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THU GEORGIA JOURNAL,
princ;
Id publl.«liP<l twice n
& HAOLAXD,
k «IurinfC ll*<
lure, an l
Wayne and Hruic.M k St om d. iI Til!’. K K I>• ’* 1
lit advance, or FOLK DOLLAR** • i ' 1
Tiie Paper will noi ho sent I > :i
the subscription ni'iitoy Is paid in
» liven.
Advertisement* inserted
'ITS. II. Ml I IANI).
Guardian*, ere r** mired. l»y I
the i
In (he m tilth, h v
i the l
[van< , or Ml
uni rales.
IminLtr.i: -rs, Rxecutnr
I., le'l.l usi the fip-l I'm.
Ion in the I'nren ion nml i
w in the coun
eh t
puhlie tl.iAeti ■ SI \ !' V D v \ •* pi
Sale* ol NKOIl »E ! mu-l u' ■
Tuesday of the month, between the u-t ; h »n-s ol - i'o, at the
■place of puhli * « .l. - - I th * r.uin'y w h n* tie* letters IV,la m*n-
tary.of Ari.nmi'ir ni • ' *V- ‘' '*
fir*t giving SIX FV l> ^ s nm th 'io.il. in one n| the public
gazette* or thi< Si.ro. nod at theihvirol the court-house, where
Site It ha It** are to hi* held.
NAti- ■* i ih • * i o oi IVr*.i.i i! Property must lie given in like
manner, l' 1 ’ * 1 I : ' ' ! " M ! ‘ ,!l " day "• ale.
Notirot >' ! * ' 11 ' ' ! " r ' * ’•'* Creditors of an Kstalo must he pub
lished l »i FORTY .l.-v .
v.iiieo that ipi'iie.iti.oi w II be ni ul«*to the Court of Ordinary
*M L \NI», oiii»t ho •. Il.liv o* I | .1- Font Mt)\ |*||s.
HIOES, most ho publi«h-‘d
lor lea'
f.rst
. nn.h
o any order ah,oluto shall ho .im.l* there-
Person* intere-tod in those A Ivertlseinent* whieh
0.1 Monthly i will tiid them in i!:o first and Imrtli p <"
paper in every month.
All business of tills kind continues to r<*<*i
nt the Ollice of the H KOROIA JOFRN \!
• publish-
prompt attention
THURSDAY, APRIL 19. £!i32.
SELLING AT COST.
npim subscribers commence this day sel-
■ H. ling their stock of Hoods nt cost, for rash.
W1LKY Si BAXTER.
LAW.
"ffJOGEItS & IllOE continue to practice
UuSb in tl"* roii'itio* ot Cmv.n, Ua-n Do K ill.. C omll.
nml liearil, nn.l o-i-o| them will attend i!i. ...m • <>i (•h.i.. , .«o
COiliUy. Their od‘ . i. at C on, C.i»nphe||only Let-
i. rsnihlre-se.l t <ilnon ni Mint place, m I i S.iiiioriKvillo, Chero
kee county, will he piomptly nttvnUcd to.
LAWT"
THOMAS C. M’KEEN,
L practice Lnw in the Clmttnhoochee
cuit nnd in tiie comities of Crawford nud l : |**s" ol
irouit. Businrs* i nlrusled to him will meet with
.s it ralbolton,Georgia.
Saddling and Harness Making,
ini'
J^OTICE-
rMllIK Subscriber Imsremoved next tlonr to
JL M r. Thomas It. Stubbs, nnd immediately opposite the
Tost Om *e, where In* h ami hand a HOOD STOCIC ni e-ory ar
ticle in Ids line, which I o will positiv.
the Western
march I—m3
■ The copartnership hithertoex
n the unilor-igne.l, attorneys nt law , is ihi*
uai r .ns. K " h will rotlinur to ii-.idr
roral coin lies
lukee county
'K. I). Mi KIN*l.EY,
md procure •
Ciicuit. F. hi
ISAIAH
HAIL
fj AW—In future
il A practice Law in cornier
, tlonto OUsineM In the countli*-
THOMAS J. SIIIMIULSRII. 1 !.»■».•. m-.': .l.^oer. of the O -on
Mill.dycvillc. March I—H || circuit
■\ t \ ou >■' I nm Circuit—Ilttncock of the I
iNU J IL l!i. Middle Ciii'iiit. They will be
T HE subscriber heroby in farms Ids friends j ,u i"“ l| i w i ,, " ,r i Ml r
nnd the public, generally, that hereafter lie will only
Work fof Gath, or for those to whom he miT be Indebted* lie l Jan 6—»tt
continues to make _ - — - j A. NIS BET will pHlC-tlCO l(l\V III the fol-
i J o lowing co'intle*,to wi: Morgan, Hr»*i ne, Putnam, Jnf-
Hun, I'utnail .
M’liiri.e. and
•
etofor. oc-
MA III) K.'lMN'K.!,
lVMIlSO.N L HARRIS.
Mill Irons, Inks and (• ul^cans,
a* u«ual—Mill Boxes, and oilier Costing* of Brass or ComposiJ
Hon nt sixty-live cents per pound.
3r HII.X LOCKS repaired Ml the shortest notice.
Milledgtfvillc, Dec |—emvtl •• T. CCSIHNO
Milledgevillc Hook and Drug Stare.
rax HE Suli»i:ril)rr !i;is tnkun the Hook nml
_SL Diu *.-' i ..
mice of the liberal pairon.;.' lie: eto'iirc * * % i • ■ i» '« " d. he will
receive In it few weeks suppl le « ei >
to perfect the stock, nod no article -hall he cn!Vd i .r lieu nlier,
•commonly found in such n plnre. Mint lie
be w ill endeavor by roostmu
i v
.1 U, H uic.-ck, Talinl.-ri
oiler
..ii i
Ho
ml wul
the O.ikinulge
| iM idison, .M ii ./an, Hi.
I The A.Lcnxtn Constitu
C money. In any of tiie countlus
i low prh ■ .
March I- il
. .* pntronnee
TllD.M A
FOR SALE,
is,i
Also 2, v -0 'I!) - . LARD ol .ie ' i -
Corn Meal. Eii'iuiieof i 1 11 i.. * 111»•
Milled reville, March 72—tf
lbs. BACON, consistinjr
R. II. L. BL'CUANAN.
iittalioochce circuit*.
Athenian,will please
•r/e tin* n’love an in*mion in meir com on* once a week for
B. A.
THE NEW LINE OF STAGES
FROM MACON TO SAVA NNAII.
BY MARION AND DUBLIN,
WILL run Tlirue times
i v i ck, b nving Mncon nnd Snv ..mnh
ftlOTICELl.O HOTEL.
THQMAS DAWSON respect-
• •** / Tin*.IAS DAWSON respi-ei-
' to 111 f.lomU. .n,l loth.
. j rcxl. ^ J * '' * " | ' 1 j * 1 ’‘ 1 ‘,*'1' b'JY cr .^eil
■
A Fortune, if you want one !
T] N GivinncU enmity, Georgia, the subs-
Kl luv hv- for sale a valunliie Landed K tal>', w till excel
ii.
emiii 'iic..', ('out-h.'i'.in * i'w* «., 'fiel d newly Imiil Jdiii*,. hoi
fold,
William Ihinson.
Joseph I*. Pen irk,
John /.’ Putoson,
John Hobson>
!,veins iViltich,
Ii. 11. Randolph,
.Seaborn J. Johnson,
John IP. Porter,
.\athnn . Htlridor,
Elijah Fj. Jones,
Lc.wi.is Groces,
Hut id Irwin,
R. cl. Steele,
Win. Porter,
March 22—71
A LIST OF LETTERS remnining
hi tb, Piwl Office nl »l«ilUon,Morpin cuuniy, oml.e a
dn/ of April, IbJJ.
A John B. Onrnei
Thomn* Aikiiwn ID . i i •
Tbomi.« V. All.n H. "V ' ■
llenry S Au try .Inin- s I midel • 1
. A'
Presley Bra
Absolem Bnrnc
PaMence°Chnl7i
H. C. Cnmphi II
Mary Cryer
George NV. ('ot
John Capehiirt
Cha*. IL F Car
jMish Mtr ill Ann
I).
David Duck
Field* P. Kv
Joseph*C Kv
Reddlli I lari L
James Milcliell
N.
Richard W. New:
Willie
Dij- Ai_
Jc-se .M. Wilson
i Alexander Walden
Frederick II. Ward
j|LBERT WILSON, p. M.
LIST OF LETTERS
,he Post Ollice in I 11■ *1*1 • *>i. on tlie f
Smallwood Allison
0.
John J. Bo«w ell I
Hraiihain A B 'swell
John Breedlove
Dr. Joel Brnnliain
Mr*.' S.ira'h Bio.well
J 15. Brown
Nathan Bussey
John Copeland
Tims. Curler
Alfred Cl ipton l
Mr. Uopor. Rr
Alyx. Roherl*
Joseph Harvey O’-
I'll i.U Ho I*
Jaroh 1). Hightower R 1
J. Th
J.W. Jacksnn It'
Seaborn J. Duke*
Hamilton Dukes,
lliclinian Dixon
W m M fldletiei ;
John Morelaml
I
Tool.' .Me Leary
E.Mnddux
E.
E.R.Nifhrt
»).
Tliomaf W. One
P.
Moves V. I’rewit
Julius Petldy
J. S. I’euniman
Tims. Pilgrim
Merlmnn found
J. W. H. Wyqjic
I V\. tVi icht
AV.M. WILKINS, P. M.
DIVISION OifirDlviiS*
Kca l Quarters, Wi Division, (!>\ 'dta, ?
Milleduevillb, March 1-iU, ld-fi. ^
I N puniuance of general ord\rs of the
V,.mm in i i* i * I L l,; '! "
„ . i: ... ;t i Militin,by Regiment* :ad |{iittalloiis
espective muster ground^ in the uioulli
i* 2nd Mr.
lie 'll, Ity.
i'li tVic cuunly "f li.ee,.,.n.lao.da, amltt edn Jl V .be 8 end
S' ^."y* pridny endSotttnln.be lltli and
.Tttr,l, f lb.U;d. |S ,
111 s it i-day the l ■- ’■ l >y.
lediately preceding V»- review nnd
tin* couiiisMoned nml
\ *• R-. aiis and Bat-
■I lu* S .inherit Ban
• ■
Trustees of t’ is institution beg leave
JACOB KIND,
IAMKS MIltDSONO,
JAMES TOII I* ERT,
GHMFN FKROFSOV
FOR SALE,
thr Millederevil!c. ' Hook Store, n few
r.\RY ON TIIE no.
low lor r.idi, or nt n
the Wilier W iich. nm
LZJ&
CHEROKEE QUESTION.
From the Globe.
AN EXAMINATION OF TIIE CHERO
KEE QUESTION.
It must be consolatory to every American, anti
in fact to all, wherever they may be, who regard
with anxiety the progress nnd prospects of free
principles through the world, that there H a sana
tory influence in our institutions, which, if it can
not jlrevcnt, can heal without dilHcultv or danger
those maladies, to which all public bodies are from
time to time, liable. In lookingback upon the his
tory of our career and prosperity, and the genera
tion has not yet disappeared which laid the founda
tions of both, many questions vexat appear, each
of which agitate:*, the community in its own brief
day, and sonic of which, either from the magnitude
of the interests involved, or from the excitement
that prevailed, threatened the most serious conse
quences to the stability of the government, and
the prosperity of the country. But by the favor of
Providence, one after another those have passed
awav, leaving otir Union nnd our institutions un
scathed. The present day is not without its own
share of doubtful and difficult questions. Let us
hope that they will bo discussed in a spirit of mu
tual forbearance, nnd arranged in a spirit of mutu
al accommodation. Our national motto should rc-
tho rudest state of barbarism, thinly scattered over
an immense region, subsisting principally by the
chneo and by fishing, destitute of arts nnd scien
ces, ignorant of the true principles of religion and
morality, acknowledging no law but the law of
force, nnd taught from their infancy, by precept
nnd example, that war was the great business of
their lives, nud its dangers and glories, the great
object of pursuit. Such wore the Indians then,
nnd such are they now, wherever their contact
with the white man has not changed their primi
tive character.
The new race of njen destined, in the course of
ngos, to produce s::7I1 deplorable effects upon the
fortunes of these people, were influenced by oth
er motives, and governed by other principles.—
We will not hero enquire, whether, in taking pos
session of the country, in reclaiming it from a
slate of nature, and in laving the foundation of
that invaluable heritage, which has come down to
us, they were right or wrong. Wo shall endeav
or hereafter to show, that llio great command, t >
he fruitful nnd multiply, nnd rep’* nish the earth
nnd subdue it, has been considered as one of uni
versal obligation. That n civilized.community h».
a right to go firth nnd take possession of unoccu
pied nnd uncultivated regions. That the hunting
migrations of nomadic'* tribes do not constitute
such an occupancy, ns ought to give them an ex
clusive title to more territory, than is necessary
for their comfortable subsistence, in the mode to
which they have been accustomed. Th-t Vnttel,
the great expounder of the law of nations, was
right, nnd so were his associate in this investiga
tion right, when they maintained, “that the culti
vation of the soil was nil obligation imposed by na
ture upon mankind, and that the human race could
not. well subsist or greatly multiply, if rude triben,
which lind not advanced from the hunter state,
were entitled to claim and retain nil the bound
less forests, through which they might wander.—'
If such people will usurp more territory than they
can rubdue nnd cultivate*, they have no right to
complif a nation of cultivat ir 1 put in a cla m
fir a part.” This is the received doctrine on this
subject, and hn.i been maintained by Vnttel, by
Locke, by Montesquieu, by Smith, by Martens,
and by many others. Principles sanctioned by
these names, can be neither unreasonable in them
selves, nor unjust in their consequences, however
they may be jeered at ns “ shameless and shallow.”
Those two races of men, under circumstances
ko different, and with objects so irrcconcileablc,
are, in the progress of events, brought into con
tact with one another. They cannot exiat in in
dependent attitudes. Tb'eRort of the one is to
subdue the earth, to extend over it the blessings
of cultivation nud civilization, nnd to provide a
permanent residence for themselves and their pos
terity. The effort of the other i3 to repel the in
vader who comes among them. To commence
and continue a series ot wars, in which barbarous
trophies of victory may be obtained, and barbar
ous glory acquired. In which warriors may go
forth to plunder, to devastation, to death, nnd re
turn to exhibit their spoils, and recount their fonts.
Return, to strike the post in their native village,
and tell the deeds, which have spread ruin over the
land of the white man. To athnulato tliomaolv*»a
nnd othnrH to fresh exertions, by the applause of
the surrounding multitude, always more generous,
ns the work ot the spoiler is more cruel.
It must not be forgotten, that abstract specula
tions upon topics like these, seldom promote the
cause of truth. The investigations arc eminently
practical, depending, for their solution, upon the
common sense of mankind, applied to the relative
situation of tho parties. Principles, curriod totJioir
extreme, will be found inconsistent wrtli ihe best
established regulations of society. And have, in
fact, misled many enthusiastic men whq, with more
zeal than judgment, have entered upon their ex
amination.
What, then, in tho position in which those par
ties are placed, is to be done? If the barbarian
Acquifc the ascendancy, his rival is not merely
conquered, but destroyed. If, on the contrary tho
civilized man assert nnd maintain the superiority,
due by physical to moral force, both parties may
bn preserved. And even if one mint fall, the law
of self-defence gives to either tho right of con
quest.
It follows therefore, that tho new communities,
springing up in the heart of a boundless wilder
ness had a right to assume such a jurisdiction over
the barbarous people around nnd among them, as
was necessary to the safety of both. And to as
sume this, peaceably or forcibly, ns the course of
events might require. The great object would be,
to impress upon the uncivilized party the convic
tion oi their inferiority. To tench them their own
existence required that their passions should be
restrained, their warlike propensities subdued, and
tiie peaceful duties of life encouraged nnd promot
ed. A pesice to-day and a war to-morrow, and
the establishment of mutual independence would
never effect this. Nor would promises and profes
sions and conventional obligations. Feeble in
deed, would be such barriers against the tide of
Indian power, impelled by Indian passions.
Under such circumstances, jurisdiction is wpll
assumed, and its extent must depend upon the
opinion of the dominant party. The doctrine is
well stated by the Supreme Court. “Tho United
States,” says Chief Justice Marshall, “maintain,
ns all others have maintained, that discovery gave
an exclusive right to extinguish the Indian title of
occupancy, either by purchase or conquest; and
gave them also, a right to such a degree of sove
reignly, n.j tho circumstances of the peoplo would
allow them to exercise.”
What that degree of sovereignty is, must be
determined by the civilized, nnd npt by tin? savage
communities. The latter are incapable of weigh-
the circumstances, nud of appreciating their
ioll'iwiug,
I n the county i>( Clark, <m M
In thi* county t»l ' M: " l" •" y
In tlin county ol Morgan
12th May. „ .
In the
n the county "i B I
On th • r* ipirtive slay* mi n-"
Inspection in tin* utiove lift "y 111
iHM-cmninisMoiieii olliee* ol the m *,'
tali >n*. will !> .»—i.*'.|.*.t 1 -i msHii
AMrictr
clpliw* <«m
nmlinaliou
anil InilUcrlincnatcly pun
atteinl in person I-
By Comninn
Th
cution of I
i > • r, n rigid ill*-
li.llrmns promptly
icrals nlJiigailo wi.I
ipral '
•Mr. Rid.ii
il|r, that it I:
Hill,*
us, that wo have become one from many ; and j
if the example au • > inis Union I lumortnnco. And the very ip• •
has produced, are to be perpetuated, wo must sock | jurisdiction, so Inconsistent with tho ordinary prin-
in nst of " :! ' 1 "V 1 ,M a feeing of public inti c ie, is founded ui in tho
of patriotism, the true power ot cohesion. j moni j incapacity of one of the parties.
Upon the virtue and intelligence of too people j ti | j {now of no half way doctrine on this sub-
wo mu • r-dy • y have ■ ct *» 8ay8 j u d ... s p0n cer. “ We have either on
thus far been the ark of s:ifcty. It were presiimp- j Qxclusivo jurisdiction, pervading every part of the I
tuous to doubt, tliat they will he most clticacious, including the territory held by tin* Indians,
wh -n they may bo meet wanted. I or we have no jurisdiction over them, while ueting
The ‘-Cherokee question, ns it has beenfamil-1 wit!lin t!|I , ir reservation.'.” There is no principle
inrly called, is one ol those, which have divided H |iort of this, which will stand th • t".st of ex'ioun-
puhlic opinion, it may ho examinedIwitnout of-; n ^ on> Nor is il necossnrily liarsii in its applies-1
' sc to any 8 o. •y •" fko State which ,, ll;> The nature of the intercourse, air
claims jurisdiction, to the Executive ol the goner il cr jhed, would lead to the inevitable destruction ol’
govornrnrot, which has stibini! •' the weaker pow its opera
CongressH ' tn’.M '. , intervention of othor consider tions.— I
which have been called upon to investigate it, and ; i:vcr ' y t!lin?< sh irt of this ultimate resort, is soj
to adjudicate cases arising under it. We propose, , n uch gained fur the cause of humanity. If the |
with that freedom, which is t!i(i privilege of j s ifetv of one party'vou!
American citizen, but, nt the same time, with that
•aspect which is due to these high authorities, to
party would justify the complete sub-
nation or destruction of the other, wen- there no
intermediate measures which would obviate such
review and discu b this subject* rruth is ah option of a m mre tl it
valuable, and it is best attained by diligent enquiry. nceompli.-di this o! j ct, is not only proper but
The public mind will eventually decido this matter, j„ ;t# \v f hr.t that is, has already been stated, and]
S.ROCKWELL, Division Inspector^ ’J* M.
LYCEUM ACA !'.< LA'.
CAIlllOLL COUNTY.
T HF. Trustoi.g oi’ t*'ia iustitulon have
the Action of tt
opened under thei.i.i-: l.ivai
forumnte n-. to secure ttie
Sil'it!A .
cue a* n profemion t!ie Insyriion ol >utli. Mr. Ibil has —
vni-e-l in the souf " M *' •' ,
Mr. Thompson.• i* : "; h f s ...*r . . ... ,
rnei* in hi** '.--I'inc**. » t!••:» Ii.
nnd hoard can he hnu m ic nclghboui loud
per month. j fs A. JON E*>
W. n. I.HMPKfX ,
citlti.Ks m i s. v. V
i lN D. CHAPMAN,
IN HILL. ’ j
\vvill publUhthr nhovt monthly'till j
forbid.
ini-
no hu-
it Ima dccidctl so many others, wisely an J safely; ■„ it3 CX e r ci.= 0 , every indepondimt, ctvili.
and in the mean time, every <- intrihiition, howover ||lml ;iy ;. n . ihf,. t„ it is re.-
humble, to the general steel; of iuformtitiun may be . f or „)] j| S other nets of aovereigr.ty, nnd t.
useful, and at any r.ite, will lie harmless, Witn t niin triinnal* To contend that the right of gen
this conviction, wo proceed to the task before us. j er;l ] jurisdiction does not exist, because it may be
Without narrowing the controversy to a i ingle 1 a b u , e d. is to adt pt one of tho m ist e imm in fal a-
point, wo understand it. in general terms, to he r.es of suporfical reason, rs. As niticli political
this: has the State cf Georgia a right to extend i personal freedom should he loll to these sav-
eai'ItTiniPniUii it isto pur-
- healthy
)
Trustees.
1—llltl
Iter laws over the Cherokee lands, within her boun
daries ? Tho consideration of this subject will
lead to the investigation of those principles of in
tercourse, which have been established between
civilized and barbarous men, and to a retrospect of
the practice and professions of the different na
tions, who have planted colonies in America.
When the Europeans landed upon this conti
nent, they found it inhabited by, numorous tribes
of savages, independent of one another, nnd gen-
rally engaged m hostilities. These men were in
pic, as may be compatible with tiie great
objects of restraint nnd security, and necessary to
their happiness. This may vary, as time and cir
cumstances vary. As tho civilized border ap
proaches tho uncivilized region, tho relations of
the parties undergo a change. At first, the Indi
an knows little of the white man. He hears of
him, indeed ; but he sees and feels him not. By
degrees they approach, and the precautions, dictat-
• Nomadic—Having no Atari fif>ori<*.
°d by reason and approved by experience, become
necessary. Jurisdiction must be assumed, but it is
one to restrain, not to govern. Tho Indian is not
then prepared for government, lie is ignorant of
the institutions which tlm stranger has brought,
and it would he unjust ut once to subject him to
them. Gradually, however, he Requires a knowl
edge of their obligation. T v e finds that they pro
tect, lift- and property. That injuries are not. re
dressed by blood, nor nre strength nnd weakness
tiie measures of right nml wrong. He feels that
t’ -’y arc just, nnd understands them sufficiently to
claini their protection, and to render obedience.—
Their shield may then he cast over him—the wall
of separation may be broken down, and entire ju
risdiction assumed.* lie will then be subject to
equal laws, which have bore nnd in tho “Father
land, 1 been the boast of ages, and the safeguard
of millions of human beings. He will be freed
from the d anger of turbulent passions, and from
the arbitrary sway of leading men. From decrees,
which denounce the punishment of dentil upon
any one, proposing to transfer Inn rights, and to
escape from an oppressive thraldom to a country,
which oilers every prospect of comfort and im
provement.
Il is observed by Mr. Justice McLean, “that
the exercise of this independent power, (referring
to the right of the Indians to maintain separate
governments,) surely does not become moro ob
jectionable, ns it assumes the basis of justice, and
the forms of civilization. Would it not be a sin
gular nrguni! nt to admit, that so lung ns the Indi
ana govern themselves by the rifle and the toma
hawk, their government may bo tolerated; but
that it must bo suppressed, as soon ns it shall be
administered upon the enlightened principles of
reason nnd justice.”
On the contrary, we think no course of tilings
can bo moro natural. While tho Indian is in tho
nicio condition alluded to, ho is as ignorant of tiio
principles of.just laws, as he in unfit to ho the sub
ject of their operation. How could ho be punish
ed for crimes, of whoso moral turpitude he has
never heard? IIow could he-bo prosecuted for
debts, who is ignorant of any obligations which
tho’o impose, except to pay, if he pleased. How
could tiie whole legal machinery of civilized life
operate upon one, whoso house is u piefio of hark,
whose .subsistence h the spontaneous gift of na
ture, who has lived without restraint, and who has
never looked inward upon himself, nor outwards,
further tlnn to follow the game, and destroy his
enemies.
Wat. ns «!non as ho comprehends “tho enlighten
ed principles of reasons and justice,” ho is fitted
for our laws, unless those indeed are founded upon
other principles. Iiis “ rifle and tomahawk” may
he converted into a “ plough-share and pruning
hookor in other word-*, lie becom°s a civilized
man, prepared for the duties and privileges of civ
ilized men. Wo speak here of the process nnd tho
reason of it. We have already considered its ab
stract justice.
Thus stands this question ofjui'isdiction upon the
ground of reason. Upon that of precedent and au
thority, it is not less clear.
We need not transcribe the papal bull, which, in
• I! • I, •» - A i h » \ . D t ■ ,. ; 11 i .ii • L. \ * TT
tho two nations who, in modern times, were the
earliest maritime adventurers. It is a document
too well known, to require particular examination.
It declares, that “ we constitute, ordain and appoint
you, your heirs and successors ns aforesaid, lords
of th ■ name, with .*.11 free and all manner of power
authority and jurisdiction.”
These terms, and tho practical exposition given
to Hu m in nil succeeding times, leave no doubt uf
the pretensions then established, nnd which have
been maintained to our day. The general doctrine
was this.—The discoverer ofa country net previ
ously known to nny of tho civilized nations of llio
olu world, had a right to take possession, and to
establish some token of sovereignty. He then be
came, ipso facto, the rightful owner of nil the land,
within a ccitnin distance of this point. Whut that
distance was is doubtful, and perhaps, it was never
uniform. In the earlier English charters it is two
hundred longues.
When the country became known, boundaries
were prescribed, moro or loss definite, as the know
ledge of it was more, or leus accurate. That these
boundaries were burners against the approch of ri
val discoverers, has always been agreed. That,
within them, an absolute jurisdiction was assumed,
over all persons nnd property, has never been que.s
tioned, till recently. An examination of the sub
ject will prnbably show, that tho mode of pcacen
bly extinguishing Indian title by voluntary arrange
ment which is supposed to bo a practical disclaim
er of the rights of jurisdiction and propeity, has
not resulted from any doubts of tho original princi
ples, nor of the power to apply them. But has
boon owing partly to political considerations, nnd
to a conviction, that to acquire Indian title without
the consent of the occupants could only he done at
“an expense,” as General Knox said in his Report
in 17f’B, “ greatly exceeding the value of the ob
ject anil partly, to the advancing opinions of the
age, more and more desirious of meliorating the
condition of this helpless and hopeless race. And
consequently to be respected as an indication of
correct feelings, and to beTollowed as an example,
in its proper application. Limiting it, us it bus
heretofore been limited, to pore -nal and private, but
not extending it to political rights.
Did the European nations assume the general
powers which have been stated, or did they assume
merely “ the exclusive right of purchasing such
lands ns the natives wore willing to sell;” and were
their charters, agreeably to the opinion of the Su
premo Court, “considered us blank paper, so far as
the rights of the natives were concerned?” The
question in, nt present, an historical one. As such,
it niny be examined without reference to uuy moral,
duties, it may he supposed to involve.
And as a preliminary observation, it may be well
to remark, that if all the grants of European .Sov
ereigns were intended to convey only u right to
purchase from those who bad a right to sell, their
phraseology is the most unfortunate of any docu
ments upon record. And besides, upon th& con
struction or rather suggestion, why have the ele
mentary writers entered into any investigations of
Jtho relative rights of barbarous nnd civilized na
tions? The right to liny, no ono could doubt.
But that is not. the question which was presented
to the great tribunal of public opinion upon tho dis
covery of America, nnd which has been so often
investigated and decided. Which the most able
juriUi Invc discussed, and traced to its first princi
pics. That question is a far different one. It in- j
volws conflicting interests, and enquires which |
-hall yield. The eminent men, whoso opinions!
have been quoted, connected the discovery of
America, and the pretensions and conduct of the
nJventurers, with tho rights of the barbarous poo-
p'e then fir.- ! made known to Christendom, nnd de
cried that the latter had yielded, and justly yielded
to the former. But their speculations would have)
been ns unworthy of them, ns of the subject itself,)
if the whole question were merely, who should buy
and fairly buy the property oFlhy Indians. Wuroj
they correct in their opinions, that the charters in
volved tar more momentous consequences ? Let
those instruments decide. That which was grant-'
od to UoluiJibiH, pvite's that “ inasmuch ns you, i
Christopher Columbus, nr" going, by our command,
to discover nnd conquer, &■»•. eeitain Islands and
mainland, u i:. and it is hoped, with the assistance
of God, that some of the aforesaid islands and main
land in tho said ocean will be discovered and con
quered, through your labor and industry J” &c.
“ And in order that in tiio said islands and main
land, which are discovered, and shall bo discover
ed hereafter in said ocean, in the parts mentioned
of tho Indies, the inhabitants of all that country may
NUMB EH* 35.
be better governed, wp give you such powor and
cu'U and enmmat jurisdiction, high nnd low, Are.”
J he commission to Ward and others in 1501,
nut lori/.cs these persons, “their heirs, factors nnd
ueputi H to sail to nnd explore, nt their own cx-
pensc.*’, ai) islands, countries, regions and provin
ces, what.-mover, in the eastern, western, southern
nml northern seas, unknown to Christians, and to
net up the royal banner in such places, asthevinay
discover, and to subdue and take possession of the
same, »x.c.”
I he earliest Knglisn Commission is that to Cub-
ot:--lt grnutH ami gi V ns license to the mono or
either of them, their or either of their heirs or dep
uties, t al,ix our aforesaid banners nnd insignia in
any toivn, city, castle, island or continent, by them
newly dineovcred, &c.”
Quim'ii Elizabeth’s charter to Sir Humphrey
Gilbert,empowers him “ at nil times hereafter to
discover find, search out nnd view such remote
heathen mil barbarous lands, countries nnd territo
ries, not nsiually possessed of any christiun prince
or poopU, us to li..ii, his heirs, nnd assigns shall
seem g<od, and the same to have, hold,occupy and
enjoy t" him, his heirs und assigns forever, with all
commodities, jurisdictions and roynlitios by hoh nud
land and further, “ shall have hold and occupy
all the soil of all such, & c. and of ail cities, castles
towns and villages in the same, w ith the rights, roy
al lies and jurisdictions, &c.
To Sir Walter Ituleigh is granted “ all the soil,
of nil such In mis, territories nnd countries, to be
discovered und possessed ns aforesaid, and of all
such cities, castles, towns, villages nnd places in
the same, with the royalties, franchises und jurisdic
tions,” A’C.
The patent from the KingofFjance to tho Sicur
do la Roche, Lieutenant General of Canada, in
l.W, empowers him, “ loonier those foreign ports,
to obtain possession of them, on amicable te rms,
and if necessary, by force of arms $nd strong hand,
and all other modes of hostility, to attack towns,
forts it', dwellings, to bring them in subjection to us;
to build other towns and forts ; to make laws, Riot*
nates and ordinances, and to cause them to Ire ob
served ; to punish or pardon delinquents, ns shall
seem to him pood; Provided always, that they
bo not occupied by other powers friendly to
us,” &c.
Those are tho more ancient charters* Of the
modern ones, let that granted to Massachusetts
serve ns a specimen.
“To take and to hold the said partofNcw Eng
land in America, winch lies and extends and is
abutted as aforesaid, and every part and parcel
thereof, and nil the said islands, rivers, ports, ha
vens, waters, fisheries, mines, minerals, jurisdic
tions, franchises, royalties, liberties, priviliges, com
modities, hereditaments &lc. whatsoever,to the said
&r their heirs &c. forever &c.”
It may be asserted without the fear of contradic
tion, that every charter to every British colony pri
or to the independence of tho United States, was
equally general in its grunt of soil and jurisdiction;
conveying a* expressly no words could convey, nil
the objects, upon Which political powor can oper
ate.
And wlmt constructive restraint can be impos
ed upon terms, »■> plniit and comprehensive in their
Signification, by which tliqpo “ lofty” expressions
may bo brought down to a simple declaration to
tho civilized powers of tho earth, that they must
not interfere) with those grantees in nny purchases
they might make of tho Indians, and to a mere per
mission to make such purchases? Will that lirni
tntion I*" found, as has been suggested jn thoopin
ion of the Mnpremn ('ourt, in the* power to nnko
there tor the future, ihoy become the al«olut« ami
sole proprietors of it, and alt that it contains ; and
have a rijjit to exclude nil other nations from it*
ar.d dispose of it, as they think proper.” “ It belong*
to tho possessors of course, to make the distribu
tion ofthoir territory, and every thing attached to
“There is,” snrs Valid, Another celebrated
question, to which ils? discovery of the new world
has principally given roe. It is asked, w hether a
nation may lawfully take possession of sonic part
of a vast country, in which there nre none but cr-
ntjc nation's, whose scanty population ih incapable
of occupying the v. hole. We have already obsorv-
od, in establishing the obligation tc cultivate tho
earth, that those notion* cannot exclusively appro
priate to vhemsctve* more land than th*y have oc
casion for, or more than they are nbie-to settle nnd
cultivate. Their unsettled habitation in those
immense legions cannot b*j accounted u true and
legal possession, nnd the people of Europe, too
closely pout up ot home, finding fond of which tho
prvagps stood in no purticuta need, and of which
thev made no nfttu&l arid constant use were law
fully entitled to take nnd setth it wjth colonies.”
We do not therefor** deviate from the views of
nature, in confining tho Indians to nanower liin-
“ \Y1icii a nulion lakes possession of a coun
try, to which no prior owner ecu lay claim, it is
considered os acquiring tho empire or sovereignty
of it, at the sonic lime with the domain.” “Wo
shall proceed furl her rnd pHw the natural connex
ion of these two rights, (the domain and tho gov-
rnrr.rtnt,) in an jpJependot nation. How could she
govern her self i.t her own pleasure in a country, if
he cannot truly and al*N>lntoly dispose of it ? And
how could *he have the full and absolute domain
ol’a place, where she has not tho command.”
The historical fprt« and opinion* bearing upon this
question, aro in cmMnanoc with the deductions al
ready quoted. wbic*h have been drawn from the laws
of m.ture ansi nations.
Tho Abbe Knytial, spenking of the settlement of
Brazil, observes, *• vheir charter authorised them to
front the people subneted to them, in tho manner
they thought proper."
The same author alluding to the purchases inn do
from the Indinns by William Penn, in addition to his
charter from the King of F.ng'.nd remarks, that “ ho
is entitled to the glory of having given an example
of moderation nnd justice in America, never so much
r.s thought oi before by the Europeans.
Although the eloquent historic*! of the Indies has
overlooked the prior example of many of the Puri
tans, still his panegyric upon Penn is not the less
merited. Am! Vnttel, who does justice to both of
these patties, thus contrasts their conduct with that
of tlu'ir riredeconoorn and contomporariei, in the
great work o r discovery nnd settlement.
“ People have not then deviated from the views
of nature, in confining the Indiana within narrow
limits. However, we cannot help praising the mod
eration of the English puritans, who first settled, in
Now England ; who, notirithsiund''“f their being fur
nished with a charter from their sovereign, purck’.'.JL'd
of the Indians the hmd,thrv resolved to cultivate.—
This laudable example was iullowedby Mr. William
Penn, who pluntod the colony of Quakers in Penn
sylvania ’’
Did it crer occur to either of these celebrated
writers, that neither the pilgrims of New England
nor tho founder of Pennsylvania had any chum to
the possession of the conntriea, included in their
charters, untd they purchased the usufructuary right
of tho fndiansP The pinise of humanity in award
ed to them, not for doing what, upon Ibis gratuitous
assumption, they must necessarily have done, but
for abandoning their rigbte, and sacrificing their in
terest to their Konse of equity For holding in abey
ance their legal claims, till to these were added th®
voluntary relinquishment of the primitive people,
who, bv s law of steru neceuuity, were to disappear
before them.
Professor Eliding, in Ids History of Pennsylvania,
translated by Mr. iluponeenu, says, “ This tribe,’
the IMawaro* “by a formal contract, ceded the
bind to William Penn, who wished to make his set
tlement on a soil rightfully acquired, tmi on a prin
ciple that had never hefon bun recoguixcd in t/i* en-
tunUshnient of any European colony. Who does
not wish to become more intimately acquainted with
this mnn, whose noble spirit raised him bo far above
| the age he lived in
Noble, ir his continuation of Granger, is equally
Flruek with the disinterested coarse of Penn. He
.occupied his domains by actual bargain and sale with
tho Indians Thin fact does him infinite honor.—
’ \ ‘ 1 • And docs that pow-j i»,. n n has thus taught us to respect the lives atul pro
rP , 1 IT rented nnd understood, operate, by J parties of tiio most unenlightened nations. ’
■ccssnry i:npli!.‘iition,^to^excjudii from the jurisdic- Hut (lie fact could do him no honor, if be bought
only what he had no rjjjht to take without buying.—
necci
tion of tho colonies, nil tiio Indians Jiving within
their boundaries ? Lot ns examine. Tho first
charters conveyed authority. “To take and sur
prise by all manner of means whatsoever, all and
every person or persons, with their ships, vessels,
nnd other goods nnd furniture, which without the J
license of the said Sir H. &c. ahull be found traf
ficking in nny harbour or creek, within the limits
aforesaid &c. und those persons nud every of
them, with their ships, vessels, goods and furniture
to detain nnd possess as of good nnd lawful prize,
neenrding to the discretion of him the snid Sir 11.”
&r. without any direct allusion to the natives.
The object of these provisions was to enable the
colonists to protect themselves from the attacks of
Europeans, us is apparent from their union with
the power to seize tho ships, arms, ammunition nnd
other goods of invaders &c ; njid from the cautious
declarations, that those, who committed hostilities
without just cause, should be placed out of the
King’s protection. A clause, which is well known
to have served as a pretext fur tho sacrifice of SSir
Walter Raleigh.
It is only at a later period, that tho Indians -re
introduced into the charters, in connexion with tho
war making power. And then, to enable the colo
nists to carry on any necessary opr rations against
them, without being stopped by their chartered
limits. Connecticut is thus empowered, “ upon
justjeauses, to invade und destroy tho natives or oth
er enemies of the said colony.” The word natives
here is obviously synonymous with Indians, and not
a descriptive epithet, embracing only tho native
born aborigines of that colony. “And because in
h») remote a country,” says the Charter to Bunn,
“ near ho many barbarous nations, the incursions us
well of tho snvngCH an of other enemies, &c” are
to he feared, therefore the power of war is given.
“Incursions” into what ? Why, into William Bonn’s
province. And by barbarous nations, who are,
“ near,” not in it.
The solution of the apparent difficulty in this
would such a Jew mn bo worth cominuniouting or
inculcating.
Hu? Perm's own opinion upon this topic is conclu
sive. in liia Idler to tho Lords of the Committee
of Trade and Plantations, in I(ih3, he Bays, “ I have
followed the hishop of Loudon's counsel in buying,
nnd not taking away the natives’ lands,” Ac.’ Ilia
right to take them was evidently never doubted by
Imnself or others, but, advised l»y tho pioua Coinp-
tion, he adopted the wiser an well ns better course,
and lie thus acquired tor hiuimdf an unhiding re
nown, and for hi* Province a happy exemption from
many of thorn* wars, which devastated the oilier Co-
lon.ee.
His bingrnper, Clnrkeon, speaking of this distin
guished act, says, “ lie proved himself, in this in
stance, above tho prejudices ain^ customs of tho
times.” if these “ prejudices nnd customs” did
not sanction the acquisition of the In .’inn lands, with
out the consent of tto roaming occupants, nnd if hi*
charter was “ considered ns blank paper, so fur n*
the rights of the natives wore concerned,” this inci
dent in the life of Bonn, so illunlrntivc of his own
character, and of the principles of the sect to which
he belonged, has been wholly misunderstood. Jt
dwindles into tho mere purchase of un article* he
was desirous of obtaining, but which he could not
obtain, without such purchase.
Graham, in Ins history of tho United States, re
marks, that in the settlement of Maryland, »fie emi
grants, “ aware that tin* lirt;t settlers in Virginia hud
given umbrage to the Indians, hy occurnjinfr their ter
ritory without demanding their pi rmissiun," deter
mined to “ unite the new with '.he ancient race of
inhabitants by the reciprocal ties of equity und good
will.”
The same author, in speaking of the Butch, ob
serves, “ their first settlement was olfected appa
rently without any equitable remuneration to tiie In
ti Ians
Chalmers, the accurate nnd laborious annalist,
thus states the general principle :
“ The American emigrants settled in a region,
which was regarded by them as a territory of tho
English empire, because it had been first discovered
and first occupied, by virtue of commissions from
> io ? "P r,n V," H .' !rr "'‘-‘- AI1 ,h,! i til. C rrat wul of linpland. ' Tile validity of tin, ti-
i:i tin; cl mil ore. I limits of every Colony, were tho , t| 0 | )JU i been recognised by the approbation and prnc-
legnl subjects of that colony, responsible to its gov- I tic.* of the European world. And it had been con-
ernment, in any way that government might think , firmed by the law of nations, which sternly disre-
properto control them. If, os is evident from tiio
whole tenor of hii-tory, llio charters, strirti juris,
conferred the absolute dominion within their boun
daries, all persons living therein, were- subject to
the jurisdiction establi -lied, nnd liable to be punish
ed at discretion for contumacy, No power to make
war upon such persons was necessary. The pow
er to suppress their resistance and to restrain them
in sobjection, was necessarily incident lo tho na
ture oftho grant. This doctrine is well stated and
illustrated by Douglass, in Ins history nf the Brit
ish scttlcmelits in North America. “ When the
country of the Indians nt war with us lies upon our
own frontier, hut without our grants, 1 call it war,
in the common acceptation ; if within our grnnts,
ifurilnd the possession of tin* Aborigines, because
they had not bten admitted into the society of na
tions.”
“ Afterwords,” says Douglass, “ in place of prior
discovery, pre emption of the Indian natives und oc
cupancy was deemed a more just and equitable title.”
Gookin, tiio friend of the Indians, in the quaint
style of llio day, observes, “ if any should object,
that it is not necessary the English should grunt
them (the Indians) land, foriunnuch as it was all their
native country and property, before the English
came into America; tho answer is ready. 1 irst,
that the English claini right to their (the Indians’)
land, by potent from our King.”
Among the proceedings of the Massachusetts go
vernment, is tiie following, in 11*113
““ our g™"w.| and d-L-d lu- .Id. Court and th.
lull «.llio.it i mir Hotll.-uirnts, I call it an eruption; thorit , hfreof thatTli.tIn."'.«">• ofth«Indian.
Ill ir procluitmt.ons nfrninst tlicm, it i« calk'd n „„d imjn.nrr,!, >nj suiting I hr (u mt,
r.M)''Mion, as in nil tho New England wars with the t ),„ v j saVP ;; just right un? >, according to that in Gen-
Alm.i'piica; if intermixed witli «»ur settlements, it i-nis 1,2tf,a:i.” A is is the very doctrine of the de-
i« an insurrection ; such pero the wars of the Pc- inentary writers, that the Indinns may be tighlfully
quots, anno 1GJ7, and of King Phillip and his con- confined to the Imul they need.”
federates, anno 1(105.” I “In America■" says Robertson, “ every Indian is
U in ftnv viow.it is not easy to pereoive how »iil'o r an ..mnerliata vasssl of tho Crown, or d.™nd»
‘"eel oftho colonist, coo L rolled by tho d’ftJ'.'M
,.r... .sirjn, that tho <■.....«! of war must bo just 11 un drrth« denomination of un mcomicmln."
they had n right to the country nnd iti inhabitants | t were a useless waste of tone and labor to mul-
utiy ‘‘Hurt oftho Inttor to interrupt this right would | t jj,| y tii«s*« quotations. They abound in every histo-
oausi of war, and such war would oe waged ry of the dii ntofthe Western
for their “ defences." To ascertain the justice of j CJontinent The subject will be closed by a brief
the war; tho right* of the parties must bo previous- - - “ ’ 4 . »«*u« w u»*;«-.
!y uncurtained ; tho former depending upon the
latter, und uol tho latter upon tho former.
Such arc- the views, presented by a cursory ex
amination of the charters. These views are forti
fied by tho opinions of elementary writers upon
natural law, by the concurring testimony ofhiatori-
nns, and by the decisions and declarations of judi
cial tribunals nnd public authorities.
Marten any* “ from the moment a nation have ta
ken possession ofn territory in right of first occu
pier, nnd with th* design to establish themselves
of t\io judicial" decisions and authoritative
declarations, winch benr upon this question.
After a very ublo historical summitry and an elabo
rate enquiry into tho general doctrine of the right*
resulting from discovery and setllemont, the Su
preme Court of t.io United States, in the caso of
Johnson ts Mclntosli, thus state tho acknowledged
principles. “The L'nitsd States, then, have une
quivocally acceded to that great and broad rule, by
which its civilized inhabitants now hold (Iiis coun
try- They hold and assert in themselves Ihe title, bv
which it was acquired.' They muint.in, as ail
others have ramatuitiod, that discovery gave nn ex*