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BY WILLIAM S. JONES.
Ctrins, Ac
THE WEEKLY
CHRONICLE AND SENTINEL
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exceeding six lines, will be inserted under this no*
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line*, will be charged prorata perline.
3ttornies ani> Sflluitflis. •
p. a. arhinoton,
ATTORNEY AT LAW,
AND NOTARY PUBLIC,
Oglpthorpe, Macon county, Georgia.
g~r» Office at Oglethorpe.
dllwly
Wx. Gibbon. | Jkssk M. Jonbs
GIBSON JONES,
ATTORNEYS AT LAW,
WARRENTON, GEO.,
IHr Will practice in ell the counties of the North
ern and Columbia, Washington and Jefferson, ol
the Middle Circuit, and the Supreme Court of the
State of Georgia. ap9-wlr
Jot. B. Jonkb. J Malcom D. Jones
J. B. A M. D. JONES,
ATTORNEYS AT LAW,
WAYNESBORO’, GEORGIA.
Ja3Lwly
JOHN L. KIRKPATRICK,
ATTORNEY AT LAW,
o 4 W ayneaboro, Georgia.
pHAPLKY R. STROTHER,
ATTORNEY AT LAW
Practices in the Northern Circuit. AH business
will receive prompt and efficient attention.
575* Office at Lincolnton Ga. je2B-tf
Lietton Stephens, ) J. L. Hird.
STEPHENS A 11UD,
•ATTORNIES AT LAW.
CRAWFORDVILLE, GA.
JjyWillpraetice in all the Counties of the North
erucircuit. jyl6-ly*
JASPER N. DORSEY,
ATTORNEY AT LAW.
Dahlonega, Georgia.
JjT Will attend to all Professional business entrust
ed to him in the Cherokee Circuit, anti in Habersham
county, of the Western Circuit.
Referbncxs —Messrs. Haye Bowdre, Dr. Wm
H Turpin, Augusta; Hon. C. Dougherty, Athene,
James Law, Gainesville; Smith A Walker, and J.
W. Grady, Dahlonega. fell
N. G. db A. G. FOSTER,
ATTORNEYS AT LAW.
<Tjr The undersigned aro still engaged in the prac
tice of Law.
Oilice at Madison, Morgan County, Ga.
All businessentiustedtothem, will meet with prompt
ar i efficient attention. N. G. FOSTER,
fe2B-tf A. G. FOSTER.
EDWARD H. POTTLE,
ATTORNEY AT LAW,
WARRENTON ... GEORGIA.
Fjf Will continue to practice in Warren, Hancock,
WHkea, Taliaferro, aud all of the counties of the
Northern Circuit, and Columbia, Jefferson and
Washington of the Middle.
Refer to Tbreewitts, Hudson & Shivers; G. C
Cody & Go., Warrenton. ja2o
BURCH A TILLEY,
ATTORNEYS AT LAW,
NEWNAN, GA.,
Will practice in the counties of the Goweta Cir
cuit, and the Supremo Court at Macon and Decatur.
R. S. Burch. John M. Tilley.
----
Samubl J. Baily. I Elbazbr Cumming.
BAILEY A CUMMING,
ATTORNEYS AT LAW.
Sandersville. ••• Georgia.
fjy Will practice in all the counties of the Mid
dle Circuit. j c 2
JOSHUA HILL,
ATTORNEY AT LAW,
Madison aud Monticello Georgia.
yV All business addressed to him at either place
in the counties of Morgan and Jasper, and those
contiguous, will receive prompt attention. n 23
G. PUTNAM.
ATTORNEY AT LAW ,
Warrenton, Georgia.
Robert W. Simms. | John Askew.
SIMMS di ASK EW,
attorneys at law,
NEWNAN, GEORGIA,
Will practice in all the counties of the Cowe
ta Circuit, and in the Supreme Court at Macon and
Decatur. All business entrusted to them shall have
prompt attention. mh!3-w|y
J. B. EDMONDSON,
AT LAW,
NgWNAN, GEORGIA,
Will promptly attend to all busiest* entrusted
to Ills care, in any of the counties of the Coweta cir
cuit. j <22 :. w l?
Bbbbibn, | John T. Shiwmake.
BERRIEN & SHEWMAKE,
ATTORNEYS AT LAW,
MIDDLE DISTRICT, GEORGIX.
ry Office at Waynesboro, Burke county, Geo.
-
UOBBBT K. WOODING,
ATTORNEY at law,
Appling* Georgia. f2B-wly
L. C. SIMPSON,
ATTORNEY AT LAW,
ATLANTA- • • • GEORGIA.
Wil (promptly attend to all buainesventrusted
|oht« care. f2V-1 y
JOHN W. POWELL,
attorney at law,
NEWNAN, GEORGIA,
Will practice iu all the countisa of the U owe
circuit. AH business entrusted to nis care, will
receive prompt attention. ja22-w ly
JOHN H. STANFORD,
ATTORNEY AT LAW,
Clarkesville-. G«.
| V \Vill practice in the counties of Clarke, Frank
lin, Haherbham, Lympkiu, Forsyth, Gilmer, Union
Murray ami Gwinnett, and in the Fedeial Circuit
Court for Georgia. Uy
IRWIN <fc KNIGHT,
ATTORNEYS AND COUNSELLORS
AT LAW,
MARIETTA. GEORGIA.
Will abend the Courts in the counties of Cobb
QeKalb, Forsyth, Cnerokee, Cass, Paulding, Floyd,
Cam>ll, aud Heard.
Return Day —Twenty days previous to each
Term.
The Circuit Court U. S. at Marietta, 2d Monday
in March and September; and also, the Supreme
Court of the State of Georgia, at Cassville and De
eatur. fe!7-ly
BOBKRT HESTER,
ATTORNEY AT LAW,
Elbcrtop Georgia.
WILL practice in the counties cf Elbert,
WHkea, Lincoln, Oglethorpe, Madison and Franklin.
_
Warehouse anD (tomnussion
P. H. Bshx. | John Post...
BK H W A F O S T R K ,
FACTORS AND COAXMISSION MER
CHANTS,
jy9-wbm Bay Slrwl, S.rann.h,
J. U. DIDLAKE A CO.,
COMMISSION AND FORWARDING
MERCHANTS,
T«nn.
.22-1 y _ _
WM. K. EVANS A. CO ,
COMMISSION MERCHANTS
Aceouamoclatlou Wharf. Chartwtoa, S.C<
W M . E Evans,
Wm. M D* Amtiosac,
n, dly Gap W. Etaxs.
CHARLES P. MeCALLA,
COMMISSION AND FORWARDING
MERCHANT,
APALACHICOLA • oi.Oßlt'A.
I I.TAILO.. I OABOS.R SMITH
J. E. TAILOR As CO,,
AUCTION AND COMMISSION MER
CHANTS.
Aw 31 Ckartru «>4 41 Stntti
New Orleans.
R.rtaucu. Bctim- Messrs. Era csoo.Coeh
A LX, sad Barosbss Hsskall. .VabUf —Messrs
C. AV. (Xvrenee A Sxr, and Howe A Rschellor
—Mewra. Dunbar A Brother. A. D. Seo’.
A Co., and Coakhn A Sairh. .Vew Orleant—
■*na. A. D. L'rrwiuan, Mayer, Mestn, Hoy t A Ford
•> ' A Kemp, Hams A Morgan. M. Gareia A Co.
s Samuel VVold. dlO dtf
l>- L .Jarraas. j W . s. Corsur
JKFFEKS, COTHRAN A. CO.
f actors and commission meh
chants.
AMdV&TA,G4.,andHAMBURG So Ca
Jy2B
I kicKSON’B Leather Preservaur7~ior"sala b
17 Jal PHILIP A. MOISE, D^ (1 «.
5 * '£3 " 1 "S
WBBK.LT
CHRONICLE AND SENTINEL
SELECTED mW
A War Poem Br osolt.
We have never (says the New York Mir
ror) seen the above Poem, except in manu
script, and we presume that it was never
published in this country. It is not in Croly’g
two volumes of collected works.
The Turkman lay beside the river :
The wind played loose through bow and
quiver;
The charger on the bank fed free,
The shield hung glittering from the tree.
The trumpet, shawn and at abal
Were hid from dew by cloak and pall,
For long and weary was the way
The hordes had marched that burning day.
Above them, on the sky of June,
Broad as the buckler glowed the moon
Flooding with glory vale and hill;
tn silver sprang the mountain rill.
The shrub in silver bent,
A pile of silver stood the tent;
All soundless, sweet tranquility—
Ail beauty, hill, and tent, and tree.
There came a sound—‘twat like the gush
When night winds shake the rose’s bush I
There came a sound—’twas like the tread
Os wolves along the valley’s bed !
There came a sound—’twas like a roar
Os ocean on its wintry shore !
“ Dkath to tub Tohk ! ’’ up rose the yell—
On rolled the charge—a thunder peal I
The Tartar arrows fell like rain—
They clanked an helm, and mail, and ehaia—
In blood—in hate—in death, were twined
Savage and Greek—-mad—bleeding—blind—
And still, on fl >nk, and front, end rear,
Raged, Cottstantine I thy thirstiest spear !
Brassy and pale—a type of doom—
Labored the moon through deep’ning gloom I
Down plunged her orb—’twas pitchy night!
Now, Turkman, turn thy reins for flight!
On rushed their thousands through the dark I
But in the camp a ruddy spark
Like an uncertain meteor reeled—
Thy hand, brave king that firebrand wheeled,
Wild burst the burning element,
O’er man and courser, flag and tent I
And, through the blaze, the Greeks out
Like tigers bloody—foot and fang ! [sprang.
With dagger, slab and falchion’s sweep,
Delving the stunned and staggering heap—
Till lay the slave, by chief and khan—
And all was gone that once was man !
A wailing on the Euxine shore—
Her chivalry shall ride no moro !
There’s wailing on thy hills, Altai !
For chiefs, the Greciau vulture’s pray—
But Bosphorus! thy silver wave
Hears shouts for thy returning brave—
The highest of her kingly lino —
For thxrk cokxs glorious Cosstaittisz !
From the Ohio Cultivator.
AUTUMN AND WISTER.
SY FBANOEt D. «AGE.
The Autumn is going with its beauty bo glowing,
And Winter o’er all things is casting its pall;
The rose-tree is fading, no longe r ’tie shading
The arbor of love or the bright water-fall.
The dahlias are lopping, the ripe fruit is dropping.
The corn leaveearc withered and dry on the stalks,
The rirg-dove is rigbing, the grasshopper dying,
The fire fly no longer enlivens the walk.
The fcrests are changing, the wild birds are ranging
To hunt oat a bole wbere the are mere clear ;
The streams deeply flowing, the chil’y winds blowing,
All tell us tbit Wirfter, cold Wintei is near.
Summer’s sweets while we’re tasting, away all arc
hasting,
The days of the peach and the melon are o’er :
Then let us be trying while Autumn is dying,
To lay up for Winter a plentiful store.
Work freer and harder, fill the barn and the larder,
Then give to old Winter, whene’er he ehall come,
A welcome most willing; we’ll heed not his chilling,
If there’s warmth round the hearth-stone and plenty
at home.
But while we arp cheerfull—nn cause to betearfql,
Let us thiuk of the children of Sorrow and Wrong,
And give from our treasure, with no stinted measure,
Os the good gifts of Heaven to help them along.
HOW BEAUTIFUL IS CHILDHOOD.
BY THBODORB Jk. GOVLD.
How beautiful is childhood—
How innocent its glee;
How clear its merry laugh, that spsaks
The heart from sorrow free I
’Tis like a pleasant morning
When the air is filled with song ;
Or, like a summer stream that glides
So merrily along.
How beautiful is childhood—
How trustful—how content;
-Ifo memory has no blotted page—
alii e '•?! m pie Vow er't TTR Vgruvru
All blooming, fair and bright;
Ur like a cheering etar 'hit glows
Upon the robe of night.
SABBATH EVENING•• by OEoaai d. prkntisb.
’Tis holy time. The evening shade,
Steals with a soft control
O’er nature, as a thought of heaven
Steals o'er the human soul;
And every ray from yonder blue,
And every drop of tailing dew,
Seems to bring down to human woes
From heaven a meseage of rep>se.
O’er yen tall rock the solemn trees,
A shadowy group incline
Like gentle nuns in Borrow bowed
Around their holy shrine;
And o’er them now the night winds blow
So calm and mill, the music low
Seems the mysterious voice of prayer
Soft echoed on the evening air.
The miate, like incense from the earth
Rise to a God beloved,
And o’er the waters move as eret
The Holy Spirit moved ;
The torrent’s voice, the wave's low hymn
See in the far notes of seraphim,
And all earth’s thousand voices raise
Their song of worship, love and praise.
The gentle sisterhoed of flowers
Bend low their lovely eyes,
Or gate through trembling tears of dew
Up to the holy skies;
And the pure stars come out above
Like sweet nnd bleaM-d things of love
Bright signals in the eternal dome
To guide the parted spirit home.
There is a spell of bkßFedness
In air and earth and heaven,
And n iture wears the bloeed look
Os a young snint forgiven ;
Oh, who, at such an hour of love,
Can gase on all, around, above.
A”d n t kneel down upon the «xt
With Nature’s self to wore ip G- d !
Qlijavleston AitDertisementß.
HOPKINS, HUDSON & CO.
COMMISSION MERCHANTS
Office Fraser's Wharf, Charleston, S. C,
UNDERSIGNED lieg leave
to inform their friends and the public, that
they have opened an Office in the City of
Charleston, S. C-, for a
GENERAL COMMISSION BUSINESS.
Particular attention will be given to theaale of Cot
ton, and all other Conntry Produce, purchase of
Merchandize, and Receiving and Forwarding Goods.
The customary cash advances and facilities will be
afforded custotneis.
J R. Hudson and John J. Cohbn reside in
Charleston. L. Hopkin* continues bis residence at
Augusta, Ga., engaged in the Commission Business
as heretofore wheie he may be consulted io relation
to burners designed for our House in Charleston.
LAMBETH HOPKINS, Augusta.
JOHN R. HUDSON,
°lO-12m JOHN J. COHEN, | Charleston.
~GANTT. HUFF & GANTT,
FACTORAGE AND COMMISSION BU.
SI NESS,
Charleston So. Ca,
THE SUBSCRIBERS re
spectfuUy inform the public that fitaiaNl
have commenced the
TORAGE AND COMMISSION BUSINESS, in
the city of Charleston, S. C., and that they will re
ceive and sell all articles of Produce entrusted to
their care They will confine themselves strictly to
the boMneea of CounDissivn Agents, and pledge them
selves never to speculate in any description of article
they receive for sale. They will give their personal
attention to the purchase of supplies lor Planters who
may send their crops, without any charge therefor.
They will receive and forward Goods for Augusta
and Hamburg, at customary rates. Office AccoauDO»
daton Wharf. EDWARD GANTT,
WALTER R. HUFF,
1a23-dlrwAwif JAMES I . GANTT
MAGNIFICENT ASSORTMENT OF
PIANO FORTES.
-i.gPW'BUW THE SUBSCRIBERS have
now on band, the largest and most
J * ft J U choice collection of PIANO
FOR T E S, ever offered for Mie in this city,
which are well worthy the inspection of all ptersons
who wish a superior article ; all of these having been
jK-rsunally selected by one cf the firm, from he fol*
lowing eminent manufacturers:
BACON & RAVEN, NEW YORK,
DUBOIS & SEABURY, NEW YORK,
A. H. GALE A CO., NEW YORK, and
HALLET, DAVIS & CO., BOSTON.
Thia Stock comprises a full aud well varied as
•onraeat of six, six and a half, six and three-quar
ters and seven octave PIANOS, in handsome Rose
wood and Mahogany cases of every style and price,
from the neat, plain and durable six octave to the
elegant centre seven octave instrument.
The above are all accompanied with a written
guarantee as U their perfect durability, so that there
Fs no risk whatever to the purchasers. The great
satisfaction they have always given for years past, to
geiberwith the gold and silver medals awarded them
by the various ••Mechanic Institutes” throughout
ihe country, sufficiently attest their merit and great
superiority. To uxeatHMi the distinguished musieai
trusts who have selected them in preference for their
performances, would be to enumerate nearly all who
lave visf.sd tnw couatry, many of whom have given
voluntary teetiux»:ab’tn their favor, which space
foes not allow uFIi present to publish.
N. B. Piano Fortes tuced and repaired in the be>
Banner.
H. B.—Poe sale at the lowest prices, tor cash or
A OATES A co?s
Piano, Bonk i«<* Uepot, Broad-W., botweon
n. S. en t G»b« Houts. n>?3__
LD kVKMTi’RS, Car Ll. Mantles. P.uot
Leatheraltieles, Papier Ma-hegoods, Uil-elolhs.
&c., Ac., can be made to lcu>k like new by a single
apn-i.-a-wn of Parana’. FIRNITVRE CREAM, to
be had of ja3 D. B. PLUMB 4 CO.
1851. PROSPECTUS 1851,
or THB
NINTH VOLUME
or
JOUBNAL,
; 7 Devoted
1 ®o tl)e Jntmsts of
SOUTHERN AGRICULTURE!
Illustutsd with mart blboant aud costly
EMOBAvuras.
ONLY ONE DOLLAR a YEAR.
EDITED BY DANIEL LEE, M.D.
The first number ol the Ninth Voiumb of the
SOUTHERN CULTIVATOR will be issued on the
first of January, 1851. The Publisher has no pledge
to make; he desires to make the Cultivator equal
in every respect, to whet it has been—a worthy me
dium for the communication between the Planters of
the South, through which they may teach each other,
and advance the prosperity of the country ; mid ho
hopes his past efforts aro an ample guarantee to the
public ol how his duty will be performed.
Planters of the South I—as this work is exclusive
ly devoted to the advancement of Southern Agricul
ture, and the promotion of your prosperity the Pub
lisher hopes you will cheerfully aid in giving it a
circulation. A native of the South, and identified
with her in feeling and interest, the Publisher feels a
deep solicitude for her prosperity, and hopes his ef
forts in the cause of her Agriculture, may meet a
cordial response from all classes.
The Soctbbhn Cultivator is published month
ly, on fine paper, in quarto form, each number con-
UIV I'C'U'W u./aof _cJ... < ...
ter, y by 12 inches square, forming a volume in the
course ot the year of 192 pages—with a complete
Index
TERMS;
Oneeapy, 1 year Ji 0 0
btx copies, 1 year 5
Twenty-five copies 1 year 20 00
Ono Hundred copies 1 year •••75 00
O’Thecash must invariably accompany the order.
The notes of all specie paying Banks, in an/ part of
the country, will be received in payment of subscrip
tions.
AH persons obtaining sub-cribcrs, are earnestly re
quested to forward them at the earliest convenient
day, so as to reach us by the first of January, if pos
sible. Letters enclosing nr ney, post-paid, are at
the risk of the Publisher. Direct all letters to
WILLIAM S. JONES.
Augusta, December I, 1850.
MISCELLANEOUS Ll-
TERITtiRE IND NEWS.
Jzvnt Lind goino to Paris.—Monsieur
Eugene Guinot, in a letter in the Courrierifes
Etats Unis, written at Paris, on the 24th of
Norember last, represents the fair songstress,
Jonny Lind, as having a great professional re
gard and a benevolent solicitude for the inter
est of M. Vivier, a performer on the French
horn, with whom ehe formerly gave concerts
at Baden and elsewhere, near the banks of
the Rhine. After relating some anecdotes il
lustrative of her sisterly affection for M. Vi
vier, the Courrier’s correspondent goes on to
say:
“ But, speaking of Jenny Lind, the fairy
queen of prodigious artistes, it is announced
very positively that the illustrious songstress
is coming to Paris as soon as her American
tour is over. She hto bo brooght thither by
M. Benedict, the distinguished musical com
poser, who at preseut accompanies her, and
who conducts her concerts with so much abili
ty, and participates in them with so much
credit to himself On returning from the Uni
ted States, Benedict has an idea of firing
himself at Paris, whtre he will be quite a val
uable acquisition. Young, and alread. highly
esteemed in the musical world, Benedict,
like Meyerbeer, has been called into the de
partment and practice of the art by an irresiati
>le vocation. Like the author of The
Prophet,” too, he belongs to a wealthy family,
and is in the personal possession of a handsome
fortune.
” His father is the first and richest banker of
Stuttgard. M- Benedict might therefore live
on his income in luxurious idleness, but he is
governed by a passion for music which has at
tracted him into the New World. On his re
turn he is coming to Paris, where lie will pre
sent himself at the opera, holding iu one hand
Jenny Lind, and in the other a musical pro
duction of his own—a double fortune fur the
atre—and Paris will hear Jenny Lind in the
new opera of Benedict ”
Jessy Lisd's Charity Cos,krt.—We give
below a statement of the distribution of the
nett proceeds of the Charity Concert given by
Jenny Lind, on Saturday evening last, amount- ,
secb -J
rrwnte g-urrm F.itts tact ton. Trie no
nations are given to institutions that depend
alone on contributions; and will reach and re 1
lieve those of tho poverty-s ricken who are
truly deserving Had it been the ease, that
this lady had drawn by her transcendaut talent,
tens of thousands from the pockets of the rich,
the thousand* that she has thus devoted to the
necessities of the poor, will cause her visit to
this city ever to be remembered with grati
tude.— Charleston Courier.
Firemen’s Charitable Association* • •» •• SSOO
Ladies’ Benevolent Society 510
Sisters of our Lady of Mcr<*y, with Orphans un-
der their charge 500
Charleston Port Society 500
Apprentices’ Library 300
Ladies’ Fuel Soc efy 20l)
Ladies’ Garment Society 200
Female Charitable Association, Charleston Neck, 200
Total Abstinence Society 200
French Benevolent Society 100
Hebrew Benevolent Society 100
Masonic B nevolent Society JOO
Private Charily 49
A Monster Ship —-We learn that Jabez
Williams &. Son, ship builders, of Williams
burgh, are to commence early next spring, a
clipper ship for a mercantile house in this city,
engaged in the Liverpool trade, of the enor
mows size of 2800 tons! Her length will be
230 feet, or seven feet longer than the United
States ship of the line Pennsylvania. In thia
respect, howover, her dimensions de nnt ex
ceed those of th* gn at ship which has just
been commenced by Wm. 11. Webb for N. L.
AG. Griswold; but in consequence of an in
creased depth and breadth of beam, she will
become 200 tons larger. No merchant vessel
lias ever been buijt at ail approaching her in
point of magnitude. She is to have three
decks, and will be able to carry a vast number
of passengers. — N. Y- Journal of Commerce.
The Hazard Powder Co.’s Works.
The Hazard Powder Company’s Manu
factory has long been established, and the
quality of their gunpowder is well known
throughout the country. They are making at
the present time neven hundred and fiity kegs
of gunpowder daily, though not yet working
up to tho full capacity of their mills : which
consist of from seventy to eighty buildings,
spread over a distance of one mile iu length.
The town of Enfield, in which the village ol
Hazardville is situated, also comprises the
village of Thompsonville (long known for
the large Carpet .Manufactory, es’ablished by
Orrin Thompson, Esq .) and is thus distin
guished by two of the largest manufacturing
establishments of their kind, in this country or
n Europe.
Among the means employed by the Hszard
Powder Company we note thirteen water
wheels ; two steam engines, one of which, of
about 100 hope power; was made by Stillman.
Allen A Co., of New York, and is said to be
one of the finest engines in this Slate. We
mention, also, as a part of the machinery re
ferred to. used for incorporating the materials
of which gunpowder is composed twenty
two cast iron rollers, weighing about eight
tons each.
Os the powder manufactured by this Com
pany. the largest por ion is sporting; of
which, the brands so well known throughout
the United States, as the Ken ucky Ride ami
American Sporting, are regarded by hunters
and sportsmen as equal to any powder made
in this country or in England. Aod we may
here add. that this establishment, and that of
Messrs. Dupont, of Delaware, are believed
to be surpassed in extent and magnitude by
no works of the kindin Europe.
It is not without pride and pleasure that we
have thus spoken of the works at Thompson
ville and Hazardville, among the manufactur
ing establishments which open to the industri
al enterprise of our people a field for develop
ment and employment, and contribute largely
to the general prosperity of tho State.—Hart
ford Courant
CisciMMxTt Manufactvrks.—There are iu
Cincinnati five cotton factories whose aa- mil
production is valued at $458,000 They com
sunie annually 4,350 bales of cotton —equal to
one sixth of the waolo cotton manu facuring
of the West. The capital invested, is $220 •
000.
Operations in iron and machinery are much
more extensive. Seven rolling mills, iu
which are invested a capital of $760.000, con
sume annually $22,750 tons of iron, aod produce
$1,580,000. There are also, fourteen stove
faunderies, which employ 888 hands, and pro
duce annually 100 000 stoves at a value of
$892,000 In the manufacture of ruaeb'nery,
twenty eight establishments are engaged, with
an aggregate capital of $592 000. There are
employed in them 1 799 bands. They con
sume annually 15,431 tons of iron, and the
annua! produce is equal to $2 459.000.
1 The manufacture of lard oil is carried on
exH'iisiveiy, there being no leas than forty es
tablishments engaged in this branch of manu
' facture. 1 hese produce annually 33,000 bar
rels of oil. and 7,000.000 pounds of stearine,
va'ued in the aggregate at $1,119,000. — Kuna
ioU Republican
Ct*y of Glasgoec. — The Philadelphia Coun
cils have agreed to join in preparations to re
. eeive this first steamer of the new line between
Liverpool »ud that port, and $1 500 was ap
propriated as the portion of expense on the
1 part of the ci y. A f«w days will do* bring
e the City of Glasgow into port, and tbe event
0 will open a new epoch in Philadelphia emer
|pn"
monSTA, ‘IA., WElrVßStr.lv HtlßVtVa, JAVUAILY 8 t-Gl Ji-,UA’U list
, Ad Valorem Frauds. —Tho report of ihi
Secretary oftho Treasury shows bow the a<
valorem system works in the matter of nines
Under the tariff of 1842, the importation o
Madeira wines was little over 100,000 gallons
In 1844 it was only 16,000 gallons. For the
last year the importation reached over 300,00(1
gallons. A similar i crease has taken place in
the importation of sherry wino. But it is in
the price that the greatest change is noticeable,
and in this the effect of tho advalorem princi
ple is particularly manifest. The price of
Madeira wine has fallen, on the custom house
invoices, from $2.20 to less than fi/ty cents; the
price of sherry has also fallen from $1.38 to
56 cents. Does any body believe that this re
'duction has really taken plate7 Does anv
body doubt that it is an outrageous fraud, the
whole of it f It is precisely the kind of fraud
whieh the system invites; the very frauds which
have driven American importers out of the
market, and which are fast concentrating the
business in the hands of foreigners —Prow
dence Journal.
Amis Bky. —In consequence of some misap
prehensions, not to say misrepresentations,
says the New York Commercial Advertiser,
respecting the mission of this subject of the
Sublime Port, J. P. Brown Esq , dragoman
to the American legation in Turkey, has writ
teu.aletler tothe Cincinnati Commercial saying
that Amin Bey holds the rank of a commander
in the Turkish navy, and of lieutenant colonel
in the army, and has been sent hither by the
liberal minded and humane Sultan to obtain in
formation respecting our mechanical, naval and
military resources ; that he has had similar con
fidential missions, and is eminently deserving
of esteem and confidence. Tho American
Minister resident at Constantinople and other
Americans have repeatedly desired the Sul
tauOto send such an ageut to the United
States.
Jackson, tho American deer, beat the horse !
June Bug, ina race at St. Louis, and won 1
s2llO. There were 1000 spectators, and much
money changed hands on bets. The horse
was to trot two miles less 406 yards whilst
Jackson went one mile. The two first heats
were won by Jackson—time, 4:55 5:02; jack
son winning tho heat after a hard brush—time,
5:21- The horse went in harness, and was
driven by his owner.
Lakgz Lark iw Africa.—-A recent letter from
Stephen A. Benson, a member of tho Senate
of Liberia, states that ;he interior people speak
of a large sheet or body of water, being a con
siderable distance in the interior cf them, and
which requires several weeks’travel to reach.
They describe it as being a sea or lake, on
whose surface ply large canoes, laden with
merchandise of civilized manufactures, and
productions of the countries near to it
They describe the adjacent tribes as being in
an advanced state of civilization—possessing
an abundance of horses and cattle. They
fight their battles on horseback. Their princi
pal weapon is the spear, though they have a
few firearms, procured by means of the trade
of this lake. 1 heir principal garment is said
to be the 'uuic.
Nothing New under the Sun.—Mr. Ken
net Loftus, an English gentleman, whose name
has been recently connected with the subject
of Chaldean antiquarian researches, and who
is now in tho East, assisting in running the
boundary line between Turkey and Persia,
writes to a member of the New Castle-upon-
Tyne Farmers’ Club, describing a discovery
he has made that the ancient Chaldeans had a
system of under-draining their lands perfectly
similar to the improved system now in vogue
in England, their draining tiles, which he has
found and traced, b,ing of precisely the same
form and materials as those used by the British
farmers.
Linen and C»tton —We referred some
days ago to an invention said to have been
successfully tested in England for converting
flax by achesp and summary process into the
form of what is styled flax cotton, which tnay
be woven by the same machinery now used
in cotton factories. It is said that samples of
this fabric will be exhibited at the World's
Fair.
Some of the Kentucky papers are showing
an earnest desire that the account of this in
vention may be correct. Tho price of hemp
being some four and a half cents while that of
raw cotton is nearly three times as much, the
successful introduction of a cheap and expe
ditious mode of manufacturing the former
material would indeed form an era in the cul
ture of hemp in the United States. The in
vention of the cotton-gin had a great deal to
do with the rapid increase of the cotton crop
from year to year in the Southern S'ates; aod
a similar result might be expected with regard
to hemp and flax, particularly the former, if
science and machinery could be made equally
available in preparing it for manufacture.
The superiority of linen over cottomfibrics—
to say nothing of the difference ot price in
the raw material —would give to linen goods
a superior demand if the expenses of ntatiu-
Ca9e9 e< lhalized.—
We learn via Malta, that in a gale of wind,
onthellth of November, three English, o»e
French, one Greek, and one Arab vessel were
totally wrecked in the roadstead of Jaffa, and
several others suffered more or lees damage.
A ship in the Persian Gulf, in the course of
twenty months, had her copper encased with
living coral to the thickness of two feet.
Desir action of the hlarlborangh Cotton fac
tory by fire— We regret to learn that the
Marlborough Cotton Factory, owned by M,
Townsend, E-q . and located near Bennetts
ville, in this State, was consumed by fire on
the 31st ultimo. So rapid was the progress of
the flames, that a part of the hands had to
jump from the second story windows. By
great exertion the store house, dwelling and
cotton house were saved. In the latter were
stored 300 bales of cotton. The Factory and
machinery -were valued at $20,000 : yarn,
loose cotton, &c., 2 000 ; total loss, 22 000.
Insurance in Howard Co., New York. 5 000 ;
Protection. Hartford, 2,500. — Ch. Courier.
The small-pot appears to be spreading ex
tensively in the upper districts < f North Car
olina—in Statesville, Charlotte, and other
towns and villages in the surrounding country,
the new cases would seem to be very numer
ous. The most stringent measures are being
adopted by the respective town-authorities to
prevent the disease from spreading.— Ch.
Cour.
A bottle was picked up by the master of a
fishing smack, on Sunday last, off Cape Ro
main, which contained the following :
Wl.oev -r picks this up. will please report
the Robert Y. Ray, a brig 250 tons hailing
from Newport, Rhode Island, capsized in the
Gulf, and all hands lost.”
July 18 1850. Capt. Henry Arlington.
We give place to the above without, how
ever placing any reliance upon it.— Ch. Cour.
United Stales Statistics.— Value of woollen',
cottons, hemp, and hempen goods, iron aud
iron manufactures, sugar, salt, snd coal, im
ported during 1850, $61,835,321; duties $16,.
980 698. In 1849 (he value of such imports
was S4B 204.750; duties $13.162 751
Vabieof the imports for 1850. $178,136,318;
exports $151,898,720 Domestic produce ex
ported, exclusive ol specie, 134,900,232- Fo
reign merchandise exported, exclusive of spe
cie. $9.475 493.
Madeira wine imported in 1850, 303,125
gallons; iu 1849. 193 971 gallons In no
previous year since 1843 did the quantity ex
ceed 117,000 gallons, and in 1844 it was only
16.000 gallons. In 1843 the average cost was
$2,29 per gallon; In 1850 it was lees than fifty
cents. Sherry wine imported in 1850,212.092
gallons; in 1848,1215,935: and in no previous
year since 1843 did it exceed 77,000 gallons.
The cast in 1843 was $1,38 per gallon ; in 1850
it was 56 can s.
PoruLATios ot Missouri.—The census has
been completed m the fifty counties of Mis
souri. These fifty counties contain a popula
tion of 360.811. and the Marshal estimates that
the same ratio of increase will make the total
population ffrff.OOU. In 1840 the total popula
tion of the State was 383 702 ; so that, if tbe
estimate be correct, the increase has been
288 000 in ten years.
Bcasao. —We are informed by a gentleman
lately arrived in the city, that the Gin House
aud 300 bales of cotton, belonging to Mr. Mo
latt, of Dallas county, were burned a few days
since —MoiiJa Advertiser.
Colonisation. — A proposition is before the
Legislature of Kentucky to appropriate $5,000
each year, for five years, to be employed un
der the direction of the Kentucky Colonization
Society, in removing the free blacks from that
State, and colonizing them in Africa.
Census or Vermont.—Official census re
turns from all the towns m tbe State, with the
exception of eight in Rutland county, show
tbe present population to be 303 190— a gain
iu ten years of 20 668. This will be increased
by tbe eight towns to be beard from to about
21,000. Increase in tbe last ten years, about
7 1-10 per cent.
Pure American Wine—A Mr. Shamans,
is preparing a box of wine of his manufac
ture, from grapes grown in Ohio, for the great
London Exhibition. The peculiarity of the
wine is that it is not fermented in the ostial
way. not adulterated with sugar or brandy,
but is the pure juice of the Catawba grape,
retaining tbe aroma and flavor of the fruit in a
remarkable degree. The Cincinnati Gazette
stat-s that N Longwor'h, T. H. Yeatmaa,
Corneau &, 8 >n. and others, are also prepar
ing cases for presentation.
A curious phenomenon was recently fonnd
in Baldwin county, Ala., that is twins, of which
the one is perfectly black and the other a very
bright mulatto. The mother is as black as the
ace ■ f spades.
A great improvement iu tbe manufacture of
watches has j tst been made tn Geneva by
which watch-keys are rendered unnecessary.
Bv simply turning a screw in the handle the
watch is wound up, and another movement
rcsula'es ’he hand-.
Butter, cheese, <k®.—
10 firkiss prime G -shen BUTTER,
100 ooxes CHEESE,
2 bbls. Pickled BEEF,
2 de. do. FORK,
40 do. Hiram Smith Psour,
JI bots. aod half bble. BUCKWHEAT,
Pekta Tea Company’s TEA. in I, j and j lb.,
just received by dlj dtf H ARI 4N & ESTES.
LISSEED OIL.— A foil suopl* just received,
and tor eale by j*4 WM. H. TUTT.
3 ’ POLITICAL.
' 1 Bit ~
a , Report of the soerststry of the Navy.
'« This important document, will excite tin
'•> usual attention, both on account of the great
n interest which attaches to tit, suhject of which
n it treats, and of the nuinerons suggestions
which it advances in regard to the improve
i- meat of this branch of |he public service.
I The Secretary commwiccs with a descrip
ts tion of the various squadrons into which tho
o vessels of our navy havd been distributed du
» ring the pastyear, and a review of the services
which they have perform'd. The vessels in
■' commission, exclusive of the steamer Miehi
’ gan, which has been cruising on the lakes,
I have been employed in squadrons’
> The homo squadron, tGommodore Parker
> commanding, flag-ship the frigate Raritan
i whose field of operatirov extends from the’
■ banks of Newfoundland a the mouth of ths
Amazon river, has been chiefly occunied in
the West Indies and the GWf of Mexico, nnd
has performed valuable service in preventing
a violation of our in the
attempted invasion of tb-A-h and of Cubkl
The Pacific squadron the
comtnaud of Catesby
Jones until the month when he
was succeeded by McCanlcr,
whoso flagship IS thaWSste Savannah.
Three vessels of the sqaa'aWft sro so cruise be
tween Cape Horn and Panama, and west
ward to the ono hundred and eigntieth degree
of longitude, while tho residue will be gene
rally employed norlh of die equator
The squadron on the coast of Brazil, Com
modore McKeever commanding, flag ship t|, e
frigate Congress, cruises Pom the mouth of
the river Amazon to Cape lloru, and occasion
ally eastward to the coast J Africa. Its atten
tion has been espwai/jj eclhd to the sup
1 pression of the slave Sra, jfe.ol to u le protec
| non of our neutral righisaflxi state of hos
tility el ating between thFArgentme Repub
lic and the Banda Oriental of Uruguay.
The Mediterranean squadron, Commodore
Morgan commanding, flig-ship the razee In
dependence, has been actively engaged in vis
iting the various ports of the Mediterranean,
Adriatic, aud the Tho squadron
on the coast of Africa, Commodore Gregory
commanding, flag-ship the sloop-of war Ports
mouth, has been vigilantly employed in break
ing up the slave traffic cn the west coast of
Africa.
The squadron in the East India and China
seas, lately under the command of Commo- '
dore Geisinger, was transferred in June last '
to the command of Commodore Voorhies and '
consists of the sloops-of-war Saratoga and
Manon.
Wherever our flag has been displayed bv a
national vesiml, it has received the respect due
to tbe national character, and our interests
and commerce have been secure under its
protection
Bhe two brigantines composing the expe
dition it. search of Sir John Franklin, at ihe
date of their last report to (he Department,
had advanced to the 75:h degree of north
latitude, and about the 60th degree of west
longitude.
During the last year nine parties, eight in
the Atlantic and one in the Pacific, each in charge
of a lieutenant, accompanied by a competent
force of midshipmen as assistants, have been
actively engaged in ’he coast survey. The
Secretary suggests that i; would be more ap
propriate as well as more economical that this
work, which is now under the direction of
the 1 reasury Department, should be assigned
wholly to the Navy, as the branch of the ser
vice on which the chief share iu its execution
now devolves.
The vessels of the navy of the United
States consist of 7 ships of the line ; I razee ;
12 frigates ;21 sloops-of-war ; 4 brigs; 2
schooners; 5 steam frigates; 3 steamers of the
Ist class ; 6 steamers less than Ist class, and 5
■loreships.
Ol these there are in commission, 1 razee ;
6 frigates; 15 sloops-of-war; 4 brigs; 2
schoofters, (coast survey;) 2 steam frigates;
I steamer of the Ist class; 3 steamers less
than Ist class ; 3 ships-of-thd-line, as receiving
ships ; 1 steamer do.; and 1 sloop do.
There are also on the slocks and in pro
gress of construction 4 ships of the line and 2
frigates.
To the foregoing may be added as a contin
gent naval force, the various mail steamers
which are liable in an emergency to be con
verted into vessels of war, viz : 5 steamers
of the Ist class, already constructed ; 1 con
strutted, but not yet received ; and 4 contracted
for, but not yet constructed.
Permanent stone docks have been many
years since erected at the yards in Charlestown
and Norfolk, and a third is nearly completed
in that at Brooklyn Floating balance-docks,
with stone basins and railways are expected to
be completed for uso at Portsmouth and Pen
sa< ?la in the course of the ensuing year, and
a floating sectionai dock, also with a stone ba
sin and railway, at Philadelphia within the
same period. Proposals have been invited for
dock. basin.’and rail* ..y orFthe coast el the
Pacific.
The personnel of the navy comprises 68-
captains, 97 commanders, 327' lieutenants, 68
surgeons, 37 passed assistant surgeons, 43
assistant surgeons, 64 pursers, 24 chaplains, 12
professors of mathematics, 11 masters in the
hue of promotion, and 461 passed and other
midshipmen ; to which is to bo added, besides
oilier warrant officers, according to the annual
appropriation for pay and sub.istance, 7,500
petty officers, seamen, ordinary seamen, lands
men, and boys.
Tho capacity cf the country to enlarge thi*
force whenever desirable may be readily per
ceived by stating that we have now in the mer
cantile m rine 3,000,000 of tons of shipping
an amount greater than that of any other
nation of the world ; and, according to the
ordinary estimate of six men to every one
hundred tons, there are in our merchant ser
vice 180,000 seamen.
And obvious fault of the present organiza
tion of the personnel of the navy, as above
set forth, is the disparity between the heat|
and the subordinate parts (tis believad that
the list of supernumerary officers, at least in
the three higher grades, is greater than is de
manded for an effective naval establishment
It is, therefore, recommended that the number
he reduced to 60 captains, 80 commanders,
300 lieutenants, with corresponding modifica
tions in the inferior grades. The size of the
navy being lhu« determined, it is further re
commended that, from time to time, as officers
may decline in capacity for useful service, they
may be retired from the active list oa terms
both juat and liberal.
The Secretary proposes that in all future
promotions to a captaincy or to a higher rank,
if such shall be established, seniority shall not
be regarded, and merit shall be esteemed the
only criterion of selection. This will appear
to be more eminently just and proper, since
under the present system, no brevet rank is
allowed to reward the must acknowledged
professional superiorl y.
Another de ectiu the present establishments,
i* t!ie disparity between the ages of subaltern
officers nnd their grades, proceeding from th?
fixed number* in each rank and the failure to
provide for any promotion, except in cises of
vacancy. The senior passed midshipmen,
now in the service, are older than were Perry,
Decatur, and IHacdonough, when they achiev
ed their victories.
To rc.nedy this defect two methods have
been severally suggested by officers of great
merit and intelligence :
Ist To reduce the numberof midshipmen,
so as to furnish only so many as may be re
qnired to supply the higher grades as vacan
cies may occur.
2d. To educate a number as great as that
now established, and to fix an age in every
grade, upon the attainment of which, if no va
cancy exDtfor promotion, they may be retir
ed from the navy to find employment in the
merchant service, and to supply a reserve
corps, in case of war, of the most efficient
character.
The whole subject is submitted for the de
libeffftuon of
Another recommendation of the Secretary
is, that the office of Commodore, (a ti le now
given merely by courtesy to officers who have
commanded squadrons.) be recognised by law,
and that at least two officers be created of the
rank es rear admiral. This is considered im
portant in order to plaee the highest officers of
our navy on an equality wiih those of other
nations whom they are accustomed to meet on
the ocean. It is necessary, also, in order to
put them on an equality as to rank with the high
er officers of the army. By the established
rule of relative rank, a captain, the highest
officer in our navy, ranks only with a colonel.
No good reason can be perceived why the
highest officer of one service should not be
equal in rank with the highest officer of the
other. rear admiral is the correlative rank
to a trajor general. It Congress shall hereaf
ter add the rank of lieutenant-general to the
army,it may be accompanied by its correlative
of vice-admiral in the navy.
Os the two rear admirals proposed, one
might be most usefully employed at the De
partment itself, when noton mere active duty,
in a connexion similar to that of the General
in chief and the Adjutant General with tbe
Department of War. The other, when notin
command at sea, should establish his quarters
at San Francisco, or other point on tho Pacific
coast, and should be invested with ths command
over all the naval officers and seamen west of
the Rocky Mountaias as well as the naval for
ces in the Pacific aad in the China and Eas»
indiisess. The distance of our Pacific coast
from the seal of Government is too great for
an energetic eyeteu* of naval operations or
even for tbe enforcement of proper discipline
under the exis io< bxw.
The necessity of maintaining an efficient na
val force in the Pacific, io order to protect a
coast more than one thousand miles in length,
and to give protection and encouragement to
our whale fisheries, is fully *et forth in the re
port. The longed voyage now made bv nav
igators is from our Atlantic to our Pacific
pons. It is therefore advised as a matter of
economy, both in expense and time, that when
a sufficient number of ships shall be placed on
the Pacific side of the coa’inent, they be re
tained therefor permanent use, the crews be
ing enlisted in the Atlantic ports and bent out
in Government transports on the ordinary
Lne of travel across the Isthmus of Pa-
; nama.
| Although nut of opin’on that war steamers
• will ,urperwa« safl as akip, «f war, tha
j Secretary is thoroughly *p**rsupdvd that they
will be m<Hi valuable auxiliaries A letter io
_ submitted from an officer of much experience
“ | in tho command ol war steamers, iu regard to
• their efficiency simply as striking bodies-in
running down an enemy’s veegels Attention
f is also called to the recommendation of the
Bureau of Construction, that our sail ahips-of
war hereafter to be coostrupted be furnished
with steam propeller?, to be used on occa
sions where celerity of motion adverse to the
prevailing winds may be important.
’ €>fthe four steamers authorized to bo built
by the act of 1847, the Saranac only is ready
i for sea She will be retimed in the home
squadron The Susquehanna, when cornplo
ted, will be attached to (he East India squadron,
and the two remaining ones will be sent tv the
Pacific and the coast of Brazil.
The commandants of Fquadrons are to be
required to meet at certain limes and places for
the purpose of exercising in fleets,
The Naval Academy is described as in a
flourishiag condition. Tbe attachment to the
academy of a practice ship, fir the purpose of
prac’ical instruction, is regarded as an im
provement of great value.
It is recommended th at a few appointments
at larg j of midshipmen be allowed to the Pres
ident as a of promoting youfe pi ex-
traordinary
Iho d : ‘ficffeney (he utides of war far t
the government es the nnvy is r*>furred •
r., with csp» c«r-i reference tu the altera
tion made in them by the abolition of flogging.
This abolition has lef t in the handa of authority
but few other punishment, than those of death
and imprisonment. It has in n »degree abated
the severity of the penal code. But it was
possibly rhe infli :tion of this punishment in a
summary way by a commander of a ship,-'tin
which there had doubtless been abuses, that
was intended to be remedied The opinion of
a board of officers, assembled for another pur
pose, has been asked on several questions con
nected with this change of liiscip! ,
is suggested that a coAmiiuee of C r >v
take tho testimony on oath ofexperienced sea
men, as well as officers, in reference to a pro
per code of discipline for tho service.
The operations of tho several lines of mail
steamers and the payments made upon their
contracts, are set forth. It is recommended
that a line for the transportation of the mails
from San Francisco to Madho, Shanghai, or
other point in Eastern Asi i, *.4ffier by steamers
or sail vessels, be established.
T-he operations at tho National Observatory
and Hydrographical office continue to be con
dneted in a manner highly satisfactory. The
astronomical expedition, under Lieut. Giiliss,
to Santiago de Chili, with a view to a new de
tPFtnilinf inn r,C a c .1 ..if. <
I termination of the distance of the earth from the
sun, by observations carried on st the sane
time there and here, and other scientific ob
jects, has prosecuted its labors successfully,
aud has been signally favored by the Chilian
( government and people.
The preparations for the publication of an
American NationalfaAlinanac, by Lieutenant
Davis, under the direc ion of the Department,
are in an advanced stale of progress.
The experiments of Professor Page in test
ing the applica ion of electro-magnetiain as a
motive power in mechanics have been con
tinued. and he is now engaged in preparation
for a trial trip of a locomotive on a railroad
propeded by this power. The meteorological
observations of Professor Espey are still in
progress. The course of experiments in
gunnery, and the preparation of ordnance
find ordnance stores of ail kinds at the ravy
yard in Washington, have been conducted in
a manner highly satisfactory to the Depart
ment.
A board of naval officers has been convened,
for advice and information on the question of
rank between officers of the military and civil
branches of the naval service, and the relative
rank of officers of the army and navy when
acting together.
The joint hoard of officers of tho army and
navy, who have been engaged in the examina
tion of our Pacific coast with reference tr har
bors. fortifications, light houses, navy yards,
and docks, is expected to finish its work in the
present month,and roturn io the seat of Gov
ernment.
The sums total of appropriations required
for all objects under the supervision of the
Department is $8,111,609. Ofthfo sum the
amount required for the naval service and ma
rine corps for the year is $5,900,621. The
above aggregate is less by more than a million
of dollars tnan were the estimates for the ore
sent year To it, however, must be .added the
amount which may be required for the dry
dock on the coast of the Pacific. The Secre
tary suggests that the appropriations for the
annual support of the navy be separated here
after from those for fixed and permanent ob
jects on shore.
The expenditures of the Department during
the year ending June 30,1850, were $7 891 -
891 94, of which sum the amount expended
for the support of the and marine corpa
was $5,523 722 83. The unexoended bilance
of appropriation?, at the date last mentioned,
was $3,839 253 84, all of which will be re
■gnirrisi nuintaafiin* nMiaafinna fnr ifaw .
The remaining recommendations of the re
port are certain reforms proposed by the chief
of the Bureau of Provis ons and the chief of
theßureauof Medicine and Surgery; that the
num of $200,000. part of the Naval Hospital
Fund, hje invested in stocks; an I that an
augmentation be made in the Marine corps.
REPORT OF THK SECRETARY OF
THE TREASURE.
Trbasumy Department, Dec., 1850.
The Secretary of tbe Treasury reports :
Receipts and Expenditures.
The receipts and expenditures for the fiscal year end
ing Juno 30, 1850, were—
Receipts from customs $39
Receipts from public land. 1.859,894 25
Receipts from miscellaneous sources* 1,547,218 23
Receipts from avails of stock issued for
specie deposited 399,050 00
Receipts from avails of Treasury notes
funded 3 646,900 00
47,421,748 90
Add balance in Treasury July I, 1849 2,184,961 23
819,506,713 13
The ex pen li’ures for the same fiscal year were in
cash *39.355.268 69
Treasury notes funded ,•••• 3.646,900 00
43.002, .63 69
Leavin» a bahnee in the Treasury July
1, ISSO, of--- *6,604,541 49
Estimates.
The estimated receipts anti expenditures for the
fiscal year ending June 30 1851, are —
Receipts from customs, Ist quarter, by
actual returns -914,764,043 05
Receipts from customs, 21, 31, and
4ih quarters, as estimated 30,235,956 95
45,000,000 00
Receipts fretn public lands 1,967,000 0
“ miscellaneous sources•• • 625,0c0 00
*47,592 OGO 00
Receipts from avails of Treasury n->tes
funded •••• .... n 116,050 00
T. til receip’s 347,705(50 00
Add balance in Treasury July 1, ’SO 6,601,.54 149
Total means, as estimated *54,312,594 49
Expenditures, viz :
Tbe actual expenditures for the quarter ending Sep
tember 30, 1850. were ••• *5,983,43'2 99
The estimated expenditures during the
other three quarters, from Ist Octo
ber, 1350, l<> 30th June, 1851. are —
Civil list, foreign intercourse, and mis-
cellaneous 13,719,094 31
Expenses of collecting the revenue
from customs 1,500,000 00
Expenses of collecting the revenue from
lands 170,835 00
Army proper, (fcc 9,099,716 72
Fortifications, ordnance, arming militia,
&,c. 2,261,370 C 6
Internal improvements, &c. 327,309 76
Indian Department..*. 4,363.867 51
Pensions 1,380,583 40
Naval establishment 9 508,858 88
In erest on public debt 3,694,321 03
Purchase of the stock of loan of 1847* 844,207 24
53 tfad,s97 50
Leaving balance in the Treasury July
I, 1851 *458 996 99
Tbe estimated receipts and expenditures for the
fiscal year commencing July 1, 1651, and ending
June 30, 1852, are: Receipts from
custom* 45,000,000 00
Receipts from public lands 1,600,000 00
“ miscellaneous sources.. 200,000 CO
Total estimated receipts 46,800,000 00
Add estimated balance in the Treasury
July 1, 1851 458,996 90
Total estimated means *47,258,996 99
The expenditures for the same period, as estimated
by the several Departments of State. Treasury, In
terior. War, Navy, aod Postmaster General, are —
The balance of form r appropriations which will be
required to be expended this year•• *4,929,224 97
Permanent and indefinite a[prop ia-
tiuoc 9,528,279 17
Specific appropriations asked for this
year 33,667,489 04
*43,124,993 18
This sum is composed of the following particulars,
viz : Civil list, foreign interc- urse, and miscellaneous,
inaluding Mexican indemnity *12,713,625 15
Expenses of collecting the revenue
Irorn customs 2,450,000 00
Expenses of collecting the revenue from
lands 170.200 00
Army proper, &z 10,287,151 80
Fortificaiioos, erdnanee, arming mili-
tia. dec 2,307,575 46
Internal improvements. Ac 1.330,773 89
Indian department 1.751.517 76
Pensions 2 645.900 00
Nava! establishment, including dry
docks aod oceed steam mail contracts 10.159,375 09
Interest on public debt 3,665.321 03
t Purchase of stock of the loan of 1847.. 340,156 96
Redemption ofstock isai’ed uader act
’ 9th August, 1846 303,391 04
*48,124,993 18
Estimated expenditures over estimat-
• ed means up to July 1, 1852 *865,996 19
1 The foregoing does not include the interest
1 to be paid on the Texas boundary stock.
IFork Done.
t By the joint re«olntion of 14th February
r last, the s»i»n of $2,450,000 appropriated
- to defray the annual expenses of collecting the
revenue, in addition :o such "uids ‘ a< may be
■s received from storage, cartage, drayage, and
e j abor.”
-w--l - ■ l—
Bv the provisions of the act of 3d March,
5 1849, in lieu of the nett revenue, “the gross
n amount of all duties received from customs,
r> from the sales of the public lands, and from ail
n miscellaneous sources,” wero required to be
j paid into the treasury without u any abatement
9 or deduction” whatever. This devolved upon
f the Department the necessity of transferring
1 all coin received to (he depositaries designated
by the act of 6th August, 1846, and re-trans-
> porting the sums necessary for the current
ami incidental expenses of collecting the reve
t nue, or tho exercise of the impliad discretion
r ary powers conferred by the same act upon
the Secretary of the Treasury to designate
such other depositaries ae circumstances might
require. The collectors of customs and sur
veyors of interior ports have, therefore, been
made depositaries, and given bends as such.
I concur in the views of my predecessor that
the change was a salutary one. The labors
of the collectors and their clerks, though large
ly increased thereby, have been, in general,
performed by the force authorized at the date i
of my assuming the duties of this Depart
ment.
The law of 29th-'*flfaty last, directing all con. f
veyanees of vessel* te be recorded at the cos- >
lorn house*, necessarjiy required some addition
19 clfflieal foiee,
el.rk for that dot; ,a» bean Mihorir.ed ai r
j each of the larger the fees allowed, it |
im •**’!! equaTthe expenses incurred
thereby.
I transmit herewith statement C. showing
’the amount of money expended at each cus
tom house in the United States during the fis
cal year ending the 30th June last, the number
of persons employed aud the occupation and
salary of each person at each of said custom
houses during the period aforesaid,” as requir
ed by the 6th section of the act of 3d March,
1849.
Ihe act of 30-h September last authorized i
thei ernplojrwfiit of ten additional, inspectors
cnarting clauae, and th« relief an much re i
quired awaits the further legislation .f Con
gress.
By the act of 28th September last, aix col- >
lection districts were creat.d on the Pacific and 1
two east of the Rocky mountains, on our I
northern frontier. These give occasion for a
large increase in the personnel of the depart
ment of customs, and a more than correspoa.- i
ding increase in the expenditures. The maxi-,
innm salaries of those officers attached to the
Pacific districts designated by that act, though
iti general reduced by the Department, are be- *"
lieved to be only commensurate with the ex
penses attendant upon a residence in Ihatooun-
I.- '.. l r.
try. That basis, as fixed by Congress, has
been the standard adopted by the Department
relatively, for the compensation of the subor
dinate officers, and in the exercise of the dis
cretion given by the first section of the joint
resolution of 14th February last, such salaries
have heea assigned a., in the opinion of the
Department, were required to insure to the
Government, officers of ability and integrity,
nnd full reliance is placed upon an honest and
faithful discharge of the onerous and responsi
ble duties devolving upon them in that, remote
section of our country.
Ihe great reduction of the revenue marine
made by my predecessor, in consequence of the
limited appropriations, has been represented
as injurious in its effects. This branch of the
service, intimately connected with, and neces
sary to, the collection of the revenue, is, in
the opinion of the Department, a proper sub
ject for distinct appropriations, and I have there
fore submitted estimates for that service upon
a basis of twenty revenue vessels, a less num
ber by four, than existed previous to that re
duction.
Public Debt.
According to the last annual report from this De
partment the public debt on the Ist December, 1849,
including 818,821 48 in Treasury notes and stock
not then stated, was $64,723,515 16
Since that period the following reductious have
been made, viz :
On account of the debt of the cities of
the District of Columbia, assumed
by the act of 20th May, 1836-... 860,000 00
On account of the old funded and un-
funded debt 3 J 49 ]o
Os Treasury notes 1,877 67
And of the stock of 1847 130/250 00
4495,276 79
The above stock was purchased at market
rates, through the agency of Messrs. Corcoran
& Riggs, and which but for the great demand
for Government securities, increasing their
price beyond the limit fixed by the Department
in its instructions to its agents, would have
qeen somewhat increased.
Tho public debt on the 30th November last was
864,228,238 37, viz:
Old funded and unfunded debt re
deemable on presentation 119,585 98
Debts of the district cities, assumed
by Congress, $60,000, payable an
„.nual|y- 90'000 00
rive per cent, stock per act of Au-
gust, 1846, redeemable August 9,
1851 ■■;■■■ 303,573 92
Six per cent, loan of 22J July, 13 6,
redeemable November 12, 1856*. 4.999,149 45
Six percent. Joan of 15th April, 1842,
redeemable December 31, 1862.. 8,198,686 03
Six per cent, loan o( 28th January,
1847, redeemable first January,
1868. 27,135 122 00
Six percent, loan of 28th January,
1847, redeemable Jan’y let, 1868. 154,328 00
Six per cent, loan of 31 st March,
1848, redeemable July 1, 1868... 15,740,000 00
Treasury notes issued prior to 1846,
payable on presentation, if con
verted into stock, under the act of
January 28th, 1847, will be re
deemable July 1, 1868 209,561 64
*64,228,238 37
Estimates.
Tbe total actual cash receipts into tbe Treasury
from all sources during the fiscal year ending 30th
June, 1850, were *43,774,848 90
The total cash expenditures for tbe
same period were. 39,355,268 69
The actual and estimated cash re
ceipts from all sources for the year
ending 30th June, 1651, arc 47,592,000 00
The actual and estimated cash ex-
penditures for the same period
amount to 53,737,547 50
The total estimated cash receipts for
the year ending 30ih June, 1852,
amount to 46,800,000 00
The total estimated cash expendi-
tures for the same period amount to. 48,124,993 19
I am well aware that these actual and esti
mated expenditures may justly be deemed
large, and therefore in submitting thorn, it ie
proper that they be accompanied by such ex
planations and statements as will distinguish
the ordinary from the extraordinary demands
upon the treasury, aud show that the aggre
gate is no greater than is demanded by a due
regard to economy and the obligations of the
Government.
I annex a table, marked H, exhibiting the
total expenditures, exclusive of payments on
account of trust funds and public debt, ex
penses of collecting the revenue from customs,
lands. &.c. t for three periods, viz:
Ist. For the years ending 30th June, 1843,
’44, ’45, or immediately preceding the Mexi
can war.
2d. For the years ending 30th June, 1846.
47 , 48. embracing the period of the war, and
3d. For the years ending 30th June, 1849,
*SO, ’sl, actual and estimated, or the three
years subsequent to the treaty of peace.
It will be seen that, for the three years prior
to the war, the aggregate expenditures, exclu
sive of trust funds, public debt, and the ex
penses of collecting the revenue from customs,
lands, Ac., were *63,833,704 93
Averaging annually. *21.277 931 64
For the three years of tbe war. 125,201,017 11
Averaging 41,733,672 37
And for the three years immediately
subsequent thereto.. 116,922,178 82
Averaging annually•• 33,974,059 61
Including the expenses of collecting the revenue from
customs, public lands, duties returned, drawbacks,
debentures, bounties, Ac., none of which have
appeared in the expenditures heretofore exhibited
prior to the 30th June, 1819. (as all these items
were, previously to that date, deducted from tbe
revenue before the latter was paid into the
_ ury. leaving only the nett, xeceipto to figure u the
annua! statememsTihe aggregate expenditures for
the first period will be Eeea to have
been *76,230,541 83
Averaging *25,410,180 61
For the second period *137,189,666 97
Averaging *45,7^9,8c8 99
And for the third period *125,106,754 18
Averaging -*41,702,251 39
It thus appears that these largely increased
expenditures commenced in the year 1845-'6,
and in consequence of the war with Mexico,
and it will be shown that by reason of our new
acquisitions of territory, and the fulfilment of
the obligations of the Government resulting
from that war, a continuance of these expen
ditures will be required for an indefinite period.
Annexed are statements (land J) showing
the total annual expenditures, exclusive of the
payments on account of (he public debt, as
made and estimated to be made under the di
rection of the several heads of Departments for
the years ending 10:h June, 1846-’7-’B’-9-'SO
- and ’52, or the seven years subsequent to
the declarat on of war with Mexico. Also
statement (K.) showing the quantities and val
ues of the public lands required to satisfy war
rants issued, and to be issued, under the sever
al acts granting lands, distinguishing, of such
expenditures and values, those occasioned by
said war from those demanded by the other
wise ordinary requirements of the Govern
ment upon the peace establishment prior to
said war. The actual and estimated expendi
tures for the seven years ending on »he 30th
June, 1852, amount to.—.. .$294,807,407 95
The expenditures i'or tbe year anding
' 30tb June, 1845, tbe year immedi
ately preceding the war with Mexi
co having been *21,380,049.3),
‘ the aggregate expenditures for the
1 seven aucceeding years upon that
, | basis would have amounted to-••• 149,660,345 52
’ I Snowing an excess over the peace es-
’ tabhshmer.t of 1945 of *145,147,062 43
This excess of expenditures is io be accounted for
) as follows :
The actual and estimated expenditures of the War
Department for seven years subeequtnt to the ae
claration of the war with Mexico, are
*117,976,495 31
. Under peace establishment of 1845, as
j before stated, they would bare been, 35.643,749 54
Excess occasioned by said war *82,232,745 77
Tbeactual and estimated expenditures
■ oi cue Navy Department amoa'jt te
*63,659,331.74, would have been aa
VOL;LXV—NEW SERIES VOD.XV-NO 2-
> par Statement L 43,600,473 61
i
Excess *19,058,858 11
| Pensions paid under acts of 1848, to
30th June, 1850 1,198,141 1?
Do. estimated for 1851 and 1852 ••• 1,525,000 0C
Indians iu new territory to 30th Juoe,
1852 204,830 40
Instalments and interest under 12th
article of treaty with Mexico 16,388,396 37
Payment of liquidated claims against
Mexico, per act 29th July, 1848««» 2,089,578 84
Renewal of diplomatic intercourse
with Mexico 37,560 61
Expenses of Board of Commissioners
oo Mexican claims-••••••••••• 44,428 39
Surrey of boundary tine between Uni-
ted States and Mexico 335.000 00
Surrey of coast of California 200,000 00
Light houses, dry-dock, custom house,
and hi a rine hospital in California*. 640,000 00
Territorial governments in Utah and
New Mexico.... 147,300 CO
Expenses of loans and Treasury notes
( w «) 150,879 41
Amount to 1852, occarioned by the
war ........................*124.252,719 09
: And for objects not included in tho
‘ auiu as Che expeediiores for 1845,
[ made in pursuaac. of hcU
Gorernm- o* during a peri-'J avbee
qeeu to and prior
te 4th March, 184$
Office deficiency aad
ffftowsr- - ' ' ~ i-.
Seventh cenpus
Erection of Patent Office 600’000 00
lying deficiencies in Post Office
Department and for Department
mail matter 1,768,752 57
expenses of collecting tbe revenue
from customs, lands, Ac., never ex
hibited in the expenditures prior to
30th June, 1849 6,813,557 95
Kxpendiluree on account ot the Smith-
eoniao Inatitute 412134 70
f funding dutiw, debentures, draw- K-’’
tacka, - -
'ldiw
To which sum of- 8138,
may be added for building light :
houses, beacons, bouys, dto 974,795 26
Marins hospitals, custom-houses, and
support thereof- 1,288,741 87
Increase of expenditures in tbe legis-
lative, executive, and judiciary De-
pirtmente the sum of- 4,205,751 50
And for miscellaneous items not enu-
merated 529,443 64
8145,147,062 43
Sum as above to 30th June, 1852, chargeable to the
m w »r-_ 8124,252,719 03
To which may be added interest on
war debt to 30th June. 1852 13.387.544 0B
uuui ouui «*uae, Id,do/,ba4 uo
Interest on war debt from 30th June,
’52, to maturity <1,173,493 38
Public lands granted and to be grant-
ed, as estimated - 17,346,750 00
Claims pending and estimated by
Third Auditor.. 765,069 37
Texas boundary stock to be issued.. 10,000,0*0 00
Interest on do. for 14 years, at 5 per
c ent 7,000,000 00
Mexican claims per treaty, stock to
be issued 3,250,000 00
Thus we have, as expenditures and
liabilities chargeable directly to said
war, and tbe acquisitions of territo
ry consequent upon the treaty of
peace, the sum of. *217,175,575 89
This does not include many claims presented
and to be presented, arising indirectly from
lhe war, their great variety forbidding even an
approximation either as to number or amount.
Statement R gives the annual expenditures
from 1828 to 1841, ranging from $12,530,846
43, iu 1828. to $25,745,776 28 in 1841, the ave
rage annual increase being $923,52356, exclu
sive of ail expenses of collecting the reven
ue, &c.
The expenditures for the four succeeding years
from 1841 to 1815, are averaged in consequence
of the change in the fiscal year, tbe average
being *22,987,411 78
A diminution in the average, as com
pared with the four preceding
years, of- 3,481,158 95
Amounting, in the aggregate, t 0.... 13,924,635 €0
The estimated expenditures for the
year ending 30ih June, 1852, are* 48,124,993 18
The expenditures under the peace
establishment of 1845, exclusive
of the public debt, were, 21,390 049 36
Excess for the year ending 30th
June 1852 *26,744,943 82
By reference to statements (S, I, M, and O,) it will
be seen that, of these estimated expenditures for
the year ending 30th June, 1852, the excess over
the expenditures of 1845, required by the War
Department in consequence of the war and our
new territories, is *6.002,658 43
Navy Department-•• 3,930,736 00
Pension acts of 1848 840,000 00
Mexican instalment A interest 3,180,000 00
Survey of boundary line- 100,000 00
Light-houses, dry dock, Ac. in Cali-
fornia 300,000 00
Territorial governments, Utah and
New Mexico 70,200 00
toms, bounties, &c. not included
>n 1845 3,484,775 04
Expenses land sales do. do 170.200 03
Patent Office 3SO,OOi> on
Payment on acc’t of the principal of
the public debt 643.548 00
Survey of the coast of California...• 100.000 00
Smithsonian Institute-i ... 30,910 14
Deficiencies in Post Office Depart-
ment 200,000 00
$23,199,148 64
By deducting this aggregate of excess
$23,199,148 64, from the aggregate estimated
expenditures fur the year ending 33th June,
1852, of $48,124,993 18, there will remain,
as the estimated ordinary expenditures, the
sum of $24,925,844 54.
Thus it will be seen that of the aggregate
expenditures, actual and estimated ; for 'he
seven years ending on the 30th Jun*. 1852.
amounting to $294,807,407 95, the sutn of
$138,148 330 18, exclusive of $13,387,544 06
interest on lhe war debt, is required to sustain
the faith of the Government, pledged or im
plied, or arising in consequence of its acta
duriug a period subsequent to 30th June,
1845, aud prior to Ist July, 1849.
Some of the object, of these estimated ex
penditures, by reason of the extended area of
territory, have been made either permanent
charges upon the Treasury, or will continue
for a long series of years, and may be stated
as follows.
Excess of expenditures of War Department;
Navy Department; Pensions; lute rest on
War Debt; Territorial Governments: Sur
vey of Boundary Line; Surrey of Coaat of
California ; Indians.
Further experience will undoubtedly result
in compelling still greater expenditures in the
fulfilment of treaty stipulations, and in con
trolling and subduing the Indians ard other
lawless bands with which our newly acquired
Territories are infested, and before there will
be that permanent emigration to and settle
ment therein of that class of our citizens so
necessary tea full development of the resour
ces and defence of that country.
These charges upon the Treasury, not found
in our expenditures in former times, arising
from our greatly expanded territorial limits,
will doubtless, for the present, press heavily,
but we may confiden ly expect au ample com
pensation for these additional burdens, in the
immense mineral wealth of our new acquisi
tions and the rich commerce which our com
manding position on the Pacific ocean open,
to the enterprise of our countrymen.
frauds upon the Revenue.
In obedience to the act of 10th May, 1800,
whereby it is made the duty of the Secretary
of the Treasury “to digest, and prepare, and
lay before Congress, at the commencement of
every session, a report on the subject of fi
nance. containing estimates of the public rev
enue and public expenditures, and plans for
improving or increasing the revenue from
time to time,” I feel it my duty, in view of
our necessarily increased expenditures and ma
turing liabilities, to submit to the wisdom of
Congress such suggestions as the present slate
ol piir country and the revenues seem to de
maad. “
We cannot overlook the fact, in our esti
mates of future revenue, that the last three or
four years have been exceptional ones ; that
we are indebted fer our large revenu.s in part
to the famine, the revolutions and the broken
down markets of Europe. Tbe ease with
which the low duties under the actoflß46 may
be reduced still lower by successful frauds and
under-valuations, combined with the causes
just stated, have induced a large excess of im
portation. But lhe markets "f Europe are
recovering their tone, the effects of the famine
are passing away, our country is filled, it ie be
lieved, to excess with foreign goods, aod it
would be contrary to all reasonable expecta
tion to look for a continuance of these large
importations.
The provisions of the act of July, 1846, have
been found insufficient for the preventioa of
frauds and undervaluations, The extent '<>
which they have been carried, and the degree
in which they have beeu rendered systematic
and complete, have been highly detrimental to
the revenue. The Department has long given
the subject of these frauds its most earnest at
tention, anil exhausted all its authority for
their prevention and detection, but they are
still of such magnitude, and so demoralizing in
their effects, as to demand the immediate in
terposition es Congress.
A special cnmmunication on this subject
was made to tbe Senate on the 26th September
last, in answer to a resolution of that body,
and as that embraced much that would other
wise be incorporated in thia report, a copy
thereof is annexed hereto.
The numerous frauds, by means of under
valuations, have been and continue to be sys
tematically perpetrated, and that they are con
fin-jd neither to one class of articles, one mar
ket, nor one port oftbe United States, this
Department has an accumulation of tbe most
undeniable evidence.
This proof, conus ting of a great variety ot
details, will with great pleasure be sub mt ted
to Congress, or any of its committees that may
be charged with the subject
Through the vigilance of the appraisers,
vast numbers of advances upou invoices have
, s een made. At Boston and New ,
number so advanced, from January, *4 » °
r October Ist, 1850, amounted to mors than
4000 (table T) ranging from 6 per cent, to up
wards ol 410 per cent. rr-u
Siafajnem U- w koit, <na
>3 !is cited as exhibiting nor only the system ,f
fraudulent undervaluations, bu tthe inequality
1 d,ffe,en ‘ P° r “ of (ha United
states under the present system. The fruit
8 was shipped by the name house about the same
•0 time, one cargo arriving at Philadelphia, one
at Mew York, and eno at Boston, the quality
u and invoice value being the same. At Phila
, delphia it passed at the invoice value ; at New
York the appraisers advanced it 75 per cant,
4 and at Boston 92 per cent., and no objeetiou
or appeal from the decision of the appraisers
1 was made.
I would respectfully and earnestly urge up-
3 on Congress to inquire fully into the practical
operation of onr present system of imposing
3 duties upon the foreign cost or values of mer-
1 chandize, being fully satisfied that the longer
. it is continued the weaker will become the re
straints npon and the stronger the induaemeat
) to the commission of frauds, by misrepresent
ing the dutiable values.
IFuys and Maaes.
The estimated receipts from customs, as pre
sented for the remainder of the current year,
and for the year ending 30th June, 1852. are
baaed upon a continuance for the present large
amount of imports. Aside from onr increased
etpcmtiwrea and “wluaive of, estimated par-,,
chav.' ate• <s have to provide so» 87,-
SS ttf.be ? Mic debt which mattfrW
will-in :-b nest iv fiscelvsara.
J? ‘ th “
in the recent war with Mexico, together with
a variety of demands arising out of that war,
present the amount of liabilities for which it
becomes the duty of Congress to provide.
Our trade with foreign nations, and Jh±-'
moneys arising from thesUss of, public '
have constituted heretofore the
which^ the annual ezpeaaeowf the GovernpMV.
has' - ana
GoiSniuiiiif, duties on imports hare boon re
garded as the least objectionable mode of rais- J
mg revenue.
By the various acts of Congress appropria- I
ting the public lands to objects which with- I
draw them from ordinary revenue purposes, 4
it is quite certain that, for several years to
come, ths Treasury must be mainly, if
not entirely, dependent for its receipts upon
duties levied upon foreign merchandize.
The act of the 28th January, 1847, ap
propriates the entire proceed of the sales of
the public lands to the payment of the principal
I and intAraaf nf th* Iman r>rmeri<4mJ Asm k«r oL-o
ana interest ot the loan provide* for by that
law.
By reference to table D, it will bo found
that the loan for the redemption of which this
fund is appropriated, amounts to $27,135,122,
the interest upon which at six per cent per
annum, is to be paid semi-annually, and the
principal on the first January, 1863.
The law recently enacted giving lands tn
those who served in the war with Mexico,
and, at the last session, to such as had served
in former wars, in addition to grants to States
for internal improvements, will undoubtedly
supply the market with the greater portion of
the lands that will be required for occupation
for many years to ceme. Thia source of rev
enue, therefore, small indeed comparatively,
but still, in the ten yean preceding 1848, avail
able for an annual average of $2,993,616 19,
should not hereafter be relied upon with
any certainty or to any considerable amount
in estimating the receipts of the Treasary.
Statement K, appended to this report,
shows, the nnmber of warrants located by the
acts to which reference has been made, and
the number yet to be located, as estimated
from the pay-rolls and other evidences on file,
with the quanitity of lands io acres, required to
satisfy them. The quantity of lands sold, and
taken from market, by virtue of those war
rants for the years 1847. 1848, and 1849, is
14,727,742 40 acres, averaging 4,909,247.46
acres par annum, valued at $18,911,134 76,
averaging $6,303,711 58 per annum.
The warrants yet to be presented under
these acts will require 78,922,513 acres rained
at $98.653140. At the above average of
4,909,247.46 acres per annum, over sixteen
years will Ise required to absorb and satisfy
the warrants yet to be issued, as estimated,
under the several bounty land acts now in
force.
There will then be diverted from the Treasu
ry, from the sale of lands the sum of $113,245,-
896, net anticipated at the date when the reve
nue law of 1846 was enacted.
This state of things imposes upon Congress
the duty of determining whether the laws now
existing, with the rates of duties imposed by
them on foreign merchandise, will produce
the amount necessary to defray the annual or
dinary expenditures of the Government, and
meet punctually the interest on the public
debt. The ability of the country to discharge
every obligation upon it, if aided by wise and
timely legislation, is unquestionable. If am
ple provision stiailbo made for the prompt dis
charge of annually a. ereiuj Itabiiitioe, the
--nublic faith,. "ill
»n micii a i,
duticThowcvcr
applie^ t many articles of trade, when
tion, or eafegirP.'tnout discrimination, rastrie
perience of this 'TH.been proved by the ex
to many and strong objecOM, to bo subject
is to cherish a spirit of overtrading wandency
jurious to the industry of our own
all its departments, and, in its final results,
fatal to the revenue. Considering this system
only in itsoperation upon revenue, it is believ
ed that the experience of the most enlightened
commercial nations of Europe has proved it to
he impolitic and unsafe. Under the operation
of the British tariff, revised in 1846. the whole
revenue derived from articles paying ad va
forsm duties has been only an average of
about £38.000 ($182,000) per annum : in a
gross receipt from customs of £22 000.0?0
($105,000,000) being less than •ntfiJtA es om
per cent, of this immense iseome from im
posts, and the evident design of Parliament
was to make ipecifi* duties the source of rev
enue from imposts, so far as it possibly could
be effected. A like policy has also always
been pursued by the other commercial nations
u s Europe.
The primary object to be kept in view in
levying duties upon imports is admitted te be
revenue. Il io equally well established as th*
policy and duty of the Government so to dis
criminate in the levying of d*rios, as, without
falling below the necessary amount of rev
enue, to give the greatest encouragement pos
sible to all the industrial pursuits of eur own
people. One feature of the law of 1846, in
the epinion of this Department, is opposed to
both the controlling priueiplosjust stated. I have
reference to an equal, er higher rate of duty
on the raw material, than upon the manufae
tured article of which it is composed. Such
provisions certainly take from the manufae
turerand artisan, that encouragement which
the present law doubtlese, to some extent,
was intended to afford, and also ehock the
importation of the raw material to a degree
detrimental to the revenue. The constant
fluctuations in prices, and consequently in the
duties, under any unrestricted ad valorem ta
riff, give to the act of 1846 that moat objection
able feature, instability. These variations,
giving a high duty whoa least required, and
low duties when prices are ruinous, tend
to an excess of importations, and subject all
the products of labor in our own country to
the frequent and euormoue fluctuations in the
markets abroad, arising from the disturbed
condition of those nations with whom our
foreign commerce is chiefly carried on.
Under the prosent system, duties are highest
when the article imported is highest, and
when the purchaser and consumer ean least
afford to pay the duty ; and lowest when the
price of the article wanted would allow a heavy
additional duty to be levied on it. Thus, if an
article costs $lO, a duty of thirty per cent,
would compel an addition of $3; if that arti
cle falls in value to $5, then is the duty re
duced one half.
That eannot be a wholesome system of tax
ation which follows the consumer in his pur
chmrev, hia£axdnmluin»rie*s are
high, and taking it off as prices fall and Til*
ability to bear it increases. If applied to ar
ticle* of subsistence, it would operate as*
heavy tax upon bread in a year of famine,
increasing with the intensity of the evil, and
gradually disappearing with the return of
abundance.
The objection to the present system, from
commercial fluctuations in prices, is constantly
forced upon the attention of the Department
by instaaoes of extreme inequality and prejudi
cial operation. The European price of iron
was, in 1846. greatly above that which baa
prevailed for the last two years. If the duties
upon bar iron have been levied in strict accord
with foreign cost, they would now be but lit
tle more than one half of what they were in
1846. By this process, besides the immense
injury inflicted upon domestic industry, our
revenue t* made to fluctuate with the acci
dents and revulsions in foreign commerce, and
these accidents and fluctuations, which origi
nate abroad, are imported with their.attondent
mischiefs.
Our revenue, as already stated, must be
mainly dependent on duties on imports.
Those imports from abroad can only be paid
for by exports made up es the products of oar
labor in all its varieties, or in the precious met
als. If oar imports shall exceed the value of
our exports abroad in any given year, to the
extent of such excesa do we create a foreign
debt. If this operation be repeated for only a
tew years, it is obvious that it will effect tbe
withdrawal from us of a quantity of the pre
cious metals equal, or nearly so, to the amount
of the accumulated debt, bringing with it bank
ruptcy in all departments of business, conse
quent inability to purchase foreign goods. an*
thus, for the time, causing • ruinous depres
sion in the receipts into the treasury. Il then
becomes equally the duly of Congress and tbe
interests of the people (if possible) so to regu
,ie imports as to confine iho importations in
to Ibis country, to an amount about equal to
Luch exported our own as can find a msrket
at re.nanerative prices abroad. The bar*
statement es the foregoing well established
laws of trade would seem to furnish a safe
guide in all legislation on th* (abject.
I: is believed that our own experience has
shewn that cur exports cannot be greatly ex
tended, as some have supposed, by lew duties
upon foreign good* m eur port*. It is a faots