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nation, whoso chief
consisted in tho display of a
fanaticism, and whose business w
‘•to promote tho general welfare or onsoi
domestic tranquility,” bet to awaken t
bitterest hatred agaiiist the citizens of sis
ter Stales by violent denunciation of their I
institutions; the transaction of public af
lairs was impeded l>3’ repeated efforts to
usurp powers not delegated by the Con
slitution. for the purpose of impairing the
security of property in slaves, and reduc
ing those States which held slaves, to a
condition of inferiority. Finally, a great
party was organised for the purpose o-
obtaining the administration of the govern
mont, with the avowed object of using its
power for tho total exclusion of the slave
States from all participation in the bene
fits of tho public domain, acquired by all
the States in common, whether by con
quest or purchase ; -efsurroundingthem eu
tirely by States in which slavery should
bo prohibited; ofthna rendering the prop
erty in slavos so insecure as to be ompnra
tively worthless, and therebj’ uiinihilatintt
in effect pnipert}' wortli thousands of mil
lions of dollars. This party, thus organ
tzed, succeeded in tho month ol'Novembei
last, in the. election of its candidate for the
Presidency of the United Suites.
In tho meantime, nndor the mild and
genial climate of the Southern States, and
the increasing care and attention for the
well-being and comfort of the laboring
class, dictated alike by interest and human
itv. tlio African slaves hi d augmented in
numberfrom about 600,000, at the adoption
of the constitutional compact, to upwards
of 4,000,000. In moral and social condi
tion, they had been elevated from brutal
savages into docile, intelligent and civilis.-d
agricultural laborers,and supplied not only
with bodily comforts but with careful re
ligious instruction. Under the supervision
of a superior race, their labor had been so
directed ns not only to allow a gradual
and marked amelioration of their own con
<lit ion, but to convert hundreds of thousands
of square miles of the wilderness into culti
vated lands, covered with a prosperous
people; towns and cities had sprung into
existence, and had rapidly increased in
wealth and population under tho social
system of the South; the white population
of the Southern slaveholding States had
augmented from about 1,253,000 at the
date of the adoption of the Constitution,
to more than 8,500,000 in 1860; and the
productions of the South in cotton, rice,
sugar and tobacco, for the full develop
ment and continuance of which, the labor
of African slaves was, and is, indispensa
ble, had swollen to an amount which formed
nearly llireo-fmirths of the exports of the
whole United States, and had become ab
solutely necessary to the wants of civilized
men.
With interests of such overwhelming
magnitude imperilled, the people of the
Southern Stales were driven by tho con
duct. of the North to the adoption of some
course of action to avert the danger with
which they were openly menaced. With
this view, the Legislatures of the several
States invited the people to select delegates
to Conventions to bo held for the purpose
of determining for themselves what meas
ures were best adapted to meet so alarm
ing a crisis in their history.
Ilere it may be proper to observo that
from a period as earl}* as 1798, there had
existed in all ol tho States of the Union a
party, almost uniiiteiruptedly in the ma
jority, based upon the creed that each
State was in the last resort, the sole judge
as well of its wrongs, ns of the mode of re
dress. Indeed, it is obvious, that under
the law of nations, this principle is an axi
om as applied to the relations of indepen
dent sovereign States, such as those which
had united themselves under the Constitu
tional compact. The Democratic party
of the United States, repeated in its suc
cessful canvass in 1856, the declaration
made in numerous previous political con
tests, that it would “faithfully abide by
and uphold the principles laid down in the
Kenttiek}’ and Virginia resolutions of
1798, and in the report of Mr. Madison to
tho Virginia Legislature in 1790; and that
it adopts those principles as constituting
one of the main foundations of its political
creed.”
Tho principles thus emphatically an
nounced, embrace that to which I have
already adverted, the right of each State
tojudgoof,andredre8S the wrongsof which
it complains. These principles were main
tained by overwhelming majorities of the
people of all the States of t'ue Union at
different elections, especially in the elec
tions of Mr. Jefferson in 1805, Mr. Madison
in 1809, and Mr. Pierce in 1852.
In the exercise of a right so ancient, so
well established, and so necessary for self
preservation, the people of tho Confeder
ate States in their Conventions, determin
ed that the wrongs which they had suf
fered, and the evils with which they were
mcnacod, required that they should revoke
the delegation of power to the Federal
Government which they had ratified in
their several Conventions. They conse
quently passed ordinances resuming all
their rights as sovereign and independent
States, and dissolved their connection with
the other States of the Union.
the able and distinguished
ivoi “ ’■ *
tlic
imp't tho conquest of this
"herished hopes, of peace*
Having done this, they proceeded to form
a new compact amongst themselves, by
new articles of confederation, which have
been also ratified by tho conventions of
several States with an approach to unan
imity far exceeding that of the conventions
which adopted the Constitution of 1787
They have organised their new govern
mont in all its departments; the functions
of tho Executive, Legislative, and Judicial
Magistrates are performed in accordance
with the will of tho people as displayed
not merely in a cheerful acquiescence, but
in tho enthusiastic support of tho govern
ment thus established by themselves; and
but for the interference of the government
of the United States in this legitimate ex
orcise of the right of a pcoplo to self-gov
eminent, peace, happiness and prosperity
would now smile on onr
That peace is ardently desired by this
government and people has been manifest
ed in every possible form.
Scarce had you assembled in February-
last, when, prior even to tho inauguration
of the Chief Magistrate you had elected
yon passed a resolution expressive of yotir
desire for the appointment of commission
ers to bo sent to tho government of the
United States “for the purpose of negoti
ating friendly relations between that gov
eminent and the Confederate States
America, and for the settlement of all ques
tions of disagreement betweon the two
governments noon principles of right,
justice, equity, and good faith.”
It was ray pleasure as well jm rov duty
to cooperate with you in this work of pence v
iuueuu, in my address to you on taking 1
the oath of office, and boforc receiving from
you the communication of this resolution
I had said, “as a necessity, not a choice
we have resorted to the remedy of sepa
ration, and henceforth oqr energies must
bo directed to the conduct of our own
fairs and
which we
tion of mutual interest shall permit
pem-eably to pursue our separate politic
career, my most earnest desire will have
boon fulfilled.”
It was in fhrthcrance of those accor
dant views of the Congress and the Exc-
U I made choice of throe discreet,
nd theperpotnity oftheConfederacy
we have formed. If a just percop
if mutual interest shall permit us
cordial co-oporation, am> mm. v«
tary of State, every effort compatible with
-respect and the dignity- of tho Cnni-dc-
y, wasexlia i :cd before 1 allowed my-
o'-Jdeld to the conviction that the
ic.United States was de-
ned to
people, and w
were unattainable.
On the arrival of our commissioners in
Washington, on Che 5th March, they' post
poned. at tho suggestion of a friendly in
termediary, doing more than giving infor
mal n<*tico of their arrival. This was dono
with a view to afford tiino to tho Presi
dent who had just been inaugurated, for
the discharge of other pressing official du-
i .is in tho organization of his administra
tion, before engaging his attention iu tho
object of their mission. It was not uripl
the 12th of the month that they officially'
addressed the Secretary of State, informing
him of the purpose of their arrival, and
staring in the language of their instruc
tions their wish “ to make to the United
States overtures for tho opening of nego
tiations. assuring tho government of the
United States, that the President, Congress
ind people ofthe Confederate States, earn
estly desire a peaceful uolntion of these
great questions; that it is neither thoir
interest nor their wish to make any e’e-
-nand which is not founded on the strict
est justice, nor do any act to injure their
late confederates.”
To this communication no formal re
ply-was received until the 8th of April.
During the interval the Commissioners
had consented to waive iill questions
of form. With the firm resolve to avoid
war if possible, they went so far, even, as
to hold, during that long period, unofficial
intercourse, through alt intermediary,
whose high position and character inspired
the hope of success, and through whom
constant assurances were received from
the Government of tho United States, of
peaceful intentions; of the determination
to evacuate Fort Sumter; and further,
that no measure, changing tho existing
status prejudicially' to the Confederate
States, especially at Fort Pickens, was in
contemplation, but that in the event of any
change of intention on the subject, notice
ould be given to the Commissioners.—
Tho crooked paths of diplomacy c-an scarce
ly furnish an example so wanting in cour
tesy', in candor and directness, ns was the
course of the United States Government
towards our Commissioners in Washing
ton. For proof of this, I refer to the an
nexed documents marked ■, taken in
connection, with further facts which I now
proceed to relate.
Farly in April the attention of tho whole
country, as well as that of onr Commis
sioners, was attracted to extraordinary
preparations for an extensive military and
naval expedition in New York and other
northern ports. These preparations, com
menced in secrecy, for an expedition whose
destination was concealed, only became
known when nearly completed, and on tho
5th, 6th and 7th April, transports and ves
sels of war, with troops, munitions and
military- supplies, sailed from northern
ports bound southwards. Alarmed by so
extraordinary a demonstration, the Com
missioners requested the delivery of an
answer to their official communication
ofthe 12th March, and thereupon received
on the 8th April, a reply- dated ontho 15th
ofthe previous month, from which it ap
pears that during tho whole interval,
whilst the Commissioners were receiving
assurances, calculated to inspire hope of
the success of their mission, the Secretary
of State and the President of tho United
States had determined to hold no inter-
oursc with them whatever, to refuso oven
to listen to any proposals they-had to mako
and had profited by’ the delay created by
the delay created by their own assurances;
in order to prepare secretly the m&ans for
effective hostile operations.
That these assurances were given, has
been virtually confessed by the Govern
ment of the United States by its sending
messenger to Charleston, to give notice
of its purpose, to nso force if opposed in
its intention of supplying Fort Sumter.
No more striking proof of the absence of
good faitli in the conduct of the Govern
ment of the United States towards this
Confederacy can be required than is con
tained in the circumstances which accom
panied this notice. According to tho
usual course of navigation, the vessels
composing the expedition designed for
the relief of Fort Sumter, might be ex
pected to reach Charleston on t'no 9th of
April, yet with onr Commissioners actual
ly in Washington, detained under assu
rances, that notice should be given of any
military movement, the notice was not
addressed to them, but a messenger was
sent to Charleston to give the notice to
the Governor of South Carolina, and tho
notice was so given at a late hour on tho
8th April, the eve of the very day on
which the fleet might be expected to ar
rive. That this manoeuvre failed in its
pnrpose was not the fault of those who
contrived it. A heavy tempest delayed
tho arrival of the expedition, and gave
time to the commander of our forces .at
Charleston to ask aud receive the instruc
tions of this government. Even then,
under all the provocation incident to the
contemptuous refusal to listen to our
Commissioners, and the tortuous course
ofthe Government of the United States,
I was sincerely anxious to avoid tho effu
sion of blood, and directed a proposal to
bo made to the commander of Fort Sum
ter, who had avowed himself to be near
ly out of provisions, that we would ab
stain from directing our fire on Fort Sum
ter if he would promise not to open fire
on our forces unless attacked. This pro
posal was refused and the conclusion was
reached, that the design of the United
States was to place the besieging force at
Charleston between the simultaneous fire
ofthe fleet and the fort. There remained
therefore, no alternative but to direct
that tho fort shonld at once be reduced.—
This order was executed by General
Beauregard, with the skill and success
which were naturally to bo expected from
the well known character'of that gallant
officer: and although the bombardment
lasted but thirty-three hours, our flag did
not wave over its battered walls, until af
ter the appearance of the hostile fleet off
Charleston. Fortunately not & life was
lost on our side, and we were gratified
in being spared the necessity of causeless
effusion of blood by the prudent caution
of the officers who commanded the fleet,
in abstaining from the evidently futile ef
fort to enter the harbor for the relief of
Major Anderson. I refer to tho report of
tho Secretary of War and the papers which
accompany it for further details of this
brilliant affair.
In this connection I cannot refrain
from a well deserved tribute to the no
ble State,, the eminent soldicrlj* qualities
of whoso people were so conspicuously dis
played in the port-of Charleston. For
months they had been irritated bythospec-
taclo of a fortress held within their princi
pal harbor, us a standing menace against
their peace and independence. Built in
part with their own money, its -custody
confided with their own consent to an
agent who held no power over them oili
er than such as they had themselves del
egated for their own benefit, intended to
be used bj- that agent for their own pro
tection against foreign attack, they saw it
hold! with persistent tenacity as a means
of
af-
cal
of offence against them by the very gov-
eminent winch they had established for
their protection. They had beleaguered
it for ntonths—felt entire confidence in
their power to capture it—yet yielded to
the requirements of discipline, curbed
their impatience, submitted without com
plaint to the unaccustomed hardships, la
Jors and privations ofa protracted siege;
and when at length their patience was
rewarded by the signal for attack, and
success had crowned their steady and
gallant conduct—oven iu the very mo
ment of triumph—tluy evinced a chival
rous regard for the feelings of the brave
but unfortunate officer who had been com
pelled to lower his flag. All manifesto
tions of exaltation Wei-e checked, in his
presence. Their commandinggeneral with
their cordial approval and the consent of
this government, refrained from imposing
any terms that could wound the sensi-
bilitics of tho Commander of the fort.—
lie was permitted to retire with the hon
ors of war—-to salute his flag, ‘to depart
freely with all his command,, and was es
corted to tho vessel in which ho embark
ed, with the highest marks of respect from
those against whom his guns had been so
recently directed. Not only docs every
event connected with the seige reflect the
highest honor on South Carolina, but the
forbearance of her people and of this
government, from making any harsh use
of a victory obtained under circumstances
lof such peculiar provocation attest to the
fullest extent the absence of any purpose
beyond securing their own tranquility,
and the sincere desire to avoid the calami-
Itios of war.
Scarcely had tho President of the Uni
ted States received intelligence of the fail
ure of the scheme which he had devised
for the reinforcement of Fort Sumter,
when he issued tho declaration of war
against this Confederacy which has prompt
ed me to convoke you. In this extraor
dinary production, that high functionary
affects total ignoranco of the existence of
an Independent Government, which, pos
sessing the entire a id enthusiastic devo
tion of its people, is exercising its func
tions without question over seven sover
eign States—over more than five mil
lions of people—and over a territory whose
area exceeds half a million of square miles.
He terms sovereign States “combinations
too powerful to be suppressed by the or
dinary course of judicial proceeding, or
by the powers vested in the marshals by
law.” He calls for an army of seventy-
five thousand men to act as a posse commit-
atus in aid of the process of tho courts of
[justice in States where no courts exist
whoso mandates and decrees arc not cheer
fully obeyed and respected by a willing
people. He vows that “ the first service]
to be assigned to tho forces .called out,fl
will be, not tc execute the process- of
courts, but tocapture forts and strongholds
situated within admitted limits , of this
Confederacy, and garrisoned by its troo
and declares that“ this effort" is. ( intended
“to maintain the perpetuity of popular
trovernment.” He concludes by command,
ing “ tho persons composing the combina
tions aforesaid,” to wit: tho five millions
of inhabitants of these States, “ to retire
peaceably to their respective abodes ini
twenty daj s ”
Apparently contradictory as tho terms
of this singular document, one point is un-
mistakeably evident. The President
of the United States called for an army
of seventy thousand men, whoso first ser
vice was to be to capture our forts. It was
a plain declaration of war which I was not
at liberty to disregard because of my
knowledge that under tho constitution of
the United States the President was usurp
ing a power granted exclusively to the
Congress. Ho is tho sole organ of com
munication between that country and for
eign powers. Tho law of nations did not
permit me to question the authority of the
Executive of a foreign nation to declare
waragainst this Confederacy. Although I
might have refraiued from taking this ac
tive measure for our defence if the States
lot the Union had all imitated the aetion
of Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas,
Kentucky, Tennessee and Missouri, by de
nouncing the call for troops as an uncon
stitutional usurpation of power to which
they refused to respond, I was not at liber
ty to disregard the fact that many of the
States seemed quite content to submit to
the exercise of the power assumed by the
President of the United States, and wore
actively engaged in levying troops to be
used for the purpose indicated in the pro
clamation.
Deprived of the aid of Congress at that
moment, 1 was under the necessity of con
fining my action to a call on the States
for volunteers for the common defence, in
accordance with the authority you had con-,
tided to me before 3'out- adjournment.
I deemed it proper further to issue procla
mation inviting application from persons
disposed to aid our defence in private arm
ed vessels on the high seas, to the end that
preparations might be made for the im
mediate issue of letters of marque and repri
sal which youalone under the Constitution
have power to grant. I entertain no doubt
you will concur with me in tho opinion
that in the absence of a fleet of public ves
sels it will b.o eminently expedient to supply
their place by private armed vessels, so
happily styled by the publicists ofthe Uni
ted Stetes “tho militia of the sea,” and so
often and justly implied on by them as an
efficient and admirable instrument of de
fensive warfare. I earnestly recommend
the immediate passage of a law author
izing me to accept the numerous propo
sals already received.
I cannot close this review of the acts of
the government of the United States with
ont referring to a proclamation by their
President under date of the 19th inst., in
which, after declaring that an insurrection
has broken out in this Confederacy against
the government of tho United States, he
announces a blockade of all the ports of
these States, and threatens to punish as
pirates all persons who shall molest a 113-
vessels ofthe United States under letter ot
marque issued by this Gevernment. Not-
withstading the authentic^- of this pro
clamation, you cdficur with me that it is
hard to believe it could have emanated from
a President of tho United States. Its an
nouncement ofa mere paper blockade is so
manifestly a violation ofthe law of nations,
that it would seem incredible that it could
have been issued by authority; but con
ceding this case, so far as the Executive is
concerned, it will bo difficult to satisfy tho
people of these States that their late con
federates will sanction its declarations, will
determine to ignore tho usages of civilized
nations, and will inaugurate a war of ex
termination on both sides, b3' treating aS
pirates, open enemies, acting under the
authority of commissions issued by an or
ganized government. If such proclamation
was issued, it could onty’ have been pub
lished under tho sudden influence of pas
sion, and we ina3’ rest assured mankind
will be spared tiie horrors of the conflict
it seems to invite.
For the details of the administration of
the different departments, I refer to the
reports of the Secretaries which accom
pany this message.
The State Department has furnished the
necessary instructions for three commis
sioners who have been sent to England,
France, Russia and Belgium, since 3'ou
adjournment,’to ask our recognition as a
member of the family of nations, and
be taken to enter into like negotiations
with the European powers in pursuance
of your resolutions passed at the last ses
sion. Sufficient time lias not 3-et elapsed
since the departure of these commissioners
for the receipt of any intelligence from
them. As 1 deem it desirable that com
missioners or other diplomatic agents
should alap bo sent at an early period to
the independent American powers south
of our Confederacy, with all of whom it is
our interest a,nd earnest wish to maintain
the most cordial and friendly relations, I
suggest tho expediency of making the ne-
ees<;iry appropriations for that purpose.
dlaving been officially notified b3' the
public authorities of the State of- Virginia,
that she had .withdrawn from the Union,
and desired to maintain the closest politi
cal relations with us which it was possible
at this time to establish, I commissioned
this Hon. Alexander H. Stephens, Vice
President oLtho Confederate States, to re
present this Government at Bichmond. I
am nnpp3' to, inform 3*ou that he has con
cluded a convention with the State of Vir
ginia, ly which that honored Common
wealth, so long and justly distinguished
among her sister States, and so dear to tho
hearts of thousands of her children in tbo
Confederate States, has united her power
and her fortunes with ours, and become
one of us. This Convention, together with
the ordinance of Virginia, adopting the
provisional Constitution of the Confede
rate States, will be laid before 30U for your
constitutional action. I have satisfaeto^-
assurances from other of onr late confede
rates that they are on tho point of adopt
ing similar measures, and 1 cannot doubt
that ere 3’ou have been mun,v weeks in ses
sion, tbo whole of the slaveholding Stales
ofthe late Union will respond to tho call
ot honor and affection, and by uniting their
fortunes with ours, promote our common
■interests and secure onr common safety. .
In the Treasury Department, regulations
have been devised and put into execution
for carrying out the policy indicated in
your legislation on the subject of tho nav
igation ofthe Mississippi river,ns well us for
the collection of revenuo on the frontier.
Free transit has been secured for vessels
and merchandise passing through the Con
federate States; and delay and inconveni
ence have been avoided as fur as possible
in organizing tho revenue service for the
various railways entering our territory.—
As fastAS,experience shall indiento the pos
sibility of improvement in these regula
tions, no efforts will be spared to free com
merce, .from all unnecessary embarrass
ments and obstructions.
Under your aut authorizing a loan, pro
posals were issued inviting subscriptions
for five millions of dollars, and tho call was
answered by the prompt subscription of
more than eight millions by our own citi
zens, and not a single bid was made nnder
par. - The rapid development of the pur-
posobfithe President ofthe United States
to invade oursoil, capture our forts, block
ade mur ports, and wage war against us,
induced me to direct that the entire sub
scription should be accepted. It will now
become necessary to raise means to a much
larger-amount to defny the expenses of
maintaining our independence and repel
ling invasion. I invite your special atten
tion to this subject, and the .financial con
dition: of the government, with the sugges
tion of ways and means for the snppl3’ of
the Treasury; will bo presented to you in
|a separate communication.
To the Department of Justice 3-011 have
confided not only the organization and su
pervision of all matters connected with
the courts of justice, but also those con
nected with patents and with the bureau
of public printing.
Since 3'oar adjournment, all the courts,
with the exception of those of Mississippi
and Texas, have been organized by the
appointment of Marshals and District At
torneys, and are now prepared for the ex
ercise of their functions.
I |ln the two States just named, tho gen
tlemen confirmed as J udges, declined to ac
cept the apjiointment, and no nominations
have yet been made to fill the vacancies!
I refer you to the report of the Attorney
General, ana concur in bis recommendation
for iremediate legislation, especially on the
—i-- - o£— x —a rights. Early provision
to
amit3* and commerce. Further steps will
su
bject of patent
should be made to secure to the* subjects
of foreign nations tho full enjoyment of
their property in valuable inventions, and
to extend to our own citizens protection,
not only lor their own inventions, but for
such as may have been assigned to them,
or may hereafter bo assigned by persons
not alien enemies.
The patent office business is much more
extensive and important than had been
anticipated. The applications for patents,
although confined under the law exclusive
ly to citizens of our Confederacy, already
average seventy per month, showing the
necessity. fo.r the prompt organization of a
bureau of patents.
The Secretary of War, in his report and
accompanying documents, convoys full
information concerning the forces, regular,
volunteer and provisional, raised and sever
al actp "of Congress, their organization.
Also, account, jof tho expenditures al-
ready nmde; anaAnc further estimates for
the fiscalVear endipgon tho 18th February,
1862, rendered necessaiy by recent events
I refer to his report also for a full history
ofthe o'cenrrences in Charleston harbor,
prior to and _ including tbo bombardment
and reduction of Fort Sumter, and of the
measures subsequent^’ taken for common
defense, off receiving intelligence of the
declaration of war against us made by the
President'"of the United States. There
are now in the field at Charleston, Pensaco
la, Forts Morgan, Jackson, St. Philip and
Pulaski, nineteen thousand men,, and six
teen thousand men en route for Virginia.
It is pi-oposecfyp organize and hold in readi
ness for instant action, in view of the pre
sent exigencies of the conntiy, an army of
one hundred thousand mom If further
force should bo needed tho wisdom and
patriotism of Congress will bo confidently
appealed to' for authority to call into the
field additional numbers of our noble-spirit-
cd volunteers, wTip’are constantl}' tender
ing service far In excess of our wants.
The operations’of the Navy Department
have been necessarily restricted by the
fact that sufficient time has not3’et elapsed
for the purchase or construction of more
than a limited number of vessels adapted
to the public service. Two -vessels pur
chased, have been named the “Sumter”
and “Micree,” abi} are now being prepared
for sea at New Qrlcans with all possible
dispatch. Contracts have also boon made
at that city with two different establish
ments for thecasting ordnance, cannon shot
and shell, with tlio view to encourage tho
manufacture of these articles so indisponsa
bio for our defence, at as many points with
in onr terriUuy as possiblo.
I call 3’our attention totho recommends-
tion ofthe Secretaiy for tho establishment
of a magazine and laboraloiy for prepara
tion of ordnance stores, and the necessary
appropriation for that purpose. Hitherto
such stores have been prepared at tho navy
yards, and no. appropriation was made at
your last session for this ■object. j
Thef'Sccrctaty' also calls attention totho
fact that no prbvision has been made for
the payment bf jiivalid {tensions to our own
citizens. Many of these arc advanced in
life, jthby Have no’means of support, and by
the secession of these States, have been de
prived of their claim against the Govern
ment of tho United States. I recommend
mnko with each of these powers treaties of the appropriation of the sum necessaiy to
pa3’ these pensioners, as well as those of
thenrmv, whose damns can scarcey exceed
seventy thousand dollars per annum.
The Postmaster General has already
ueeecded in organizing his department to
such an extent as t<> be in readiness to
assume the direction of our postal affairs,
on the occurrence of the contingency con
templated by tlio Act of loth March, 1861,
oven sooner if desired b3' Congress,
lie various books and circulars.hnve been
prepared and measures taken to secure
supplies of blanks, postage stamps, stamped
envelopes, mail bags, locks, keys;etc. life
presents a detailed classification and ar
rangement of his clerical force, and asks
for its increase. Anatiditor ofthe treasuy
foi-tliis department is necessary, aud a
dan is submitted for the organization ol
his bureau. The great number and mag
nitude ofthe accounts of this department,
requiro an increase of the clerical force in
the accounting braneh in the Troasniy.
Tho revonues of this department are col
lected and disbursed in modes peculiar to
itself, and require aspecial bureau to secure
a proper accountability in the administra
tion r>f its finances.
I call 3’oar attention to tho additional
legislation required for this Department
to the recommendation for changes in the
law fixing the rates of postage on news
papers, and sealed packages of certain
rinds, and specially to the recommenda
tion oi the Secretary, in which I concur
that 3-ou provido at once for tho assump
tion ly him ofthe control of our entire-
postal service.
In the organization of the U. States,provis
ion is made for brigadier and major-gencr
als,but in the arny ofthe Con federate States
the highest grade, is that of brigadier gen
eral. Hence it will no doubt sometimes oc
cur that where troops of the Confederacy do
duty with the mi litia,the general selected for
thecommandand possessed of theviews and
purposes of this government, will be super
seded by an officer of tho militia not hav
ing the same advantages. To avoid this
contingenc3’ in tlio least objectionable man
ner, I recommend that additional rank be
given to the general of the Confederate
arny, and concurring in the policy of hav
ing lint one grade of generals in the army
of tho Confederacy. I rocommend that
the law of its organization be amended, so
that the grade be that of general.
■ To secure a thorough military education!
it is deemed essential that officers should
enter upon the study of their profession
at an early period of life, and have elemen
tary instruction in a military school. Un
til such school shall bo established it is re
commended that cadets be appointed and
attached to companies until they have at
tained the age and acquired the know!
edge to fit them for the duties of lieuten-]
ant.
Hi also call your attention to an omission!
in tho law organizing tho army, in rela
tion to militiuy chaplains, and recommend
that provision be made for their appoint
ment.
Hln conclusion, I congratulate you on the I
[foci- that in every portion of our country,
there has been exhibited the most patriotic
devotion to our common cause. Trans
portation companies have freel3' tendered
the use of their lines for troops and sup
plies. The Presidents of the railroads of
the Confederacy, in Compaq* with others
who control lines of communication with
States that we hope soon to greet as sisters,
assembled in Convention in this city, and
not onl3’ reduced largolj- the rates hereto
fore demanded for mail service, and conve3'-
ance of troops and munitions, but volun
tary* proffered to receive their compensa
tion at these reduced rates in the bonds of
the Confederacy, for the purpose of leav
ing all the resources of the Government atl
[its disposal for the common defense.
Requisition^ for troops have been metj
with such alacrity that tho numbers tender
ing their service, in every instance great-
13’ exceeded the demand. Men ofthe high
est official and social position, are serving
ns volunteers in the ranks.' Tho gravity
of age and zeal of 3-outh, rival each other
in the desire to be foremost for the public
defense; and though at no other point
than the one heretofore noticed, have thc3’
been stimulated bj-the excitement incident
to actual engagement and the hope of dis
tinction for individual achievement, they
have borne what, for new troops, is the^
most severe ordeal—patient toil and con
stant vigil, and all the exposure and dis
comfort of active service, witha resolution
and fortitude such as to command appro- I
bation and justify the highest expectation of
their conduct when active valor shallH
required in place of steady endurance.
A people thus united and resolved, can
mot shrink from the sacrifice which they
may be called on to make, nor can there be
a reasonable doubt of their final success,
however long and severe may be the test
[of tbeir determination to maintain their
nng ;mg * yd. 17 @ ,, AT
BaloRopo^ lb. 10 « 1
SSfeSs* e - Stefi*
“ 1)0 in “ P*fl>
I’nll .w Candles, 20 « o. f Hi* 1
JwvC do u “ 50 L ‘1 BuL«
<1(1 * 3ft ’ it in irH
’• aIce,
W OMEN of Beauty aud HeroUm.
Court of Napoleon..
Women of the South
J otephiue Gallery
' 'ndrno’a Introduction
Fobms of II. b. Flash -
Todd's Johnson’s Walker’* Dictionary...
. Forester's Field Sport?.......
. AVornan in Wbitc..
Duualleo - -
Macaulay’s Later Essays
Tyng’s 40 Tears in Sunday Schools......’..'
Macoy’s Masonic Jurisprudence
The Young Maroonors.....
Rangers and Regulators of TannahO—„
Parton’s Lifo of Jackson (complete)...7.50 » 9.00
Beulah •--- —• j-Jj
Queens of Society 1-5®
Boswell’s Johnson - 3.00
Batta’s Hand Book of Literature. L25
Methodism Successful 1.25
Lowe’s Last Term at St. Mery’s ......... 1.00
A new supply of Music, Paper Hangtaj?* * n d Station
cry, also, Just received. W. N. WHITE.
Novi *-<: .'
H AVE received their Spring supply of new and
beautiful goods, and offer superior inducement*
be
birth-rightof freedom and equality^sa trust
which it is their dut3* to transmit undimin
ished to their posterity.
s Provide!
A bounteous Providence cheers ns with
thopromiso of abundant crops. The fields
of grain which will, within a few weeks,
be ready for the sickle, give assurance of
the amplest supply otfood for man: whilst'
the corn, cotton and other staple produc
tions of our soil, afford abundant proof that
up to this period, the season has been pro
pitious.
We feel that our cause is just and holy
we protest solemnly in the face of mankind
that we desire peace at any sacrifice, save
that of honor and-independence; we seek
no conquest, aggrandisement, no concess
ion of any kind from the Slates with which
we were lately confederated; all we.ask
is to bo let alone; that, those who never held
power over us, shall not now attempt our
subjugation by arms. This wo will, this
we must resist to the direst extremity.
The moment that this pretension is aban
doned the sword will drop from our grasp
and we shall be read3* to enter into treaties
of amity and commereo that cannot but bo
mutually beneficial. So long as this pre-
tonsion is maintained, with K firm reliance
on that Divine Power which covers with
its protection tho just cause; wo will con
tinue to struggle for our inherent right to
1, independence and self-gover
LVIS.
freedom,
pcndence and self-i
ment. JEFFERSON DAi
Montgomery, April 29, 18fil.
New Groocls!
NEW GOODS!
T HE undersigned are receiving daily their new Fal
supplies, consisting of
Dry Goods,
Clothing,
BOOTS AND SHOES,
HARDWARE,
CROCKERY,
GROCERIES,
SAI,T, IRON, NAILS, ANVILS, J VISES
and BELLOWS, CASTINGS, WOOD
WARE, CARPENTER’S TOOLS,
■ *•)' _. . and other things, too tedious to mention.
We, also, have a large supply of fine Tcuncssee cleai
Sides, Lard and Hams, all.of which we will sell as cheap
as the cheapest. Customers will do well to give us
call before purchasing elsewhere.
J. W. REAVES A CO.,
«■» Sept. 6. C No'.‘I5, under Fracllin House.
NEW BOOKS!
Mackerel t \i
12.50
12.50
9.00
5.00
V -'«>
* ar “, per
.75
2.00
■«
1.90
1.50
.SO
m
. - 1*1“ 10
crushed, It 75
loaf, U “ li
w
N. O. Syrup,- 70 « vt
Salt, ^ huahel, 60 « 80
Salt, Liv’I, sk. « m
Steel, Cast, 20 « 20
German, 15 “ m
-Blister, IS « ]j
Spring, 10 “ IO
Iron,common site 6
7 inch wide, 6
Band, .«
Nail Rod, fi
COOWRY PRoDCcS
2« Lard E '
15 jTan„v
reen Apples, -
Dried “
Pealed Peaches, 150
Just Received,
ODTLEDGE,
-V Houehold of Bouveric, 2 roll.
Wood Rangers,
Ingroham’s Sonny South,
The Linton Family, - •
Shcepan’s Life of Douglas
$1 25
2 00
I 25
1 25
1 25
1 00
Webster’s 4 to. Dictionary, Pictorial Edition, 6 60
Lowe’s Physiology of Common Life, 2 00 SIDE" WHEEL STFA1*
Johnston’s Chemistry do do 2 00
Chamber’s New Entyclopedia, rol. 1, 3 50
Encyclopedia of Religion* Knowledge, 4 00
Alao, lot of New Music, at Publisher’s prices.
WMi N. WHITE:
Sopt.
HI
Sugar, B]
White
u r ^ I
•“**{» I
Batter,
« » l„;
•>i- safe. L i
— 75 -
Irish Potatoes,
Sweet . “
Onions,
Bacon, Sides,
“200 ,Com,
<5 iMcal
' 12 Oats,
1W Rye.
.« 7 o ? ecs r«.
10
75
hr
75 “100 ICE
« “ Wool,
“ Shoulders,!2 “ is p‘£”’
LIQDOR8-—COUREMED »r siv,
"tear sn
Rye, . 60 “ 75
Manongab 100 “150
Scotch, *50 “400
Brandy, Peach, 150 “200
American, 69 “ 75
Freneh, 400 " 600
Apple, . 125 " no
'leirj,
SHil
SAVANNAH R01TE TO
Great ReductioninEateaofp
New Arrangement „
and from Tl, ki
to good cash and prompt payidg customers, in
STAPLE AN D FANCY
DRY GOODS,
CLOTHING, GROCERIES,
HATS AND CAPS, BOOTS AND SHOES,
Hardware,
IRON, NAILS, SALT, ANVILS,
VISES, BELLOWS,
Stone, Rcllowware, Castings, Crockery,
And other things too numorons to mention.
Also, for not cash, 20,000 good dry Bacon, 100 barels
Floor, 2000 bushels Corn, Lard, Be. Ac,
p. w. iiutckbsox, jn. j. tusrrox.
Athens, April 10.• tf
New Orleans,
Mobile,
Montgomery,
Columbus,
Albany,
Macon,
„ -Vo. a.
$39 75 Memphis,
Xa*hvil| e>
Chattanooga
Knoxvillt
Atlanta,
Augusta,
Valuable Plantation
FOR SALK I
T HE subscriber offers fur sale his Plantation,
in Clarke county, about eight miles of
six miles of Watkinsvilla, on the waters of MeNntt’s
Creek, containing 590 acres, about- 65 acres of good
bottom land, aud, about 175 acree of woodland, well
timbered.
There is a good. dweIRng-bouso on: the place, con
taining five large rooms; good negro-kitchens, barns,
stables, corn-oribs, and other out buildings. The place
is as well watered os any in Georgia. .
“ V of Mar’s
25 00
25 00
21 00
23 00
20 00
Including Omnibus Fare in SavtaL.
nccting Point,. '
Baggage cheeked through by tho ..
assssscsc'xSs,
Bj IhtSpWU id tKMH&aSitlfcii
UUGUSTA, ,500 Tons, Captain u s'J
^FLORIDA, 1,500 “ P
ALABAMA, 1,500 « .. ’**
Mril*™* S * V “ n * h « Ter J Saturday, ^
These Steamship, belong <0 the Old K,uhn
favorite line -known as the New.York i-
Steamship and Navigation Compact ui *
expressly for this line; they arc comr M a«
nenced, skillful, careful, and polite
accommodations and the fare can not J
any vesselo on the coast
JW" Through Tickets are ,oM bv c
Road Ticket Agents. 7
JNO. R. WILDER 4
•atffflfessfrs?
tataM!***"*”
Tho place lies in one mile of Mar’e Hill Moeting-
Honse, where there it tegular preaching; also, a good
school taught overy year. It is a pleasant neighbor
hood to live in—society good.
The place cannot bo excelled for health in Georgia.
I will sell a bargain in the place, at I am determin
ed on leaving the State.
Possession will be given early next Fall.
For farther particulars, apply to the subscriber on
the place, or Dr. M. S. Durham, Watkinsville, Ga.
April 3,1861—3m RATLIFF BOON.
An Important Discovery
FOR THE CURB Or
CONSUMPTION, BRONCHITIS,
COUGHS AND COLDS.
THE MAKORA ARABICA,
DISCOVERED BY A MISSIONARY,
While teaselling in Arabia.
All who are snffering from Consumption should ate
the MAKORA ARABICA, discovered by a missionary
in Arabia.
All who are threatened with Consumption shonld ate
the MAKORA ARABICA, discovered by a missionary
in Arabia.
All who are snffering from Sore Throat, Coughs and'
Colds, should use tho MAKORA ARABICA, discover
ed by a missionary in Arabia.
All who aro suffering from ^ksthma, Scrofela, and im
purities of the blood should use the MAKORA ARABI-
CA, discovered by a missionary in Arabia.
It cures Consumption..
Is enres Bronchitis.
It enres Sore Throat, Coughs and Colds.
It euros Asthma, Scrofula and imparities of the
Blood.
This unequalled remedy is now for (be first timo in
troduced to the public.
It was providentially discovered by a missionary
while traveling in Arabia. He was cured of Consump
tion by its use after bis ease had been pronounced hope
less by learned physicians in Europe.
He has forwarded to us in writing, a full account cf
his own extraordinaiy cure, and of a number of other
enres whieh have como nnder bis observation, and also
a full account of the medicine.
At his request, and impelled by a desire to extend a
knowledge of (his remedy to the public, we bare had
his communication prined in pamphlet form for
free distribution. Its interests is enhanced by an
whieh he gives of some of the scenes of the 8y-
tassacres, which he obtained from those who snf.
fered in that awful tragedy.
This pamphlet may bo obtained at onr office, or it
will be sent free by mailto all who apply for it.
We import the MAKQRA. ARABICA direct from
Smyrna through the bonso of Cleon A Gylippus, and
we have always on hand s tall supply put up in bot
tles ready for uso with full directions: -
Price one dollar. Sent by mail,on'receipt, and 24
cents for postage. ,
For sale wholesale and retail by , ?**
LEEDS, GILMORE A Co,
1 „ Importers of Drag* and Jledecinet,
61 Liberty BL N. Y.
Also, by Druggists generally.
April 8,1881'.—1 yr. - •;
NOW WITHIN. REACH OF ALL 1
*s xi
GROVER fit BAKER 1
CKUSBBATED
USELESS SEWIKu M&C1I1E,
495 Broadway Mew-York. *
T HE public attention is respectfully requested to
the following cards of Elus Howb, Jn., and tho
GnovBB A Baker 3. M. Co.:
i CARD FROM TIIE GROVER & BAKER S.M.CO.
Oat Patents being now established by tho Courts,
wo are enabled to furnish the Grover A Baker Ma
chine, with important * ‘—*
important improvements, at
REDUCED PRICES
The moderate price at which Machines, making the
GhoVko A Baker stitch, can now be bad, brings them
■ * — *' ■“ 1 - r fiaefckM*.
within the reach of aU, and renders the use of
making inferior stitches as unnecessary as it is wtnite.
Persons desiring the best Machines, and the right to
use thorn, mast not only'be sure to buy Machines mak
ing the Gnovix A Bakzb stitch, but also that f-uch
' ines are made and I tamped under par patents am
of Elias Howe, Jr.
GROVER A BAKER’S S. M. CO.
-195 liroit'.liecy, Kem-Yorh.
A CARD FROM ELIAS HOWE, JR.
7-All persons are cautioned not to make, deal in, or use
any Sewing Machines which'sew from twp spools and
make thesiitch known as tho Grover <t Baker stitch
unless the same are purchased from the Grover A Ba
Ker Sewing Machine Company, or their Agents, Li
censes, aud stamped under my patent of September 10,
1846. j ’ T rSS£V a
Said Company, and their Licenses, alone, aro
legally authorized under tbeir own patents, and my
said patent, during the extended term thereof, to meki
and sell this kind of Sowing Machine, and all otben
are piracies upon my said patent, and will bc dealt with
accordingly, wherever found.
ELIAS HOWE, JR.
Dec. 20, 1860. ATcta- York*
Sn-rl
Schedule
Georgia Railroad Paseogtrl
Leave Angasto 0.30 a. m. Arrive at Atluuul
* “ 2.30 p. m. “ « 11,J
‘ Atlanta 8.40 p. m. “ Aupuu u|
“ 9.05 a. m. “ “ (jl
A TUESS BBASCH.
““”’'*“•1 i.SSKiS
No trains on Athens Branch on Sunday, tun,
with trains leaving Augusta at 12.30 SiturJu J
and Atlanta at 8.40 Saturday evening. ’ 1
WASHING TQS UR A SOI.
Leave Augusta 2.30 p. m. Arrive ffrsh’tai Id
Wash’ton 1.30p.m.
Atlanta at 9.05 a. m. “ Wwh’ten 7.JL
THROUGH FREIGHT TRAISS AWrm\
ATLANTA.
Leave Charleston at6p.au ArriveAagaitaitU
Augnstaat8.50a. m. “ - Atlantaat3.l7a.il
“ at 1.45 p.m. “ “ stAlHA,
THROUGH FREIGHT TRAINS ATLmSIM
■ AUGUSTA.
Leave Atlanta at 6 a.m. Arrive Augusts it 11.11 p;
“ at 5.15 p.m. “ “ at 5.1ip.
FREIGHT TRAINS BRA SOM.
Leave Augusta 8.50 *.m. Arrive Athens. 8.
Arrive at Washington, 7.2s p m. Ill
Leave Atlanta at 6 a. m. Arrive Athens 8.101 ■
Arrive at Washington 7.25 p. m. 38 born. I
Leave Atlanta at 5.15 p. m. Arrive A then: ilOi.nl
Arrive at Washington at 7.25 p. m. 20 been. |
GEO. YON’GE, fire. a)|
Georgia Rail Road, Augusta, June 14. I860.
NOTICE TO P]
THREE THO US AND PAIRS OF l
Best Negro Shoes in thewori
Made by MeCLESKEY k D0YLRI
W E will keep a good assortment of then itthf
of Messrs Pitner, England A Freeman,
where Mr. McCleskey will be found at >11 to
to wait upon customers. We will Sell these i
lots, from 10 pair tip, at $1.50 perpsir.
Cosh will' be paid for Hides.
Oet 18. McCLESKEY i 1
Georgia Sarsaparilla
OP D8K1I8’ ALTKBATlfLl
For Purifying the Blood •ndDl******
Liver. ,
TT contains in addition to 3abiai-«iu.i,<“-!
A alcoholic .extract at Queen’s Delight, e"Uj
Wbite-Ash, Grey-Beard, or Fringe-Tree, Csiou'
Tincture af May-Apple, or Mandrake, 1 ononi
aad Blood-Root, . oak 11 ’
. Physicians have decided that this )< the par
best preparation of Sarsaparilla lathe mstk' 1 -
For sale in Athens by C. W. A H. R-
Druggists generally. Also, for sale st the ">
- 68 K J ^ Athens, June 28,1
parti'1
I. r: I
, ; V A DUN.
T)ERSGNS owing me accounts, due' W rf
A informed that those accounts aw new ,
tlemcnt. Please call and let me bsvo the
out delay. Settlements wanted on *Nnp^> ri
due. April 10
ISTew G-ooi
GOOD BARGAINS,
. . Can be bad at
B. W. RUMNEYS,
Tmo'doort Nor'th of thr -Verms Boon, C#V J
3 may 00 required, . that
Ai aa inducement to purchasers,» ^
* Uo sell a* cheap, the same a
nght from Yonksdem;
ai any-brought
can sell a lit Uo cheaper. I do n°i •*!**“, u [ii
sulterior article for the some prtoe as 1tba jjjj,
quality. '-/ri fate a, > B - W ’
April 10, 3m.
WRIGHT & JA 9SS£l
FACTORS, (XIM13M0
RA Y STEBTi SAVANNAH, ot0t * at ,
TTMe ••
ALLEN R. WHiaaro^.*
y-..:* - refek fii
Capt. John W, Anderson Savannas, ^
Ciaghora A Cunningham, u . -
Boston A Yi’iialonga, u *
Erwiu A Har-Iee,
Carhort A Bros., New York.
. T. W. Flemming 4 Co., AuguiU, u
* f C "Swan A ItrotheV, Fernandma.Flo^
Blehec-A Canovo, Jacksonville,
H. L. Hart, Palstka,
Simon Merritt, Hawk«MriH°> US.
«f
NOTICE.
A LL persons iudehti-d to tho firm of A. M. WYNG A
CO. for the year.- 185S and 1659, arc earnestly re
quested to call at our storo aud settle, -.If,tjii6 request
is not oottiplied with on or before the ist^Jari. 1S81, we
aro determined tn suo all, without'disttaetfon,
A Word to our Customers.
^^GR bills will bo made out and ready for settlement
on.or before the first of Jauuarv. We trust .that
all who aro indebted to us will respond promptly.
Let ao one suppose that we do not need money, or that
we can furnish supplies without pay. r>
Those having claims against us will please present
wp
ask is what is justly duo 11?, and that wo trill have I
We continue to keep on hand a full supply of
“ Builder’s Hardware,
Shovels, Spades, Hoes, Chains, Blacksmith’s
Tools, Btlloics, Anvils, Vises,'tkc. d-c.
All at our usual reasonable prices. -
NotS tc . A. M.'WYNG t CO. ’
them for settlement.
Dee. 26. H«0
SEWING MACHINES.
DUjajS£LKR A Wilson's arc now sold, with the
K EROSINE Oil, fiucut quality, for sale by
Sept. 20. T. BISHOP A SON,
beinmcr attaobod, at $45 and freight. The old
price was, with heinmer, $55 and freight, ($50 without.)
recently. Twice an
made by any other
r sale by
WM. N. WHITE.
Agents for the Evergiado line "Ji n»k, **,
Florida, ant Steamers Isa»? Scott aqd." lt >
—
New. Boot & Shoe
IDGHKS, (lab
ias opened * w -
, College Avenue, (?' ' hU fin.J*
,ES HCGHS8, (IMe bf ‘^,^08 sm
res.l has opened'* BOD. * n _ p.
V Hughes.) has opened
LISHMEXTon
ha is prepared I
most superior style. Hi* m Vi»‘resneetk 11 ?. aU
work will be well exocutod. Bq all to*,
shere of the public patrunag* AP 1 *.
work and prico shall give srdafac • —
JREAVES*">
A GOOD assortment ^«K*V1
28. Juno NICHOLSON, REA^
fa-.:-