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advertising.
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. anil KiRy Cents per square for each sobse-
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erti"
... \ lt''iT«l ileilnrtinn to yearly^ advertisers.
Auuuuneemehts of candidates $5, in advance.
..-nlotusry notices excoodtng six lines in length
J, rbarged ns advertisement*.
business ani) professional Carbs.
V X FliANKLIN HILL, Attor-
\. Xht AT RAW
,.r Mm. x. w
LAW, Athene, Oa Office over the
»uYl_
t M. W YNG & COi, Dealers in
HARDWARE, CROCKERY, CHINA, AND
lil \>s, Bread Street, Athens. On.
4 tuens stea m com pan y
Y it NICKERSON, Agent and Superintendent—
jJ„„f,, tur.‘Ts of Circular Set? Mill*, Steam En-
Order.—Never leavo things lying about
a shawl bore, a pair of slippers there,
and a bonnet somewhere else—frosting to
a servant to set things to rights. No mat
ter how many servants yon have, it is a
miserable habit, and if its source is notin
tho intellectual and moral character, it will
inevitably terminate there. If yon have
used the dipper, towel, tumbler, etc., put
them back in their- places, and you will
know where to find them when you want
them again. Or if you set an example of
carelessness, do not blame your sorvants
for following ic. Children should betaught
to put things back in their places as soon
as they are old enough to use them; and
if each, member of the family were to ob
serve this simple rule, the house would
never get much out of order, and a large
amount of vexation and useless labor would
be avoided.
and Rn.tss Castisos, of every description.
SMITHING, Repairing nnd Finishing promptly exe-
Juti-1. Select jinttcrne of Iron Fencing. “
R LOMBARD, Dentist, Athens.
Rooms in Brick building North of the Port Of-
Sfr, Col'ege Avonue. , tf
c.
\ w.& H. H. J. LONG, Wholesale
J, ami Kctuii DRUGGISTS, Athens, Go.
D K. W M. KING, Homoeopathic
PHYSICIAN, offers his professional services to
therititene of Athens and vicinity. Residence, »t Mrs.
Ciavt ‘U*s. Office, corner of Clayton and Thomas Sts.
Mnv 1 o. I860. R
tXM.RH. BBS. r. S1.0CCHB.
HANDLER & SLOCUMB, Attor
ney! at Law, Homer, Banks county, Georgia, will
l.rsetire in the counties of Banks, Habersham, Frank
lin, Jackion and Hall. Ail busiucss entrusted to them
•ill receive prompt attention. MayS, 1S61
c ;
Kapld Travelling—Twelve Uundred Miles In
Nine Hours.
Prof S.C.Lowe, the well known aeronaut,
ascended at Cincinnati, Ohio, oil Saturday
^"'Forcing »nd Butiug PUMPS, Soaftiso and morning last, at 4 o’clock, and landed at
in\,:nv; Mu ; i. l Gix and ail other kinds of «EAR- 10 o’clock, P, M.; the same day, in Union
District, S. C. Ho arrived at Columbia
Terms.fASH. pn Monday. The Carolinian says:
He left Cincinnati on Saturday morn
ing, at 4 o'clock, passed up tho valley of
the Ohio river to Virginia, with the in
tenlion of lauding near Petersburg, but
after crossing the Ailcghanics, a current
bore him South between this range and
the Blue Ridge. A little before 1 oeloek,
be came down near the line between North
and South Carolina; but finding himself at
too great a distance from any railroad, he
ascended again, and next came down at
Pea Ridge, in Union District, at 1 o’clock
P. M., having thus travelled, by the course
he pursued, about 1,200 miles in nine hours.
This wo think, is the fastest time yet
made.
From Pea Ridge, Prof. Lowe was con
veyed to Union ville, where ho remained un
til yesterday morning, when lie came down
to this eit£, with the intention of going
on immediately to Washington, but on
learning that thero was doubt of getting
through, he changed his route, and will
leave this morning for Louisville, Ky.,
where he has located his residence, via
Augusta and Nashville.
The balloon has a diameter of 43 feet,
is 44 yards in circumference, 55 fe.t from
tep to valve, and will hold 40,00) feet
of gas.
The result of this experimental trip
goes to confirm the belief of Prof. L.
the entire practicability of carrying out
bis great enterprise, to which ho has do
voted so much time and money, that U
crossing the Atlantic in a balloon. Tnis
lie will probably attempt during the coming
summer.
"P W. LUCAS, Wholesale nnd Re-
1 • toll Dealer* in DRY GOODS, GROCERIES,
HARDWARE, 4e„ No. 2, Broad Street, Athens.
H I, McCLESKEY, M.D., having
\J • permanently located in Athens, will continue
ihf practice of Medicine and Surgery. Residence, that
areally oceupiod by Mr. Chaso—Office, at home, where
It may t.c found. _____ ' “
U A. LOWR ANCE, Surgeon Den-
• TIST, Athens, Gn. Office on CoIlegeAvenue,
,ocr the Jewelry store of Messrs. Teimndge A Winu.
n GILLELAND, Dentist, Wat-
• kinsville, Go., respectfully solicits the patron--
»gc of tho surrounding country. Full satisfaction will
tw given in his profession. , tf_
T M. KENNEY, (next dooi’ to the
jL j Bank of Athens,) constantly keeps on hand STA
BLE ami FANCY DRY GOODS, and Choice Family
tirocerics. cheap for cash, or to prompt customers.
T Ml MATTHEWS, Attorney at
tf a l.AW, Danielsvillc, Oa. May 1.
fOHN H. CHRISTY, Plain and
♦ I Vaney BOOK AND JOB PRINTER, Broad St.,
Athetin. Ga. Office corner Broad and Wall streets, over
the store of Sansom A Pittard.
TAMES A. CARLT.ON, Dealer in
Silk, Fancy and Staple DRY GOODS, Hardware
tad Crockery, No. 3. Granite Row, Athena.
T W. HANCOCK, Attorney at
♦I • I,A\V. Danielsvillc, Gn., will practice in Jack-
ion, Clarke, Madison, Hart, OglethojqieandElbert.
T W. REAVES & CO-
FI • un
nnd Retail Dealer", in
EVIIAKDWJ
Wholesale
GROCERIES, DRY
t.miBS, CROCKERY;HARDWARE, Ac. No. 15, under
Vrauk'iip House. Broad street, Athens, Ga.
T F. O’KELLEY, Photograph;tilid
d • A MBROTYPE ARTIST. Rooms on Broad and
Spring streets, over the store of John R. Matthews,
■MVns.Gtt. MarS-tf
TAS. M. ROYAL, Harness-Maker,
d I head of Wall street, nearly opposite the old State
Ban!;) Athens. Ga., keeps always on hand a general as-
wruuenl of it nicies in his line, and is always ready to
fill orders in the best stylo. ■■ ■ . ’ ■ ^
| K. DAVIS, Land Broker, Collec-
d a TOR and GENERAL AGENT. Augusta, Ga.—
Uutiness attended to in any couuty of the Statu. Office
corner of Jackson and Ellis streets. J
T 1\ MASON & CO., Bookbinders,
^ • Paper Rulers eu«l Illsnk Book Manufacturers,
Whitehall street, AtlaaUu Ua. J. II. Vnttnrr. A^nt,
Athens, (in. ■ julyia-ly ,
\DISON BELL, Attorney at
LAW. Homer, Banks County, Ga.—will prae-
M
i tire Courts of tbc'Western Circuit, All
entrusted to his care will meet with prompt attdntioB. -
Hi:ri:nrWKS : Hon. J. II. Lnmpkin, T. R. R. Cohh,
K- l . Athens;t?V, J. H. Banks. Esq., tlainesvlllc. Ga.
Forts and Fortresses.—A corres;»on
dent Of tho Savannah Republican defines
the distinction between forts and fort
resses :
. There is but one fortress in tho United
States—fortress Monroe; all the other
fortified places, defending our harbors, are
called forts.
The distinction betwixt these two terms,
is very wide. All fortresses are forts, or
fortified places; but all forts arj not fort
resses. All colleges are schools; but. all
schools arc not colloges. The relation of
forts to fortresses, is that of minor to ma
jor. A fort may be simply an advanced
work, to protect the extended lines or
walls of a fortress. Generally, fortresses
are extensive enceintes, for the reception
of garrisons, and built for the protection of
cities. In the United States, no extensive
fortified places, with large garrisous, have
been constructed for the defence of cities.
Fortifications in this country, have had
reference, principally, to harbor defence.
Fortress Monroe, with its capability fur a
yarrison. vas constructed tor the defence
of the important Navy Yard of Gosport
and Norfolk, now in possession of Virginia
or the Co dederate States.
The ootu traction of tins extensive walls
of a fortress involves the highest science
of engineering. Not so with forts. The
former implies polygons, bastions, curtains,
glacis, covered ways, planks, scarps and
counterscarps, ravelins, redans, redoubts,
«nd tlie whole vocabulary of engineering
science. Add to this, tho idea of a
inte or circthnvalfation, to contain
He whoso manhood was devoted to the
service of his God, and who with faltering
steps ascended to the pulpit stairs, with
white bands placed over his laboring
breast, loved “Old Hundred.”
And though sometimes his lips only
moved, away down in his heart, so soon
to cease its throbs, the holy melody was
sounding* The dear white’headed father,
with his tremulous voice, how ho loved
“_Gld Hundred.” Do you see him now,
sitting in the venerable arir.-chaiP,,his
hands crossed over the top of his cane, his
silvery locks floating off from his hollow
temples, and a tear, perchance, stealing
down his furrowed cheek, as the noble
strains ring ont ?
Do you hear that thin, quivering, falter-
ng sound now bursting forth, now listened
for almost in vain? If you <fohot, we do;
and from such-lips, hallowed by fourscore
years service in the Master’s cause, “Old
Hundred” sounds indeed a sacred melody.
You may fill your churches with choirs,
with Sabbath prima donnas, whoso daring
notes emulate the steeple, and cost almost
as much, but give us the spirit-stirring
tones of “Old Hundred,” sung by young
and old together. Martyrs have hallowed
it—it has gone up from the dying beds of
the saints. Theold churches, where genera
tions have worshipped, and where many of
the dear dead have been carried and laid
before tho altar where they gave them
selves to God, seems to breathe of “Old
Hunded” from vestibnle to tower-top—the
very air is haunted with the spirit.
Think for a moment of the assembled
company who have, at different times and
in different places, joined in the familiar
tune! Throng upon throng—the stem,
the timid, the gentle, the brave, the beau
tiful—their rapt faces all beaming with
the inspiration of their heavenly sounds.
“Old Hundred!” King of the sacred band
of ancient airs! Never shall our ears
grow weary of singing thee! And when
we get to Heaven, who knows but whrtt
the first triumphant strain that welcomes
us may be—“Be Thou, O God, exalted
high!”
...A very susceptible bachelor passing
along the street lately, and observing a
silver thimble picked it up. After stand
ing a moment in mute meditation on tho
probable owner, ho reverently pressed it
to his lips and said :
“Oh, that this were the lips of the di
vine, angelical wearer, and the golden
chords of li ve wou'd ev t encircle our
hearts as this beautiful implement of in
dustry enclosed the fair hand of the own
er! and—and”—here lie fetched a deep
sigh for by-gone days, mittens, and such
like kind of things, when a voice from a'n
upper window ai-rested his angelic reverie:
“Say boss, jis please frow dat ’ere fimblc
in de entry; I jis drop it!” cried a huge,
ugly, fat, she-nigger.
Shades of departed rose-buds and beau
ties! He dropped the implement like a
hot potato and beat a double quick march
instanter!
gun had not exploded; that he never de
sired this service, and was pressed into' it
under the threats of death; that tho peo
ple of Baltimore did right; and that the
rest of the troops deserved his fate.” At
the moment of death he again repeated
his protest against this unholy war upon
brethren and said he justified the people
of Baltimore mod that he and his comrades
had been led to believe that the people of
Baltimore thought exactly upon political
subjects as the people of Massachusetts
did.
— ——- ■; : r T " • : — < I
deed, the fuse should not be extinguished John.Tyler, Wra. Ballard Preston, Sam’l.
HARDWARE aad CUTLERY, oorncr of llroa.1
Wall streets, Athens, G% , ; * t f
{MINER, ENGLAND & FRKE-
A MAN. Wbaleaale and Retail Dealers in GROCE-
Hits, i iUY (iuoDS, HARDWARE, SHOES A BOOTS,
Bt..:i.| direct, Athens, Oa. vK .
Vn
Vitality in Horses.
Some experiments Lave, recenly been
made in France‘bjr persons skilled in tho
veterinary art, with a view of ascertaining
how long horses may live without food iii
certain contingencies, as, tor example,
being shut up in beseiged places. The
following results have been noted :
A horse may live for twenty-five days
without solid food, and merely drinking
water. He may live seventeen days with
out eating or drinking, lie can live only
five days when consuming solid food, with
out drinking. After taking solid aliment
for the space of ten days, but with an in
sufficient quantity of drink, the stomach
is worn out. The above facts show the
importance of water in the sustenanco o.
the horse, and the desire the animal must,
feel to bo supplied with it. A horse which
had been deprived of water for three days,
drank cloven gallons in the space of three
minutes.
A Pyramid of Snakes.
A traveller in South America writes: In
the savannahs of iEtienba, in Guiana, 1 saw
the most terrible spectacle that can be seen •
and although it is n »t uncommon to the
inhabitants, no traveller lias ever mention
ed it. We wereten men on horseback, two
of whom took the load, in order to sound
the passage, while I preferred to skirt the
great forest. One of the blacks who form
ed the vanguard returned at full gallop,
and called to me, “lldTo, sir; conic and
see the serpents in a pile.” He pointed
out to me something elevated in the middle
of tho savannah or swamp which looked
like a bundle ot arms. One of my compa
ny then said, “ This is certainly one of the
assemblages of serpents which heap them
selves on each other after a violent tem
pest. I have heard of these, but have ne
ver seen any; let us proceed cautiously,
and not go too near.” We were within
twenty paces of it; the terror of our horses
prevented our nearer approach, to which
none of us were inclined. On a sudden
the pyramid mass became agitated; horri
ble hissings issued from it. Thousands of
serpents rolled spirally on each other, shot
forth out of their circle their hideous heads,
and presented their enormous darts and
fiery eyes to us. I own I was one of the
first to draw back; but when I saw this
formidable phalanx still at its post, and
appearing to be more disposed to defend
itself than to attack us, 1 rode around in
order to view its order ot battle which
faced the enemy on every side. 1 then
sought what could bo the design of this nu
merous assemblage and I concluded that
this species of serpents dreaded some ene
my, which might be the great serpent or
cayman ; and that they united themselves
after seeing this enemy, in order to resist
in a mass.
Belong.
Melons, squashes and cucumbers all need
the same general treatment, and require
the same soil, which, if possible, should be
a rich, deep loam, and the situation for
them in the garden should by a sheltered
one. On some sods melons attain a larger
growth—as upou the warm, sandy soils of
New Jersey—than farther north, but all
may, without a great amount of trouble,
raise their own water and muskmelons at
less expense than they can be purchased.
Melons cannot be planted until all risk
of frost is past; consequently tbeir period
of growth is short. To hasten this the soil
must be rich and warm, and aft er tlie melons
are planted, a box six inches high, and a
foot or eighteen inches square placed over
the hill, upon which put a frame of glass,
or gaiwo covering. This acts as a protec
tion from cold, and also helps to keep off
the striped bug, that enemy to all growing
vines. If these boxes cannot be procured,
a single square of large sized window glass
placed upon blocks five or six inches from
the ground will answer the purpose.
Iu order to hasten the maturing of mel
ons, leading running vines should be nip
pod oft' as soon as they have put out three
or four leaves, and when the bearing shoots
have attained the same growth, treat them
in a like manner. There wilt then be no
superfluity of runnel’s, and the size and
quality of the fruit will be greatly improved.
and the shell explode.
About eleven miles above Fort Fulaski,
and three miles J>elow.Savannah, on the
South bank of the river, is a smaller forti
fication—Fort Jackson, named in honor of
Governor James Jackson, It cost, in its
construction, the sum of eighty* thousand
dollars ; and its armament, when complete,
consists of seventy men and fourteen guns.
There are several islands, commanding
the channel of the river, upon which, doubt
less. batteries could be erected, if necessary,
but it is extremely doubtful whether auy
warlike vessel could escape the frowning
battlements of Port Pulaski, or the fatal
missiles of Fort Jackson.
Those fortifications have recently boen
strengthened by the addition of a number
ofCoiumbiads and other heavy guns,order
ed for the purpose by r Gov. Brown.
The present force in and about Savannah,
as we learn from the Republican, of that
city, consists of about six hundred regulars,
while tho volunteer companies number j
some one thousand six hundred men. This I
force will shortly be augmented by a regi-
mentof Georgia volunteers, which has been
ordered to that point. The whole, we be
lieve, is under command of Gen. Lawton,
who is said to be eminently qualified for
this important position.
Should it become necessary, it is confi
dently believed Fiat fivo thousand men
could be concentrated at Savannah at twen
ty-four honrs notice. The spirit of t he peo
ple is full.v aroused, and if the attempt is
made by the Lincoln Administration to re
take any of the forts and arsenals in this
vicinity*, the effort will be as futile as that
to hold Fort Sumter.
WAB MATTERS.
The. Virginia Ordinance of Secession—Or
dinance Adopting the Provisional Consti
tution—Convention between the Commis
sioners of Virginia and Mr. Stephens,
Commissioner of the Con federate States—
Seward's Letter to Gov. Hicks—Test Laths
and Proscriptions—Release of Seized. Fes-
sels— Volunteers Coming in Too Fast—
Proclamation of Gov. Pickens, and his
Letter of Thanks for the Rifled Cannon.
Ordinance Adopting the. Provisional Consti
tution.
Whereas, the Convention of this Com
monwealth has, on this the 25th day of
April, 1861. adopted an ordinance “for the
adoption of the Constitution of the Provi
sional Government of the Confederate
States of America;” nnd has agreed to a
“ Convention between the Commonwealth
of Virginia nnd the Confederated States of
America,” which it is proper should be
made known to the people of this Com
monwealth and to the world : Therefore,
I, John Letcher, Governor of the Com
monwealth of Virginia, do hereby* publish
and proclaim that tho following are au
thentic copies of the Ordinance and Con
vention aforesaid.
[L.S .] Given under my hand as Govern
or and under the seal of the Common
wealth, at Richmond, this 25th day of
April, 1861, and in the 85th vear of the
Commonwealth. JOHN LETCHER.
By* the Governor:
George W. Munford,
Secretary* of the Commonwealth.
Commis
sioners
for
Virgin-
McD. Moore, James P. Holcombe, James
C. Bruee, and Lewis E. Harvie, parties du
ly* authorized to act in like manner for
said Common wealth of Virginia—the whole
subject to tlie approval and ratifica
tion of the proper authorities of both Go
vernments respectively.
In ttestimony* whereof, the parlies
aforesaid have hereto sot their hands and
seals, the day and year aforesaid, and at
ihe place aforesaid—in duplicate originals.
ALE’R H. STEPHENS, [SoaL]
Commissioner for Confederate State*.
WM. BALLARD, PRESTON, [Seai.l)
JOHN TYLER, [Seal.] I
S. McD. MOORE. [So»l.J I
JAMES HOLCOMBE,. [Soal.J
JAMES C. BRUCE, [Seal.]
LEWIS B. HARVIE, [Seal.].
Approved and ratified bv the Conven
tion of Virginia, on the 25th*of April, 1861.
JOHN J ANNE Y, President.
John L. Eubanks, Sec’y.
Schedule.
Annexed to the Ordinance of Secession
is the schedule alluded to in Gov. Letch
er’s proclamation, which suspends and pro
hibits the election of members of tho Uni
ted States Congress on tho fourth Thurs
day in May, as the statutes of the State
require; and, in lieu thereof, an election
shall be held on the same day, and in the
same manucr as other elections, for voting
on the Ordinance of Secession. The poll-
books are to have two columns; one to be
headed, “For Ratification,” and the other,
“ For Rejection,” under which respective
heads, the names of every voter shall be
recorded.
VlCllOLSON, Reaves & Wynn,
a Wlnili.xiile anti Kdail Dculcru in STAPLE and
I'ANTY GOODS, GROCERIES, HARDWARE, Crock-
ifiiit'Iii** new Bifck Store, comcF Brut go amt Bniad ^ J«rgc garrison of troops, and. * fortress
■'' IC "-! 4~ rises to its proportionate majesty. V.
1 >ATMAN &SUMMRY/Dealersm . B ~».: ' ‘
1 11 audware aad cutlery, comer <* Broa.1 hur.day a uaj or Baltic,
_, The great battle of Barnett was fought
on Easter Sunday*, April 14, 1471. Tht
battel of Val,;or Laffeld, near Mnestricht,
was fought on Sunday, the 2d of July,
1747. The Peninsula war is fruitful in
Sunday fighting. The second' battle in
. t „ Portiisrul. tliat in Vinners, was fought on'
SHOE-MAKER, uroa.1 atreet, Athena, om, .* j} l8t August. 18)3. Tlie battfo Of
Fuefiles d’Onor was gained on Sunday,
5th May, 1811. On Sunday* evening 16tli
January, 1812, Lord Wellington issued
the brief but dutermined order that “Cin-
P | BARRY, Fashionable Btipt and
alway* in rra liauM t* fill erder* iu hi* line.
XIOPE BAB ROW, Attorney at Law,
A Athena. G*. Office ever White’s Boofcrtore.
T BISHOP & SON. Wholesale and
•I • Retail Dealers in < ROCKRTES, HARDWAR'E {
^STAPLE DRY qOOD i, N<».l, Broad »t-. Athens
T W. WALKE% Attorney at Law,
*• Athens, Ga. Office over the new Jewelry Store
-!'!•!>. M.vndevillc, Druid street. .
TALMADGIv&TARK & HKINS,
Driers iu Clock* Jewelry, Gun*, P»*-
. Fine ru:» cry , Musical Instruments, Sheet Afasfo
r ° r '»or ul C ollege Avenue and Clarion st., Athens,
V ( ' U Y L E R, Resident Dentist;
AH^«. <1. ->«.■<. B«»«A street; cull—SI*
door tn Insi
nranee
FehfJ-tf
dad Rodrigo must be carried by assault
this evening at soven o'clock.” The baL
tie of February, 1814; and of Toulouse—
the last general action of the Peninsula
war-occurred 6n Easter Sunday, tho lUth
of April following. The battle of Water
loo was also decided on Sunday*, the I8th
June, 1815. The second Burmose war'nf
forded two c
11th of April, l»»J, tneaiiacK on mo lines
of defence at Rangoon; and the attack and
capture of Pegu, on Sunday, the 21st No-
venibor, 1852. The victory of Inkermari
Affliction.
•A merchunt was one day* returning from
market. He was on horseback, and be
hind him was a valise filled with money*.
Tlie ruin fell, with violence, aud the good
old man was wot to the skin. At this ho
was vexed, and murmured because God
had given him such bad weather for his
journey. Ho soon reached the borders of
a thick forest. What was nis terror on
beholding, on one side of the road, a robber
with level gun, aimiogat him, aud attempt
ing to tire. But tl»« . powder being wet
by tlie rain, tlie gun did not go off, and
the merchant, giving spirits to his horse,
fortunately had time to escape. As soon
as ho found himself safe, ho said to him
self,—“ How wrong was I not to endure
tlie rair. patiently, us sent by Providence !
If the weather had been dry* and fair,- I
should not, probably, have been alive at
this time, find my little children would
in huvo expected my-return in vain. The
rain which caused mo to murmur came at
a. fortunate .moment to save my life and
preserve my property*.” It is thus with
U multitude of our afflictions—by causing
us short and slight sufferings, they pre
serve us from others far greater and of
longer duration: Aaoea ■ . .
AIIV pvvv/>*'« xsmiimwv a.**. — - ,
xamplcs—Easier Suuday, the. watnttwcw*--.
, 1852, the attack on the lines “*** witnessed the pro;
r\t r TumiJU ' » .. wfts achieved on Sunday, the 5th Novem
M- L. MAHLER, Attorney tttj. „ 2^5^ And to crown the whole, it
s on Sunday, the lOtli May, 1857, that
’ LAW. Jeffl-raon, Jackson Bounty, Ga.
v •ai'EnsjiCES.-^-J.'M. McLorter and W. S. Thompson,
I l*-i •leffvrron; I». W. Spenee aoJT. M. Peeples, K*<r
^Writi.; John It. Newton and J. H. Christy,
Wm. g7 DE LOW; Attorney .'it
1 ’ ’ LAW, Atheas, 6a., wUlattod proinptlj w aH
!r V Uru,tod *• h ' u ’ W* Br<wd MU * e
'• ”• Kennay'i stose. tf
w
M. PII ILlPS,AttotB^*-ai^-Jiw,
, fl . n , Marietta, Ga., will
Xfirt Loan *t Manats*. .
the counties
Fulton, of the
and in tho U. S.*
tf.
“01(1 Hundred.
Can you find a tomb iu the land where
settled lips are, that have not sang tluit
tunc ? ''If they were gray haired old men,
they had heard or sung Old Hundred
The following incidents of tho 4 tight in
Baltimore, on Frid ay lastjare reported by
the “ Exchange,” of that city :
.When the young man Ward was shot,
he was Standing, with 6thers of his ac-
■ A **
%
one. o,
d mark-
inn wlio tired the shot, he drew
his revolver, and taking deadly* aim, fired.
The soldier foil to the ‘earth, and would
have been torn to pieces had tlie police
not interli i oil. Being carried iu a store
dy, lie was surrounded by several
evident. that
JdLCOPQt* 1 - * v 4 — ** •* ' fl » ,iT *
of death, he exclaimed “ I have got tvhut
I deserved; I left a peaceful and happy any one had supposed,
home to come and invade the land of iny
brother.” These were tho last audible
words lie uttered. ; * - •**-•*"» ’■ ” Ft
_ ^ A resident of this city was forced by the
Sfone^Thdw^t have joined with tho «imL-1 rush ,-f the cruwdia^ otoseHBWMHiiHty 4iT
’ n where it ha-, and with- ; one of the soldiersO*
s ■ i ii ii d eel outlie sac- j and taking deliberate aim pulled the'trig
r...I-fir 1 The dear little cbildron, looking, ger.* The cap exploded, but the gun failed . - . . - ,
‘ ' - —I.- — -A* 'iu... rushed forwanl, bank. If a bed had been artistically ]>re-
eyes on this strange) to go off'. The citizen
have lisped it. The sweet young jand seizing tlie musket, plunged-the bayo-
vbose tombstone told of sixteen sum- net almost entirely through bis body.
• whoso pare and innocent face! Tbe-sddier who was nu Irishman, fell
with its mild beauty, loved to the ground, and was carried to the side-
cd ’’ and as she sung it, closed! walk, where lie called those around him to
1 seemed coinmuniiig with the bear witness “ that he thanked his God,
who were so soon to calm her. [although lie was dying himself, that his
From tho Au*ujtn Constitutionalist.
Savannah aud its Defences.
The city is situated on the South-east
bank of the Savannah river, on a high bluff,
forty* feet above low water mark, twelve
miles in a direct lino from tlie ocean, and
eighteen miles by tlie course of the river.
Vessels of about fourteen feet draught can
come up to the wharves, aud those of larger
size to Five FatlnJfu Hole, three miles be
low the city.
On Tybeo Island, at the mouth of the
river, on the South side, is the light house,
a structure about eighty feet iu height.—
The light is, wo believe, a fixed one.
About fourteen miles from the city is
Fort Pulaski, situated on Cockspur Island.
The site was selected by Major Babcock,
of the Unite! States Engineer Corps, about
forty years ago, but it was.not until 1831
that the work was commenced in earnest.
Iu that year Capt- Mansfield, of tlie United
States Engineer Corps, took charge of its
erection. The entire work, lias cost the
sum ot ninehuodred and twenty-three thou
sand dollars. Its armament, when com
plete, consists pf eight hundred mun and
one hundred and fifty* guus.
011 the 3d day* of Jauuary, 1861, it was
taken possession of by the citizens of Sa-
vauuaii, acting under orders from Gov.
Brown. The fort, at that time, was out of
repair, but by the indefatigable, exertions
•if the gallant citizen soldiers who have
since manned it, aud under tho direction of
-experienced military* commanders, it is
now in a pretty thorough state of defense.
The Savannah Morning News, of Janua
ry 7th, says:
“ If any uneasiness has been felt by ap
portion of our community as to tho capaci
ty of our troops to hold Fort Pulaski, with
out serious difficulty* or danger, it may now
be dismissed. Whether an eye bo hud to
tlie character of the fort, or of the men
who garrison it, or of the arnis placed at
Ihiefir disposal; persons somewhat experi
enced in such matters pronounce it to be
rib tv impregnable.
“ As against assault from the water, it is
defended by an ample number of thirty-
two pounders, much better mounted, and
in a much higher state of efficiency than.
Hot Simply the
casemates, but the quarters at present oc
cupied by the officers and privates, are
bomb-proof—the arched ceilings, thirteen
feet iu thickness, are covered with a stiff
dark sod. The open area within the Fort
is not paved; the earth is covered with a
yielding sod, formed by grass and mud
thrown upon what was originally a sand
AN ORDINANCE
For the Adoption of the Constitution of the
Provisional Government of the Confede
rate States of America.
We; the delegates of tho People of Vir
ginia, in Convention assembled, solemnly
impressed by* tlie perils which surround
the Commonwealth, and appealing to the
Searcher of hearts for the rectitude of our
intentions in assuming tho grave respon
sibility* of this act, do, by this Ordinance,
adopt and ratify the Constitution of the
Provisional Government of the Confede
rate States of America, ordained and es
tablished at Montgomery, Alabama, on the
eight day* of February, eighteen hundred
and sixtv-one; provided that this Ordi
nance slmll cease to have any legal opera
tion or effect, if the people of this Com
monwealth, upon the vote directed to bo
taken on the Ordinance of Secession pass
ed by this Convention, on the 17th day of
April, eighteen hundred and sixty-one,
shall reject the same.
A true copy. JNO. L. EUBANKS,
Secretary.
pared for the purpose of receiving, captur
ing, and utterly demoralizing a slieil, it
could not have been better devised. A shell
falling upon it must be buried in the sand
beneath, from two to eight feet, and by the
invention between the Commonwealth of Vir
ginia and the Confederate State:) of Ameri
ca.
The Commonwealth of Virginia, looking
to a speedy* union of said Commonwealth
and the other slave States with the Con
federate Stales of America, according to
tlie provisions of the Constitution for the
Provisional Government of said States,
enters into the following temporary con
vention and agreement with said States,
for the purpose of mooting pressing exi
gencies affecting the common rights,
interests and safety of said Commonwealth
and said Confederacy,
1st. Until the union of said Common
wealth with said Confederacy shall be per
fected, and said Commonwealth shall be
come a member of said Confederacy, ac
cording to the Constitutions of both pow
ers, the whole military operations, offen
sive and defensive, of said Commonwealth
in the impending conflict with the United
States, shall be under the chief con h oi aud
direction of the President of said Confede
rate Statius, upon the same principles, basis
and footing as if said Commonwealth were
now, and during the interval, a member of
said. Confederacy.
2d. The Commonwealth of Virginia will,
after the consummation of the Union con
templated in this Convention, and her adop
tion of the Constitution for a permanent
Government of the said Confederate States,
and »he shall, becomo a member of said
Confederacy under said permanent Consti
tution, if the same occur, turn over the said
Confederate States all the public property,
naval stores, mid munitions of war, &c.,
she may then be in possession of, ac
quired from the United States, on the same
terms and in like manner as the other
States of said Confederacy, have done iu
tike cases.
3d. Whatever expenditures of money, if
any, said Commonwealth of Virginia shall
make before the Union, under the Provi-
w ' s ‘ as above contemplated,
'. shall be met and pro-
States.
into and
sod above will be stripped of the power authorized CominisMonei
even of throwing sand into the eyes, if, in-
Message of the President.
To the Special Session of the Congress Con
vened at Montgomery, April 2.0th, 1861.
Gentlemen of the Congress:
It is my pleasing duty to announce to
y*ou that the Constitution framed for tlie
establishment of a permanent government
for the Confederate States has been rati
fied by* Conventions in each of those Stutes
to which it was referred. To inaugurate
the government in its full proportions and
upon its own substantial basis of the popu
lar will, it only remains that elections should
be bold for.the designation of the officers to
administer it.
There is every reason to believe that at
no distant day*, other States identified in
political principles and community of in
terests with those which you represent will
join this Confederacy*; giving to its typi
cal constellation increased splendor—to its
government of free, equal and sovereign
States a wider sphere of usefulness—and
to the friends of constitutional liberty a
greater security for itB harmonious and per
petual existence.
It was not, however, for the purpose of
making this announcement that 1 have
deemed it ray* duty to convoke y ou at an
earlier day than that fixed by yourselves
for your meeting. The declaration of war
made against this Confederacy by Abraham
Lincoln, the President of the UnitodStatcs,
in bis proclamation issued on the fifteenth
day of tlie preseut month, rendered it ne
cessary, iu my judgment, that you should
convene at tho earliest practicable moment,
to devise the measures necessary for the
defence of the country.
The occasion is iudeed an extraordinary
one. It justifies me in a brief review of
the relations heretofore existing between
us aud the States which now unite in war
fare against us, and in a succinct statement
of the events which have resulted in this
warfare: to the end that mankind may
pass intelligent and impartial judgment on
its motives and objects.
During the war waged against Great
Britain by her colonies ou this continent,
a common danger impelled them to a close
alliance, and to the formation of a Confeda-
ration, by the terms of which the colonies,
styling themselves States, entered “ seve
rally into a firm league of friendship witli
each other for their common defence, the
security of tlteir liberties, and their mutual
and general welfare, binding themselves to
assist each other against all force offered
to, or attacks made upon them or any of
them, on account of religion, sovereignty,
trade or any other pretense whatever.”
Iu order to guard against any miscon
struction of their compact, the several States
mado explicit declaration, iu a distinct ar
ticle, that “ each State retains its sovereign
ty*, freedom and independence, and every
power, jurisdiction and right which is not
by this Confederation expressly delegated
to the United States in Cougress assem
bled.” .
Under this contract of alliance, the war
of the revolution was successfully waged,
and resulted in the treaty of peace with
GreatBritain in 1783, by the terms of which
the several States were, each by name, re
cognized to be independent.
The articles of confederation contained
a clause whereby all alterations were pro
hibited, unless confirmed by* the Legisla
tures of every State, after being agreed to
by the Congress; and in obedience to this
provision under-the resolution of Congress
of the 21st February, 1.787, the several
States appoiuted delegates who attended a
convention “ for the sole and express pur
pose of revising the articles, of confedera
tion, and reporting to Congress and the
several Legislatures, such alterations and
provisions therein as shall wheu agreed to
in Congress, and confirmed by the States,
render tlie Federal Constitution adequate
to the exigencies of government and the
preservation of the Union.”
It was, by the delegates chosen, by* the
several States, under tlie resolution just
quotod, that tho Constitution of the U nit-
ed States was framed in 1.787, and submit-
tej tn the several States for ratification, as
shown by the 7th article, which is in these
words:
“ The ratification of the Convention of
nine States shall be sufficient fur the estab
lishment of this Constitution between the
States, so ratifying the same,” -s. v
I have italicised certain words in the
quotations just made, lor the purpose of
attracting attention to the singular and
marked caqtion with which the States en
deavored, in every possible form, to exclude
the idea that the separate apd independent
shvcrb'gnty of each Slate was mtrged into
brie common goveruriierit pud riatjon; and
■ Tins
agreed to, in
on
1861, by
tor for tho said
April,
tho duly
tho mat-
ami
the earnest desire they e
oil the Constitution its tr
of a compact bet ’
onstitiUii
ever, omitted t
from the artief
provided iff
retained i ts so ver
some alarm was feTt in tho States wlio.i in
vitod to ratify the Constitution.
omission should be construed into an aban- «
donuient of their cherished principle, ard
they refused to bo satisfied until amend
ments were added to the Constitution, plac
ing beyond any* pretense of doubt, the re
servation by* the States,.of all their sove
reign rightsnnd powers—not expressly*del
egated to the United States by the Con
stitution.
Strange indeed must it appear to the im
partial observer, but it is none the less true
that all these carefully worded clauses,
proved unavailing to prevent tne rise and
growth in the Northern States of a politi
cal school which has persistently claimed
that the government thus formed was not
a compact betiveen States, but was in effect
a national government, set up above and
over the States. An organization, created
by tho States to secure the blessings of li
berty and independence against foreign
aggression, has been gradually perverted
into a machine for their control in tbeir
domestic affairs; the creature has been ex
alted above its creators; the principals
have been made subordinate to tho agent
appointed by themselves.
The people of the Southern States, whose
almost exclusive occupation was agricul
ture, early perceived a tendency in tho
Northern States to render tho common go
vernment subservient to their own purpo
ses, by imposing burthens on commerce a i
a protection to their manufacturing an
shipping interests. Long and angry* con
troversy* grew out of these attempts, often
successful, to benefit one section at tho ex
pense of the other; and the danger of dis
ruption arisingfroin this cause was enhanc
ed by tho fact tlmt tho Northern popula
tion was increasing by immigration aud
other causes in a greater ratio than the
population of tho South. By degrees, as
tho Northern States gained preponderance
in the National Congress, self-interest
taught their people to yield ready assent
to any plausible advocacy of their right
as a majority to govern the minority with
out conttul ; they learned to listen with im
patience to the suggestion of any constitu
tional impediment to the exercise of their
will; and so utterly* have the principles of
the Constitution been corrupted in the
Northern mind, that iu the inaugural ad
dress delivered by* President Lincoln in
March last, he asserts as an axiom which
he plainly deems to be undeniable, that the
theory ot the Constitution requires that in
all cases the majority shall govern ; and in
another memorable instance, the same Chief
Magistrate did not hesitate to liken tho re
lations between a State and the United
States to those which exist between acoun-
ty and the State in which it is situated and
by* which it was created. This is the la
mentable and fundamental error on which
rests the policy that has culminated in his
declaration of war against these Confede
rate States.
In addition to the long continued and
deep seated resentment felt by t >c South
ern States at the persistent abuse ot tho
powers they had delegated to the Con
gress, for tho purpose^ of enriching tlie
manufacturing it ml siiippiug classes of
the North at the expense of the South,
there has existed for nearly half a cenlory
another subject of discord, involving in
terests of such transcendent magnitude as
at all times to create the apprehension in
the minds of many* devoted lovers of the
Union, that its permanence was impossible.
When the several States delegated cer
tain powers to the United States Congress,
a large portion of the laboring population
consisted of African slaves imported into
the colonies by the mother country. Iu
twelve of the thirteen States, negro slaves
existed, mid the right of property in slaves,
was protected by law. This property was
recognized in tlie Constitution, and pro
vision was made against its loss by* the es
cape of the slave.. The increase in the
number of slaves by* further importation
from Africa, was also secured by a clause
forbidding Congress to prohibit the slave
trade anterior to a certain date; and in no
clause can there be found any delegation
of power to the Congress authorizing it
in any manner to legislate to tho preju
dice, detriment, or discouragement of the
owners of that species of property*, or ex
cluding it from the protection of the gov
ernment.
The climate and soil of the Northern
States soon proved unpropitious to the
coutinuuuce of slave labor, whilst the con
verse was tho case at the South. Under
tho unrestricted free intercourse between
the two sections, the Northern States con
sulted their own interest by selling their
slaves to tho South, and prohibiting slave
ry* within their limits. The South were
willing purchasers of a property suitable to
their wants, aud paid the price of acquisi
tion without harboring a suspicion that
their quiet possession was to be disturbed
by those who were inhibited, not only by-
want of constitutional authority*, but by
good faith as vendors, from disquieting a
title, emanating from themselves.
As soon, however, as tho Northern States
that prohibited African slavery within
their limits had reached a number sufficient
to give their representation a controlling
voice iu the Congress, a persistent and or
ganized system of hostile measures against
the rights of tho owners of slaves in the
Southern States was inaugurated, and grad
ually extended. A continuous series of
measures was devised and prosecuted for
the purpose of rendering insecure the ten
ure of property iu slaves; fanatical organ
izations, supplied with money by volunta
ry subscriptions, were assiduously engaged
in exciting amongst the slaves a spirit of
discontent and revolt; means were furnish
ed for their .escape from their owners, and
agents secretly employed to entice them
to abscond; the constitutional provision
for their.rendition to tlieiivowuers was first
evaded,-then openly denounced as a viola
tion, of conscientious obligation and relig
ious duty; men were taught that it was a
merit to elude, disobey*, and violently op
pose the execution of the laws enacted to
secure ihq performance of the promise con
tained in the constitutional compact; own
ers of slaves Were mobbed and even mur
dered iii open day, solely for applying to
a magistrate for the arrest o.'a fugitive
slave; the dogmas pf these voluntary* or
ganizations soon obtained control ot tho
Jeg
egislatureof many of the Northern States,
that and laws were passed providing for the
dent States, punishment by* ruinous fines and long eon-
having, ho\v- tinned imprisonment in jails and peniten-
recited tiaries, of citizens of tho Southern States,
which who should dare to ask aid of the officers
iienco"' orty| C Knibolllei
of agitation and aggression
