tli • melanchuJv fine
of King caucus No,sir, lie ha# no right to
come to me for sympathy. Let him go to
the AJminiPlrauun, who have dethiomd
111# king. Thty should ut least pay n de
cent respect to iii# memory, even should it
be—
‘ \\ itli one niispicious and ouo drojping
In equal seals weighing delight and d*de. * ’ *
If the ghost of that fallen monarch should
ever i omc at midnight und remove the gtn*
tie
• cieis ol i(# prison lieu*)
I'l blood,”
curtain,
“ To t- II ti.
To ears oi lie
it would certainly suy to him,
“ i he #ei pent ih.u did slu g lay (ihoi)vIIlIiVj
lile, '
Now wears hi*crown,”
\ «•#, sir, and that serpent is tho coalition :
.vliich 1 now propose to dissect, and e am
ine, by a plain mailer of fact un.ds m.
Disclaiming any allusion* t«» ihe tmt. u
*1 any member now upon t!ii» floor, i a*-
ert it is * fact, ilial the picspi.1 tl.n l ;», a .
'li.(to was elevated lo the lr #K.cj.»y
gainst tin* km wnund uud«>ubt(ii will, . d
. icnr •nstlliitionai majoi r, ot if* j»*, p( 0
of t.,L l uion. If tho present £*ut\at\ ^t*