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Weekly Chronicle & Sentinel.
BY WILLIAM S. JONES.
WEEKLY
Cbnmidf an^cntincl.
* >->- ■r*i£)r*r&k J dcWTau "
THE WEEKLY
CHRONICLE & SENTINEL.
b Published every Wednesday
AT TWO DOLLARS PER AKHH
IN ADVANCE.
TO CIXBB or INDIVIDUALS rending an Ten Dollar*,
SIX copie* of the Paper will be sent for one year, thn* fur
nishing the Paper at the rate of
H IX COP IK* FOB TEN DOLLARS,
or a free copy to all who may procure in five subscriber*, ami
forwanl u* the money.
CHRONICLE 8c SENTINEL
DAILY ANDTHI-WEEKLV,
Are aLo published at thi* office, and mailed to subscriber*
at the fottorring rate*, namely:
Daii.t Parra, if «entby mail, IT per annum.
Tai-Waaai.r Paraa, 4 “ “
TERHS OF ADVERTISING.
I» Wekiei.y.—Seventy-five cent* per square (10 line* or
lea*) for the Drat insertion, [and fifty cent* for each subse
quent insertion.
SPECIAL NOTICES.
|3T‘ llcsry Blanket and Flushing Over Coats."
J. M. NKWBV A CO., will close oat a lot of HEAVY BLAN
KET and FLUSHING OVER COATS at a very low price.
Aslo Sattinet Round Coat* and Pant*—Flannel Shirt*, Ac. Ac.
Those in want of Clothing for servants, can buy them low
by caling at our store, under the “United State* Hotel.’’
Ja*> ‘
«r Notice.—Cuuta's Ornc* lamuioa Occur, January
19,1852.—A1l person* interested, are hereby notified that
the Justices of the Inferior Court will meet at the Court
lloure on the first Monday in FEBRUARY next, to receive
the necessary bonds, and administer the Oatli to those Coun
ty Officers elected on the first Monday in January, 1862.
By order of the Justices of the Inferior Court.
ja'.’O-twtd 0. E. CASH IN, Dep. Clerk.
ITT To the Deaf.—Deafness, noise in the head, and
all disagreeable discharges from the ear, speedily and per
manently removed, without pain or inconvenience, by Dr.
Smith, Aurbt, of H 4 Frankfort street, New York, who may
he consulted for a few days, in his apartments, at Mr. C.
K. Muslin’s, on Greene street, one door above the Metho
dist Church.
Hours of attendance, front 10, A. M., to 4, P. M.
“ I am acquainted with Dr. Smith's treatment, and cheer
fully recommend it for it* efficacy and ease of application
P. A. WHITE,"
JalS-tf Chemist and Druggist.
Warren County.—All Teachers of
Poor Children in said County, are requested to hand in their
account*, duly authenticated, to the Clerk of the Inferior
Court, on or before the second Monday in February. “By
order of Court, this 18th day of January, ISM."
Jals wßw GEORGE W. DICKSON, Clerk.
ir Wo would reroinmond those who are troubled
with Coughs this cold weather, to procure a Dottle of Dr.
Ti tt’h Pmtoral Elixir. It Is an excellent Medicine. Bee
Advertisement dl9-tf
Mexlesn Mustang Liniment.—From rich and
poor, bond and free—all gradMucolors and conditions, the
same meed of praise is irresistibly given to this wonderful
preparation. Thousands of tattles are sold and used daily
and hut one universal opinion Is uttered by all who use it,
ami that is, that no remedy ever before discovered posses
ses such perfect healing and curative properties. It acts
like nmgic in relieving pains of any kind, no matter by
what caused, or how excruciating—dislocations of joints,
t sprains, bruises, cuts, burns, scalds, ulcers, cancers, rheu-
mutism, plies, caked breasts, or any pain, soreness, stiff
j ness, or weakness of joints, muscles, or ligaments. This
liniment is equally applicable and equally effectual in
giving immediate relief. Try it!
Hold by all Druggists in Augusta.
Jaß DR. WM. H. TIITT, Agent.
in mans, imuans.
TIIK are now selling off their Stock
of (100 i)S, in Crawford ville and Fiber ton, at Cost, and
will give bargains to all wlm call. They also offer their
HEAL ESTATE in each of the above Villages for Bale.
They offer, In Elberton, the well known TAVERN LOT, ft>r
merly owned by Mrs. Oliver. They also request all those
who are indebted to them, to call and settle immediately, or
they will find their notes ami accounts in the hands of an
Attorney for collection. BLOMAN, HENRY & CO.
Ja2o-wßm
NOTE LOST
rOHT OH HTOLEN, from me In Burke
J county, it POCKET BOOK, containing a Ipfe;; "-1
Note of One Hundred and Tell Dollar*, dated |t3jjp9*,fij
October It, 1851, made by Michael King, pay- luHiSBBB)
able to Timothy Donovan. I forewarn all persons against
trading for said Note. jaHU-tf TIMOTHY DONOVAN.
ni'RCBANTH AND PLANTERS
rxriLL I’LIMBE TAKE NO- „
y\ TICK of the price* JOHN vCS, - - ... f
M A YIIKK A 00., will sell the following
articles, delivered on the vessel in
New York:
No. lot* Stocked PLOWS, (a good article) *1.12)4 each.
“ 104 “ “ “ *1.25
" 12V “ “ “ *1.50 “
“ 18)4 “ “ » *2.50 “
Tlnch “ “ " *1.25 "
II “ “ “ « *1.50 “
14 “ “ “ “ *1.50 “
15 “ “ “ “ *1,75
Other kinds of PLOWS in proportion.
POINTS, HEELS and BEAMS, together with all sines of
GIN' GEAR, or other CASTINGS, 2* ct*. per Ih.
CORN 81IKLLER8, with Balance Wheel, *4.50 each.
CORN SIIKI.I.EIIS, with two Balance Wheels, *5 each.
STRAW CUTTERS,Hovey’s No. 1,*0: No. 2, *7; and No.
3, *B.
All warranted to give entire satisfaction. Persons wish
ing any of the above articles will please send us tliclr or
ders. JOHN M A Yll Ell & CO.,
jaS-2w 197 Water Street, New Y'ork.
MEDICAL HOOKS.
CIHGICAIMNATOMY, by Joseph _/=>=*_
k* Maelise, Fellow of the Royal College of L
Surgeons, with sixty-eight colored plates. oLSftgS* jv
Operative Surgery, based on Normal and '■JRaußffiiW
Pathological Anatomy, by J. F. Malgaigne; Translatcd
frinu the French hy,Predcrick Britton, A. 8., M. D., M. R.
C. S. L. I 1
The Pocket Formulary, and Synopsis of tho British and
Foreign Pharmacopoeias, by Henry Beasley. For sale by
jail JOSEPH A. CARRIE A CO.
LEATHER, LASTS, SHOE PEGS, FINDINGS, AC.
IL'tiT HEUEIVED, a large supply of Hem
lock, and Oak Sole LEATHER, Band and Pick- gift*
or LEATHER, Upper and Lace LEATHER, Calf fWS
and Kip SKINS, Lining und Binding SKINS, Kid ' Ra
mul Top SKINS.
—ALSO—
KNIVES, PINCERS, NIPPERS, RASPS, AWLS, HAM
MERS, PUNCHES, Lasting TACKS, SPARABLES, French
KIT, Silo STICKS, Measure STRAPS, Isrng STICKS, Pump
STICKS, Sand STONES, Splitting and Eyelet MACHINES,
Hull’s Bull Shoe THREAD, TWIST, Boot WEBBING, Boot
CORl), Shoe LASTS, Shoe PEGS, Boot TREES, CLAMPS,
CRIMPS, Uraining BOARDS, Ac.
FORCE, CONLEY A CO.
jalS Opposite Insurance Bank.
WILLIAM HORSLEY, JR.,
WIIOI.KKAI.K AND RE- , ...
Bltj] TAIL DEALER IN Bool'S W-3H T i'iJ
fBl AND SHOES, keeps constantly —lh) n
* trws on hand, the best article for re-
tailing, various descriptions of Mens’, Boys’, ladies’, Misses’,
and Children’s. Also Plantation and Kip Brogans. South
side Broad street, Augusta, Georgia. J*B-ly
BOOTS AND SHOES
TIIK CHEAPEST EVER
i 'id \. ofibred in Augusta. The sub- all
LI \ serlber begs leave to return fBl
sincere thanks to his friends 1
and the public generally for Iheir kind aud lilieral patrouge
bestowed on him, and hopes, by an untlinching jiersever
ance to merit the same for the future, being desirous to
call the attention of the eitiiens of Augusta, anil ils
vicinity, to Ids splendid Stock of Gents’, Ladies', Misses’.
Boys’ und Childrens'
BOOTS A SHOES,
which lie will sell wholesale and retail, cheaper than any
ever offered in this city. Please call and examine, as hU
Goods will lie freely shown and only one price asked.
500 pair ladies' laced OAITERS, at 95 cents per pair.
N. It.—A handsome lot of Travelling and Packing
TRUNKS, VALIKOHS, and CARPET BAGS, always on
hand. JAMES DAI.Y.
Store on the South side of Broad Street, and nearly op
posite the Eagle A Phooenix Hotel. 021-6 m
JUST RECEIVED.
AT my new Stand, second
\ door above A. Frederick’s Con- ffll
L V fectionary, formerly occupied by gWI
L. C. Warren A Co— 1 VRL
1,000 pair Negro SHOES, No. 1, Wood’s make ;
800 do. Women’s Loa’r BOOTS, No. 1 Wooil’s make ;
800 do. Misses' Leather BOOTS, No. 1 Wood’s make ;
ALSO,
Miles A Rogers’ Wster Proof BOOTS ;
With a general assortment of Ladies, Misses' and Chil
dren's SHOEs, of all descriptions. For sale by
till H. K. CLARKE
DANCING PUMPS. GAITERS, AC.
W JUST RECEIVED-
\ Boy's Dancing PUMPS; CM]
Ljf V Boy’s Dancing GAITERS; fll
Youth’s Dancing PUMPS ; *
do. do. GAITERS;
ALSO
• Gent’s fine Calf Dress BOOTS ;
do. do do. Steel Shank BOOTS ;
do. do. Cloth do. do do.;
do. do. Water Proof do.;
da da quilted bottom do.;
ALSO
ladies’. Misses’, Boy’s and Children’s SHOES and
BOOTS, of every description. FORCE, CON LEY A CO.,
n 3 opposite Insurance Bank.
TO MY LADY PATRONS.
I HAVE received a fresh supply _
/W \ of Ladies’ thick sole GAITERS,UR]
which will lie sold lower than any WNF v
offered in Augusta. *
BOOTS and SIIORS.
—: also:—
RUBBERS, TRUNKS, VALISES, and SATCHELS.
Cliiklreu amt Servants’ BOOTS and SHOES, in great vari
ety, all of which will be sold low.
Call and examine for yoursetf.
&r Opposite Bridge Bank Buildings, Broad st.
<»* «• L. BYMMOKS.
PRICK «FCANDY HKDI cm
CENTS * Pound is our price for CANDY,
I in boxes, with the usual areortment, manufactured of
the best Sugar. jal.'i LAMBACK A COOPER.
BLAKE’S FIRE PROOF PAINT.
rpHE sjbecriber has just received SO bbls. of this|Paint
A which is the cheapest, most durable, and safest article
In use. To a house covered with this Paint, there is no
danger of fire. In a few month* after being applied, it
turns to stone, thereby affording a complete protection
against the weather and fire. For tale by
j : ,7 WM. H. TUTT, Druggist.
~ CAITPAILA
DURAND'S SUPERIOR FRENCH BITTERS.
manufactured by J. Durand A 00., Paris.—The above
bitters mav be used with Wine, or any Spirit*. It t*. also, a
pleasant drink, as it is strengthening to the bowels, and a
certaiucure for the Dyspepsia, Debility, Weakness of the
Chert, and every complaint arising from a derangement of
llie syrtem. Also a certain cure for Chid* and Fever*.
A. VON DOHIENS, Agent For Durand A Co.
Fur sale wholesale by
GIRARDY A PARKER,
42 If Agents for J. Van Doblen.
POETRY.
From the LoviiriU* Journal.
To my Mother fa Heaven it maiy ibal
I’m thinking of the time, mother.
When, on thy bended knee.
Thy low, heart-thrilling voice waa raked
To God in prayer for me—
That, were it Ilia afl-boly will
That death should call thee home,
He'd guide my youthful step# aa through
Ufe’a tangled paths I roam.
I could not understand, mother.
Why sorrow should oppress
Thy heart, or cast upon thy brow
Buch shades of deep distress.
But now 1 know the agony
That wrings a mother's heart,
When gating on her darling ones,
And thinking they must part.
My life was like a dream, mother,
A joyous dream of lore,
Till thy Fattier summoned the away
To thy home of rest above;
My eighth bright summer scarce had corns
To glad me with its bloom.
Ere the blighted flowers of spring had shed
Their fragrance o’er thy tomb.
That sad and dreary morn, mother,
Is fresh in memory yet;
The morn that made ine motherless,
Oh how can I forget ?
Yet it were wrong to grieve for thee,
Thour’t free from life’s dark cares,
And the widow’s Hope, the orphan’s friend,
Hath answered all thy prayers.
Oh many a bitter tear, mother,
Os anguish have I shed.
As ’neath a heartless kinsman’s roof
I bill my orphan head ;
And when my heart with grief was full
I thought upon thy love,
Till it seemed as if thy soft blue eys
Bmiled on me from above.
Oh often do I look, mother,
# Buck to my girlhood’s days.
And wonder how 1 passed unscathed
Thro’ youth’s bewildering maze,
Without a mother’s holy voice
To warn me or approve ;
No sister dear—no gentle friend,
Thy homeless child to love.
And as often do I think, mother,
That, though thou want in heaven,
Free from the toils and cares of earth,
Btill, still to thee was given
The power to watch thy orphan child,
And guide her from afar,
That a mother’s holy love might be
Through life her Bethlehem-star.
Oh would that thou could’st know, mother,
How kind a friend is given
Thy child, raethinks ’twould glad thy h *art,
E’en where thou art in Heaven.
Perhaps ’tis so—l will believe
Thy spirit hovering near,
Btill blessing him who cherishes
And loves thy daughter here.
A Legend of the Opal.
A Peri from her sea-girt cave
Was wand’ring on a summer even,
When white-caps crowned each swelli: i wave
And clouds were on the face of heave a.
Her hark of light and fairy form
Was anchored near a silvery strand,
While heedless of the comiug storm
Bhc roamed along the sparkling suml.
When sun, and sky, and water smiled,
Often she sported on the shore,
But never had this ocean child
Beheld her Father’s wrath before.
The black cloud hurst! the lightning flashed !
Down rushed the floods of beating ruin,
While billows caught the roar, and dashed
Their thundering echoes back again.
As when in some deep wood, to hide,
A bright und timid bird has down,
Amid this strife of wind and tide
The Peri stood, and watched alone !
Till the mad tempest ceased to rave,
Hushing awhile its demon yell,
Ami winds had muttered to each wave,
In moauing blasts, a low farewell.
Then, where dark clouds so late had driven,
And rolling thunders fiercely spoke,
Now sunlight, through the gates of Heaven,
In streams of softest splendor broke.
And sec, where drop and sunbeam met,
That beauteous arch, serenely proud,
As if some son of light had set
A seal of glory on the cloud.
It might be that a Seraph's wing
Had swept along the moistened air,
And left its mingled hues to cling
And beam, a glittering circlet there.
The Peri gazed with ecstacy
Ul>on the rainbow’s graceful form;
For ne’er till now beheld her eye
, This brilliant of the sun and storm.
She ran to clasp within her anus
# The oand of soft and dreamy light,
But lo ! as on she sped, its charms
Fl.tt faster from her eager sight.
“ Alas!” she cried, 44 beneath the wav#
How many gems of beauty lie,
Yet none so fair, within my cave,
Aw this rich jewel of the sky.
44 Oh ! could I seize that mystic gieam,
The inconstant lustre which I see,
Or of that bow but one soft beam,
To bear beneath the waves with me! ”
And as her tears her grief proclaim,
Filling her sad ami downcast eye,
The angel of the rainbow came,
For she had heard the Peri’s sigh.
41 List, daughter of the dark blue sea,
Bright spirit of the restless deep,
A gem of light I’ll give to thee,
Then mourn no more, and cease to weep.”
The angel paused—then drawing near,
One lucid drop she quickly stays ;
And, crystalised, that Peri’s tear
Flushed with the rainbow's countless rays.
The spirit faded from her sight,
But who the Peri’s joy can tell?
When with its heart of prisoned light,
An Opal on her bosom fell !
And thus a mystic name in story
This gciu has borne for many a year,
Blending with all the rainbow’s glory
An ocean spirit’s pearly tear. Rosa.
[From Sartain’s Magazine.]
The Student.
Alone he sat. His broad ami lofty brow
Was bent upou his thin, pale hand ; his lock#
Os jet hung o’er it with a darkened shade;
His black and glistening eye gleamed with some deep
And juid and earnest thought; his cheek was white—
White as the Parian stone; his quivering lip
Was blanched to Death’s own hue; and the blue veins
That branched along his temples seemed to throb
With the strong spirit’s fever.
All alone,
In the dim twilight’s calm and solemn hour,
He sat ami mused upon his far-off home,
His happy childhood’s faded years, and all
The beauty and the glory that had passed
With them forevermore. He sadly thought
Os his sweet sister, with her golden hair
Btreaming and waxing on the morning wind—
Il s bold young brother sporting at his side,
With a free shout, as joyous as the sound
Os bright, glad waters, leaping to the sheen
Os early spring—his mother’s gentle kiss,
Her slid, sweet smile, her holy words of lovfr—
His gray-haired father’s fervent blessing, breathed
With quivering lip, at the last parting hour.
When his own tears fell like the summer rain—
And A*»/•, the dearer still, whose soft, blue eye,
Through dark and gloomy years, had been to him
The day-star of his being. Ay, he thought
Os these, all sleeping in the church-yard now,
And ’mid Ids mournful musings he forgot
The world, his many triumphs, and his wild
And maddening love of fame, that in the dim
And distant future might make melody,
Dear melody for his now lonely ear,
And then he bowed his strong and lofty heart,
And ’mid his sail ami holy memories, wept
llis stern, dark Pride away.
From his deep trance—
His long, deep trance of memory, love and grief—
He started up, and clenching his |>ale hands
In strong resolve, he raised his eyes to Heaven,
And moved his thin and bloodless lips, and vowed
To w in a name a nation should adore—
To write it on the broad and glorious scroll
Os living greatness. Then, as o’er his heart
The vision stole with bright and burning power,
That w ould not be controlled, he smiled, and quelled
The rushing tide of passion's blood, anti pressed
The one bright |Hcture to his breast—the dear,
Prized picture of his future glory.
High
Among the foremost of his country’s sons
That student stands. The wild and stormy souls
Os multitudes bow to his master will,
Even as the sheaves the dreaming patriarch saw,
Bo win! to the master sheaf. Each lightning flash
Os his sublime and glorious intellect
Is followed by the k>ng, loud thunder-peal
Os popular acclaim. Lone and bereft
In heart, he sways a mighty people’s hearts,
And moves majestic in his pride or place.
Lord of the realm’s applause. Ah, little know
The idolizing world the hitter throes
That rend his soul, the weary woe he bears
Without a word or sign. His power and fame
Are all they know or wish to know. No eye
Save God’s may see him in his solitude,
Wheu ’mid the holy stillness of the night,
He turns from all life’s glittering pomp away,
And weeps and sobs, ay, like a very child.
MATTIB.
"miscellanys
Thk Great Cities. — Hunt's Merchants' Magazine
for November, contains an interesting aud in
structive article “on the growth of townspn the
United States.” It shows tliat during the last ten
years, the growth of cities lias been more rapid
than during any previous ten years of the coun
try's history. ' Ever since 1790, New York has
doubled itself every fifteen years. At tliat time
it contained but 38,000 people. Now, with its
suburban dependencies it contains 660,000. Bos
ton and suburbs, in 1790, contained 80,000 people.
Its average period of duplication has been 21 years
and it now contains, with its suburban cities and
villages, 212,000. Taking the increase of the
population for the past ten years as a basis
of calculation, the period of duplication would
be, in New Y'ork, twelve years; Philadelphia,
twelve and one-half; Baltimore, thirteen and one
half ; Boston, twelve. If this rate of increase shall
continue for twelve years now to come, or rather
from 1850 to 1562, 2*ew York will contain 1,800,000
souls, aud Boston 424,000.
Between 1825 and 1880, the city of Boston gain
ed only 8,000 in population, and jo, 000,000 in val
uation; while from 1845 to 1850—twenty years la
ter—the population ; increased 24,000, and the val
uation $45,000,0<X>, The taxable property of Bos
ton, for the last ten years, has been increasing at
the rate of ten per cent, a year. The State valua
tion of Boston in ISSO, #214,000,000, and should
the rate of increase be the same for the next ten
years, that it lias for the lost ten, the State valua
tion will, in 1860, be $428,000,000, an amount lar
ger than tlve present valuation of all the New En
gland States, leaving out Massachusetts I Verily,
there are giants in these days.
A correspondent of the Lowell Courier, writing
'• front Seituate, chronicles the death on the 22d ult.,
i of Mrs. Sarah l’inson, aged 108 years and 4 months,
t She was the wife of die late Simeon Pinson, of the
1 same town—and the last revolutionary soldier in it
r —who died March 22d, 1850, aged 96 years and 8
months. It will be observed that their joint ages
make precisely two eentures—2oo years. They
were both born on the 22d dav of the month, ana
both died on the 22d.
From the Newark Daily Advertiser.
Winter Evening* in the Country.
The Farmer’s life is not aa dismal as many ima
gine. The country is not overcast with a mantle
of sack-doth as often represented. If it has some
dark shadows, it has also luminous ones. If there is
about it some repulsive features, there are others
lovely and attractive. And if hi* life has toils and
hardships, he has seasons of rest and buoyancy.
The former give him competence and independ
ence ; and the latter give him an opportunity ibr so
cial and intellectual pleasure. The mechanic may
well say, what an easy life the farmer has, when
looking in upon him during the long evenings of
winter. If agriculturists were to improve all the
advantages for good living, and for social and men
tal pre-eminence within their reach, it may be affir
med with confidence that no other sphere of life
offers so many attractions. It is not my purpose
here to speak of the value of agriculture and
those who pursue it as a branch of productive
labor, compared with other branches, but sim
ply of such value appertaining to domestic en
joyments and intellectual pre-eminence.
It is indeed true that the country has no public
amusements to occupy the time in winter evenings
like those in the city. Here are no theatres, no
balls, no assemblies, no museums, and rarely any
large parties for pleasure, nor public lectures.—
Hence families in the country must provide each
for themselves their own amusements. It was for
merly the ease that the female portion of the family
was as much occupied in the evening as by day
light. Then the wtiiz of the spinning wheel and tfie
clatter of the shuttle, as well as the perpetual
snapping of the knitting needles, told how true it
was that woman was the help-meet for man. But
those days have sped, probably no more to return.
The reocollection of them is like a dreary. Weal
most doubt whether it was reality or fiction. Now
other devices are to be conjured up, other agencies
are to be brought into requisition to render the
country fire-side cheerful.
The female mind is wonderfully plastic. A fe
male ennui would boa rare novelty. Inactivity
is no more an attribute of the female hand or fing
ers than of the female tongue. The sewing needle
is now the implement of women in the country for
rendering winter evenings of value to them, as well
as to keep at a distance the stupid and sluggish de
meanor of those who have no employment.
It is, however, for the male portion of the family
that we at present are laboring to provide. What
are they to do for pleasure or profit, while the fe
males are intent on embroidery or plain sewing i
With few exceptions, they have been accustomed in
the long evenings of winter, to have no regular oc
cupations of body or mind, and the consequence
has been that they generally acquire a demeanor
denoting nought of sprighthness or intelligence.—
How could it he otherwise ? The mind and the
body unoccupied manifest a tendency to drowsi
ness and sleep, or to a state of intellectual torpor
that is absolutely degrading to a rational being.—
An evil so desreputable and ruinous should be
eschewed. It is unnecessary. Every one may pro
vide against it. To assist in doing this is what we
now have to say, and we sincerely hope all to whom
we address these few remarks will read them and
profit from them. If so, our labor will rceeivo an
adequate reward.
The amount of leisure at the command of the far
mer for one half of the year,is an ample equivalent
for the severitv of his toils the other half of it, and
if appropriated to mental improvement, will ulti
mately raise him to the first ranks of intelligence,
respectability, and honor. But few realize how
much may tfius be accomplished in this way. We
would have it a standing regulation in every farm
er’s family, that at an eurlv hour each evening all the
members of it shull be collected about tho firesido;
the females at their domestic labors, and the males
reading to them and to each other from books, ma
gazines, or newspapers. If, however, there are
young ladies in the family, or female children of an
age to road with propriety, they should take their
rotation in doing it. By such habitual exercises all
will become good readers—one of the most pleasing
and useful accomplishments in life, and the want of
it not unfrequentlv occasioning the greatest morti
fication to those who cannot read well. Being able
to perform well on tho piano-forte, or the being
skilled in drawing or dancing, insof ioomparably
loss value than being able to entertain for two or
tlirco hours the family circle by a clear and distinet
enunciation and an impressive cadence; when rea
ding to them from some work of merit in eit her of
the great departments of literature, history, biogra
phy, belles-lettros, poetry, religion, and' philoso
■’“ft, voting Indies to do this is to occupy a promi
nence in society honorable to thoir own sex, and to
exercise over the other sex an influence and witch
ery not otherwise attained. To be a listener to a
young lady in the farm-house of a winter evening,
with a countenance ruddy with health, when read
ing Milton or Shakspeare, or Miss Edgeworth, and
to observe every now and then tho piercing glance
of her black eye, or the melody of her full voice, is
to shrink before her in willing admiration, and to
feel upon tho deep recesses of her soul a thrilling
and respons ivo pathos.
It would be difficult to imagine a scene of more
absorbing interest and loveliness than that of an
older daughter, of comely form and graceful man
ners; just advanced to tlie stature of womanhood,
reading in this way to her father and mother, bro
thers and younger sisters, for an entire evening.
The individual not enraptured with such a scene
must be destitute of taste, and of the power to ap
preciate tho human character in its greatest lovli
ness. The ordinary amusements of city life, com
pared to this, are insipid, to say tho least; and the
ability to excel in it denotes a mind of the highest
order.
Tlie Foreign Policy of the United States.
The following preamble and resolution, intro
duced in the House of Representatives of our
State Legislature by Mr. Clarke; of Stewart, have
been adopted almost unanimously :
It has been the policy of the American Govern
ment from its earliest existence to maintaiu friend
ly relations with all, but entangling alliances with
none. Our true mission is not to propagate our
opinions or impose upon other countries our form
of Government by artifice or force; but to show
by our success, moderation and justice, the bles
sing of self-government, and the advantages of
free institutions. Let every people choose for
themselves, and make and alter thoir political in
stitutions to suit their own condition and circum
stances. In proclaiming and adhering to the
doctrine of neutrality and non intervention, the
United States have not followed tlie lead of other
civilized nations, but, have taken the load and been
followed by others. These great principles, pro
claimed in tho duys of Washington and Jefferson,
are the great American principles upon which our
government has ever stood. Tlie fame and dis
tinction to which we have attained as a people—
the great blessings which we have dispensed to the
world, in affording an asylum for tlie oppressed
every where, forbid that we should, for a moment,
cherish tlie idea of abandoning those principles. We
sympathise with the oppressed ; we tender them
a homo ; but never will we join witli the ambitious
or revengeful in a crusade against other nations,
however much they may have oppressed their citi
zens. A departure from this safe and correct rule
would involve the government in endless disputes
and endless wars, tlie result of which the wisest
statesmanship could not foresee.
Our policy should be to observe good faith and
justice towards all nations ; cultivate peace and
harmony witli all. Against the insidions wiles of
foreign influence, the jealousy of a free people
ought to be constantly awake; since history and
experience prove that' foreign influence is one of
tlie most baneful foes of republican governments.
In extending our commercial relations, we
should have as little political connection as possi
ble with foreign nations. Why, by interweaving
our destiny witli that of any part of Europe, en
tangle our peace and prosperity in the toils of
European ambition, rivalsliip, interest, humor or
caprice ?
Rtsolvfd by tlie Senate and Houso of Represen
tatives of the State of Georgia in General Assem
bly met, That His Excellency tho Governor be re
quested to forward the foregoing declaraton of
principles to our Senators and Representatives in
the Congress of tho United States, with the request
that they may be laid before their respective Houses
as the opinions of the people of Georgia as to the
policy of our Government; and tliat a copy bo sent
also to the President of the United States.’
New Printing Press. —Every few weeks wc aro
entertained with some glowing description of some
new invention in printing press machinery; some
extraordinary discovery which is to work wonders
in its way, astonish the world, printers and “the
rest of mankind,” by its speed, beautiful work and
extreme cheapness. The notice serves as a sort of
nine days wonder, passes around the routine of the
press, and nothing more is ever heard of the press
or the distinguished inventors who are succeeded by
some other equally novel and important improve
ment. These remarks have been suggested by
reading within a few minutes, the following par
agraphs, whliieh wc arc inclined to consider rather
more speculative than real:
Xrtc Kind of Printing Prttt. —Mr. Joel B. Nor
throp of Syracuse, has invented a Power Press
which will cost only s6*lo. and print 500 impres
sions an hour. It has been examined and is higlily
eommended. by I). Fanshaw. 11. Ludwig, E. B.
Clayton, R. Graighead, John Windt, and Oliver &
Bro’thers, of New York, —Thnrlow Weed, and
John Munsell, of Albanv, and other eminent mem
bers of the craft. It will be seen that the capacity
for business and price of this press, must cause it
to supersede the ordinary hand press altogether.
It is an invaluable desideratum for countiy offices.
Mr. Moutague, editor and publisher of the Pitts
field “ Eaglr , has invented a power press, on
which he now prints his paper. We understand it
will print 2,000 sheeta the hour, the forms being
fastened in an upright position, and the impression
given by a cylinder. It may be worked by steam
or hand power, and can be made at a cost 'of #650
for single cylinders, and #750 for double cylinders.
Memphis and Charleston Railroad.— Wo learn
from Mr. J. Mercer Wright, first assistant engineer
on this road, that the contractors have succeeded
in their labors as well, if not better than could
have been expected from the unfavorableness of
the weather for the past month. There are over
four hundred laborers now at work in different
gangs on the road, and a sub-contractor, who has
heretofore not been at work, commences this
week, with a gang of fifty, which will make
the whole force at work on the fifty miles be
tween this citv and LaGrange, between four
hundred and fifty aud five hundred men. There
are a number of men along the line, through
whose property it passes, who are dissatisfied with
its location, and are using all their endeavors to
oppose and obstruct the men m their work, unless
they are paid exorbitant prices for land which
in many instances is almost, worthless. —JKsnp/tt*
EagU. '
The Boston papers describe a new Bank security,
called the Chronometer Lock, now on exhibition m
that city. The lock in fastening is set bv a scale at
the number of hours required, the door then dosed
and cannot be again opened until the time expires,
unless the‘work* should stop, in which case it may
be unfastened by means of the said improvement,
the same not operating at any other time, either to
cause the movement to stop or allow tlie door to be
opened while it is in operation.
AUGUSTA, UA., WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 21, 1852.
K (Mouth and Cap*. Loag.
Among the multiplicity and contradictory state
ments from Washington and New York, as to what
were the actual personal relations between Koau-nt
and Capt. Lons, it is exceedingly difficult, nay, quite
impossible, to arrive at truth. Nor indeed do wo
consider the subject a matter of sufficient impor
tance to authorize the inditing a paragraph, but
that we have published a dispatch to the Baltimore
Sun, saying K. had actually challenged Capt. L-,
bat had subsequently apologized, and thettnatter
waa satisfactorily adjusted. The New York Timft,
a Freesoil Kossuth organ, denies this statement,
and proceeds to give a very different version of tlie
affair, as follows:
We stated day before yesterday that diligentyri
rate use Is constantly made of the dispatches trom
Captain Long, Commodore Morgan and Consul
Hodge, oiufiie in the Department, to injure Kossuth,
and to produce upon the minds of influential per
sons the impression that he had conducted himself
in an unbecoming manner on board the Mississippi.
The Austrian agents at Washington are becoming
stimulated into more open movements for the same
object. Those dispatches arc, of course, supposed
to be kept secret. No common person would be
permitted to read them. And yet they have been
read, and their contents are known to "the malign
ers of Koa&uth.
The statement that Kossuth challenged Captain
Long is a purs fabrication. We make this denial
distinctly and upon reliable authority. Nothing of
the sort took plate. We shall see how the Sun's
correspondent will meet it.
The Herald in this city, having made all it can by
glorifying Kossuth and advocating his cause, is
now playing its usual unprincipled "game by turn
ing againstliim. It gives the following in a letter
from Washington:
Washington, Thursday, Jan. 5.
Previous to Kossuth's arrival in this" country, 1
stated to you that dispatches had been received by
thc Government, giving an account of his conduct
on board the Mississippi, and which were calcula
ted to damage him in the opinion of the people of
the United States. With a view, probably, to avoid
all appearance of hostility to the Magyar; tlie sub
ject was dropped; and, wheu tlie Mississippi ar
rived at New York, one of its officers went so far
as to denounce, in toto, the injurious imputations.
But the subject is now attracting attention here, and
there is no donbt Congress will call for all tlie in
formation in possession of the President. The
most important dispatches are in the State Depart
ment, and they consist of communications from
Captain Long to Consul Ilotlge, and the Consul's dis
patches to the Department. In addition to these, the
Xavy Department has on fie dispatches from G/m
--ln/xbrre Morgan and Captain Long. These dispatches
fully confirm aU the accounts which have been sent
from Marseilles by your correspondent, and detail a
series of insults on the part if Kossuth and his suite,
to the officers of the Mississippi, which nothing but
the forbearance of thsse insulted, the peculiar po
sition in which they were placed, and the partial
apologies of Kossuth, could have prevented from
being summarily punished. The Captain, Consul,
and others concerned, deserve credit for their mag
nanimous forbearance ; and, as an act of justice to
them, the correspondence should be called for.
Thia is explicit, at all events. We have no doubt
that it gives a correct statement of the contents of
tlie dispatches referred to. We have no doubt that
Consul Hodge wrote to the Department precisely
what the attache wrote to this country. We have no
doubt that Commodore Morgan, who never saw
Kossuth but about au hour in Ills life, wrote to the
Department just wiiat Captain Long told him. And
we nave no doubt that Captain Long, in his dis
patches, did everything in his power to throw the
blame of his own misconduct upon Kossuth and
his companions. All this was to be expected.
The official reports doubtless represent Kossuth in
the worst possible light.
We hope they will be published, and that speed
ily. Let them lie seen by the public, and then we
shall soon bring their assertions to the test.
Wo repeat; what we have already said, that the
charges of misconduct brought against Kossuth arc
utterly false: that, on the contrary, he, and his
wife, and his companions, were treated by- Captain
Long with the utmost disrespect and insolence; that
Kossuth, under tho treatment he experienced, and
especially smarting under an insult received from
Captain Long, declared his intention to leave the
ship; and that he was induced to remain only by
the remonstrances of the officers, and by an apology
from Captain Long. It will bo very easy to say
that all this is untrue; the official dispatches will
probably convey an entirely different impression.
But they are true, nevertheless.
The Herald writer talks about insults “ offered
by Kossuth and Ids suite to the officers of the Mis
sissippi.” Now it is a fact of which evon ho must
bo aware, that, with one single exception, Cuptaiu
Long was not sustained or countenanced by his
officers. They all wrote letters to Kossuth, express
ly disavowing all sympathy with the course of
Captain Long, and assuring him of their entire
respect and confidence.
We trust those officers, one or all of them, will
take steps to prevent the success of the attempts
now in progress to injure them, as well as the illus
trious guest whose cause they espoused even
against their commanding officer. Let all the facts
of the ease he published. They will not only acquit
Kossuth of all these slanderous charges made
against him, but they will conviot Captain Long of
oonduot unbecoming his position, and calculated to
reflect gross discredit upon the American service.
Arctic Phenomena.
In a series of lectures delivered at Washing
ton by Dr Kane,, Surgeon of the Grinnol Expedi
tion in search of Sir John Franklin, some of the
most interesting phenomena observed are thus ad
verted to:
The Polar XiglU.~- With the cold came dark
ness. The long night stole gradually upon our
voyagers, and at last the clear heavens" shone out
perpetually with unchanging stars. The pole star
was so noar ly overhead as to appear in the abso
lute zenith and around it the “great vault of hea
ven revolved with perpetual twinkle.” At last,
however, tlie night passed away, and almost by an
immediate transition, day came upon them. ’ Dr.
Kane said this short period of alternation, giving
them as it did tho familiar day and night of home,
was full of painful associations.
At this time many peculiar phenomena wero no
ticed. Among these stood prominently.
Parascalinoe and Lunar Halos. —The moon was
obsorved surrounded by two concentric circles,
each intersected by luminous bands passing
through her disc. Dr. Kane has seen at one time
six imitative moons, aping, thougii feebly, the
great satellite.
The Aurora. —ThiH was not the display, either
of color, or illumination, or movement, 'which is
seen in more southern latitudes. Dr. Kane men
tioned that he had observed the aurora arcs di
rectly overhead, nearly coincident with the mag
netic meridian. They were then north of the mag
netic pole of our eartfi,, and the south polar direc
tion was read by tlie compass as north. In other
words, their magnetic variation was 180 deg.
Parhelia. —Witli the daylight came the parhelia,
or mock suns. These, like the parselinw, or mock
moons,were full of variety. The lecturer very
properly observed tliat it was a sort of profanation
to attempt to describe a sky traversed with rain
bows and glittering witli imitative suns.
Refraction.. —Last of these most interesting dis
plays came “refraction that form of it so well
Known to us under the name of mirage.” The
marvels of this wonderful illusion, although sus
tained by the united experience of all Arctic voya
gers, surpass the conceptions of the reality. Sara
cenic cities glittered in the purples of the low sun
light;” ocean steamers fumed in the vibrating dis
tance. All these were described with poetic yet
truthful force of detail.
Naval Preparation. —The Norfolk Herald learns
that orders have been issued by the Navy Depart
ment at Washington, directing the commanders of
tho yards at the several stations to report the cost
of repairing and fitting out certain vessels now in
ordinary. At tlie Gosport yard, directions have
been given to get ready with all possible despatch
the U. S. sloops St. Louis and Levant, likewise to
examine the U. S. frigate United States, and sloop
of war Fairfield, and ascertain what time would be
necessary to get them in condition for service.
The Herald thinks tliat these are indications that
the government is not exactly satisfied with the ex
isting state of affairs on the other side of the Atlan
tic, and it felt a little apprehension lest it might be
involved in some difficulty in the event of a rup
ture among the European powers. It is thougnt
that Mr. Secretary Graham has acted with becom
ing prudence and sagacity, in preparing to meet
any contingency tliat mav arise from the bursting
of the cloud, already surcharged, on the opposite
continent. We have an extended commerce, and
every moans should be afforded for ita protection
Florida Indians.— lt appears that the Indiaa
Chief, Billv Bowlegs, or more properly William B.
Legs, is becoming somewhat restless. The St.
Augustine Ancient City learns from an authentic
source, that he has recently visited Tampa, and
called on the commanding officer there to send a
force to take or drive in a number of “ out-liers.”
He says they wholly refuse to obey his authority,
and he expresses fears that they will do mischief
and involve his people in trouble.
The Ancient City thinks the said William B. is
playing a trick of some sort. It places no confi
dence in his professions, and believes he is indis
posed to emigrate to the West.— Ear. Rep.
ArpoixTWENTs bv THE GOVERNOR.—Maj. Lewis
Zachary of Newton, Principal Keeper Penitentiary;
CoL —— Gholston of Madison county, Book Keep
er; Col. P. Fair, Inspector; C. J. Paine. Physician;
Elton Starke, Military Store Keeper at Savannah;
Benj. Cooke, Military Store Keeper at Milledge
ville; Anthony Newson, Captain of State House
Guard.
Col. Wm. Turke, of Franklin, has been appoint
ed by the Principal Keeper, Assistant Keeper of
the Penitentiary.
W. H. Mitchell, J. U. Horne, and A. H. Kenan,
the Commissioners to wind up the affairs of the
Central Batik.—.SbuMem Recorder.
The wheat crop of Pennsylvania, in 1850, was the
greatest in the Union. The returns were as fol
lows : Pennsylvania, 15,482.191 bushels; Ohio,
14,957,056; Virginia, 14,516,900; New York, 13,-
078,000; Michigan, 4,918,000; Maryland, 4,494,680.
Shipwreck and Lose or Lies. —The brig Al
fred and Henrv, of St. John, N. B. : was wrecked
on Nantucket Beach, on the 4th instant, and it is
supposed all on board, eight in number, perished.
The schooner W. T. Dugan, Capt. Garson, 18
dav from New Orleans for this port, is ashore on
the Gaston bank; Capt. J. King, pilot, came up in
the Charleston boat last evening, for the purpose of
procuring a steamer to go to ner assistance. — Sa
tannah Repullican.
The annual message of Gov. Wood, of Ohio,
states that the receipts into the treasury in 1851
amounted to $8,000,098, and the expenditures $2,-
696,869, leaving a balance of #812,699. The State
debt amounts to #15,584,893, besides the School
and Trusts fnnds, amounting to #1,754,832.
Items.
The General Government is building a Floating
Dry Dock in New 1 ork to be sent to San Francis
co, Cal.
VST A company is being established in Mobile,
under a charter from the Legislature of AlaWn.
to insure live stock.
There has been a great freshet at Albany, N.
Y. on the Ist inst., and the water rose very nearly
aa high as it did in the great freshet of 1888.
Canrass-back Ducks have lately been taken to
England by the editor of the Albany Evening Jour
nal.
Ducks shot in the Chesapeake Bay on the 21st
day of November, weTe, on the 7th December, gra
cing the best tables in London, having travelled
three thousand six hundred miles. So much for
steam and ice.
Most of the passengers that left New Orleans in
the steamship Philadelphia, <•» rout« for California,
were women and children—the families of gold dig
gers who had gone before.
Thb Population op Boston.— By Dr. Chicker
ing’s recent pamphlet, wo perceive that 48-73 per
cent, of the inhabitants of Boston are foreigners,
or immediate descendants qf foreigners, and 54-27 per
cent., or a little more than one half, of American
origin. The females exceed the inales by 6644.
Five-sixths of the foreign population (foreigners
and their children) are Irish. Os the Americans,
so oalled, 1-50 per cent, are colored. The children
of foreigners are more numerous than American
children, in proportion to the whole of each class
of the population. The Americans have decreased
2-27 per cent, since 1845.
For the present, all foreign newspapers are for
bidden in Hungary. No passports of any kind, on
any pretence, are granted for Hungary, and it is
thus shut up from the knowledge of the rest of
Europe os much as China or Japan. The
Austrian newspapers are, moreover, forbidden
to refer to any movements of the imperial family
without authority.
The breaking up of the ice recently at Cincinna
ti, caused great destruction of property.
The Forest Divorce Cask.—The New York pa
pers still continue the report of this case, publish
ing, day after day, columns of the most prurient
and indelicate details which are entirely unfit for
the perusal of virtuous females, and disgusting
even to men whom contact with the world and its
rices have rendered less scrupulous. In the words
of the editor of the Columbus Times :
“ e are noither saint, prude nor preacher.—
kVe make no pretentions to excessive dolicacy—but
we have a natural sense of decency which belongs
to every honest hearted and well bred man, which
wc must painfully shocked by the unnecasarv
exposure to the public gaze, of scenes,real or false,
which every deccht man should aid to hide under
an impenetrable veil of oblivion.
“There is no greater enemy to society—there is
no greater brute in human form*—no vileror unho
li*i' viper, than the editor who prostitutes his tal
ents and the mighty power of the press to the dis
semination of the seeds of impurity and vice fn the
community, and to the gorging of the greedy appe
tites of the already vioious. He is a pimp and a pi
rate, and should be the Bcorn or every honest
man.
k\ illiam Oliver, Postmaster at Cincin
nati, died at that city on the 2Sth ultimo.
Two thousand gallons of New England rum were
poured into the gutter of Calais, Maine, the other
day.
The American Navy embraces, In all, 75 vessels
of war.
They sell the “fluid extract of apples” instead of
cider, now, in Maine, in order to evade the liquor
law.
Jenny Lind leaves this country for Europe in
the Atlantic, on the 2Sth inst.
Another polar expedition in quest of Sir John
Franklin, will leave England in April.
Women are formed for attachment. Theirgrati -
tude iB unimpeachable. Thoir love is an unceasing
fountain of delight to the man who has once attain
ed, and who knows how to deserve it.
Punch says, “Louis Napoleon is a school-mas
ter, who finding that young France has got his sum
all wrong, has made him rub it dean out and begin
over again.”
A Charleston Clergyman discoursing about the
respective occupations of Cain and Abel, (says the
Southern Gazette,) very quaintly said—“ They were
both workers. Adam had no room on his premi
ssb for gentlemen of leisure."
“Since Time,” says Gofche, “is not a person we
can overtake when he is past, let us honor him with
mirth and cheerfulness of heart while he is pass
ing.
Oliver W. Holmes, in one of his poems, says—
“ And I never heard a hearty laugh from out a vill
ain’s throat.”
We had supposed that the “hen fever,' 1 in its in
tensity, was mostly confined to onr Boston Friends,
but the following seems to indicate that the passion
for the ‘biddies’ is spreading into the ‘rural dis
tricts :’
An honest old lady in tho country, when told of
her husband’s death, exclaimed—“ Well, Ido de
clare, our troubles never come alone 1 It ain’t a
week siuco I lost my best lien, and now Mr. Hop
per has gone too, poor man 1”
New York, Jan. 12.—The schr. Mary C. Ames
arrived yesterday from Porto Rico, and reports
that a small brig belonging to Havana, having on
board a large number of men, was captured off
Cabo Rogue, by the officers of that place, under
the suspicion that she was intended for piracy.
After the capture the captain was not found, and
the mate attempted to destroy himself by cutting
his throat. The brig was tAken into Mayaguex on
the 18th of December. The crew were put in
prison. Tho government is investigating the mat
ter.
A Sad Occurrence.— Mr. Wm. J. Craft, Esq., a
highly respectable and much esteemed citizen of
Elbert county, Georgia, was accidentally killed last
Wednesday' evening, by the discharge of his
shot gun. He liaa fired one barrel at a duck,
and was reloading it, when the breech of the gun
slid, and the cock of the loaded barrel sriking a
rock, went off—th 3( whole load entering Just below
the cap of his knee, and ranging up his thigh, it is
supposed entered his bowels.
lie survived but a few hours. He was a man of
about twenty-seven years of age, and universally
respected for bis strict honesty and uprightness of
character. He has left a widow and three children,
with numerous friends, who deeply mourn the sad
calamity.— Anderson Gazette.
The Outrage on the Prometheus. —The British
Admiral has ordered the brig of war Express from
San Juan to Kingston, in order to investigate the
commander's conduct in relation to firing into the
steamer Prometheus at San Juan.
The steamer Saranac, Commodore Parker, had
only just arrived at San Juan on the morning the
steamer Daniel W ebster sailed, to demand an ex
planation of the outrage on the Prometheus, and
nothing had transpired as to the course he intend
ed to pursue. The greatest excitement is, howev
er, Baid to have prevailed, and the authorities were
in great tribulation, fearing that he would take
summary vengeance on them for the act of their
English friends.
A case of considerable importance has rocently
been adjudicated upon by the Supreme Court of
Michigan. It is that of Williams vs. the Michigan
Central Railroad Company. It was an action
brought by the plaintiff to recover damages for
horses which were killed by being run over, while
straying on the highway. In the course of the
opinion the whole subject of domestic animals
straying on a highway was examined with great
care; many legal points hitherto popularly held to
be doubtful are clearly elucidated, and while the
decision is against the plaintiff, on the score that
his horses were trespassing, it is ably proved that
no animals have the right of living on the public
ways unless the township owns a bona fide com
mon, and has legally given permission for its use.
We understand from the Washington Republic
that Senor Don Luis de la Rosa, whohae for several
▼ears past been accredited to the Government as
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary
of the Mexican Republic, took leave of the Presi
dent on Saturday the 10th inst., prior to his return
ing to his own countiw. which he is compelled to
do, in consequence of ill health. Complimentary
speeches pawed on both sides on the occasion.
We perceive that the President of the United
States, after a careful examination of the vouchers,
directed $5,000,000 of the United States Stock, be
ing one-half of the Texas issue, to be transferred
to Mr. Shaw, Comptroller of that State. With re
gard to the remaining $5,000,000, the Secretary of
the Treasury will await the further action of Con
gress befere any thing further is done.
Overhauled.— Those absconding Negroes ac
companied by a white man, “referred to in this pa
per of the 2nd inst.) were overhauled by their own
ers, Messrs. Calhoun and Storey, after a hot and
spirited chase through Alabama, Tennessee, and
Kentucky. The white man proved to be a young
fellow by the name of Howard, from North Carols
na, who had been working in onr town during
some portion of the past veer at the carpenter*
trade. At Decatur, Ala. he sold one of the boy*,
pocketed the money, and provided him with a pass
tojoin him and the other boy at Tnacnmbia. Learn
ing, however, in the mean time, that he was hotly
pursued, Howard abandoned the other boy and
made tradu for hi* own safety in the direction of
Illinois, through Tennessee and Kentnckv. By
the aid ofthe telegraph the progress of the vUlkn «u
cut short off at Southland, Ky. near the mouth ofthe
Cumberland, within a few hundred yards of the
State of Illinois. He is now in jail subject to the
requisitions of the Executive ofthe State—ell done
too, without the owners of the negroes ever seeing
the scoundrel, or being within hundreds of miles
of him. We wish the young man a speedy re
treat within our Penitentiazr, and plenty of good
hard work, and hard usage for his pains of endeav
oring to defraud honest men out of their property.
The owners returned to this place with their ne
groes, on Tuesday morning last.— Xetenan Banner.
AGRICULTURAL.
From the London Plough.
FATTENING CATTLE.
A DISSERTATION ON THE PHILOSOPHY OP FATTEN
,JNG CATTLE.
Next to understanding properly the chemical an
alysis of soils, the application or proper manures,
and the crops which should be grown from the land
by proper tillage, there are but few subjects more
deserving the attention of the practical agriculturist
than a knowledge of the proper connection which
exists and should bo duly preserved between the
members of the animal ana vegetable kingdom.—
As I observed in my lectures on the “ Philosophy
of Agriculture,” so may I now repeat, man is an
omniverous animal—he is destined Dy the Almighty
who has so created his masticatory and digestive
organs that he can live and flourish under a com
pound diet of animal and vegotable food; we are
also told, by Divine authority, that “ man shall not
live upon broad aloneconsequently, as it is ne
cessary that be should have rcconsse to substances
of a different nature to use in combination, so is it
equally of paramount importance that ho should
direct his care, skill, knowledge, and attention to
the management of cattle, so that they should be
able to afford him the greatest possible amount of
nutritous food, and at tho least possible expense in
money to himself, and waste or loss, or both, in the
preparation of the same.
It is niv intention in tho present lecture to make
a few observations on this subject, to show you the
wisdom that experience has taught us, and Which I
have drawn from many sources, the results of the
labors of practical men. To some 1 may have the
pleasure of addressing the theme I shall discuss
may appear novel, white I doubt not that many who
are'liere present will be able to confirm many of
the truths which I shall utter.
The existing link between animals and vegetables
forms one of the most beautiful chains in nature,
and one which cannot be dissolved; it is one of the
greatest value to the praotical farmer, because it so
materially affects his operations in the breeding,
rearing, and foeding his cattle.
In considering this subject philosophically, we
must first of all examine what are the substances
whieh enter into the office of nutrition, and ascer
tain by what means, as far as our limited knowledge
extends, nourishment is afforded to the aninml.—
Tho vegetables upon which not only cattle but our
selves are fed consist of two portions, viz: an or
ganic and an inorganic; and. upon instituting a
chemical analysis, we find that tho inorganic is
chiefly composed of a considerable quantity of wa
ter, much carbonic acid in combination with the
salts of ammonia, and nitric acid; the inorganic
portion is entirely derived from tho soil from which
they grow, and the science of chemistry informs us
that it consists almost entirely of saline constitu
ents and earthy particles, whieh, upon incineration
or burning, constitute the ashes of the plants. I
refer you to what I stated in my lecture on the
“ Philosophy of Agriculture ” as to the manner in
which these particles are absorbed by the plants,
and which you will find published in Nos. 1 and 2
of “ The Plow,” detailed at length; but I may
here briefly remark that these substances are taken
into the texture of the vegetable by means of tho
leaves and roots, which, under the chemical action
and influence of the light from the sun, arc decom
posed—the oxygen becoming returned to the at
mosphere which originally gave it; while the ele
ments of water, with the carbon, unite to form
starch, siigar, gmn, or woody fibre, and with the
elements of ammonia or nitric acid constituting al
bumen, casein, or gluten. Thus the plant derives
its food almost entirely from the inorganic king
dom, while the animal, on the contrary, from its
anatomical conformation, can only exist upon or
ganic matter.
During tho present century, such great discove
ries have been made in tho science of organic chem
istry, particularly bv the discoveries of the late Sir
Humphrey Davy, Dr. Edward Turner, Professor
Brande, Drs. Faraday and Gregory, and last, though
not the least, that of Baron Justus Liebig, of Gies
sen—to which tnay be added the labors of a risiug
young chemist. Dr. Lyon Playfair—that much val
uable knowledge has been imparted to the philo
sophical and agricultural world, upon the physiol
ogy of animal life, and the manner by which the
system is nourished and supported.
* We now, therefore, can well comprehend why
one species of diet is found to possess a greater
quantity of nourishment than another—why the in
habitants of the frozen regions of the north, as 1
have seen in the persons of the Esquimaux and
Greenlanders, should require great quantities of
train-oil with his daily food. And why i His sto
mach will digest the rancid flesh and blubber from
their rancid whales and seals, while the same species
would not only be disgusting to us but actually
prove both physically and mentally injurious to the
inhabitants of moro congenial and warmor climates.
Wo also understand from the same source how it is
that we cannot feed animals or exist ourselves upon
a diet wholly composed of sugar, starch, gum, or
gelatine; and yet, although we cannot live upon
any of these substances, yet, when they are all pro
perly combined, strange as it may appear to some,
it is of all these materials, when properly united,
that our daily food is composed. The great office
of chemistry, as applied to this department of hu
man knowledge, is to point out tho peculiar wants
of animal bodies, and now these are duly supplied
in the food we and they daily consume. Anatomy
informs us that, like the vegetable, an animal body
is composed of two portions; tho organic particle's
form a considerable portion of the flesh or softer
tissues of the body ; and also an inorganic portion,
whioh Professor Berzelius, of Stockholm, Guy Lns
sae, Vauquellin, Thenard, and Fourcroy, with Dr.
Magendie, of Paris, and other experimental chem
ists, have demonstrated also to constitute a small
portion of the softer parts ; but it is in the bones,
which constitute the skeleton, that they are princi
pally found; and these are directly derived in the
hertivora (or vegetable-feeding animals) from the
vegetable diet upon which they subsist, while the
carnivora (or flesh-eating tribes) obtain it indirect
ly from the blood and flesh of the herbivorous an
imals upon which they prey.
These remarks naturally lead us to a proper
consideration of those substances which form
chiefly the food of those animals whieh are bred,
reared and supported by the former either for agri
cultural labor or as food for man,'and in many oases
for both—strange to say, thev are principally her
bivorous in their nature. Examine chemically,
therefore, any article which they consume—no
matter whether it is wheat, beans, cabbage, carrots,
or turnips—we shall soon find that, besides water,
it has gum, sugar, starch, and a considerable quan
tity of woody fibre, in union with a small portion
of a fatty matter ; all these constituents, as I ob
served in my former lectures, will be found to be
composed only of three clemonts, viz: oxygen,
carbon and hydrogen, which exist combined in
nearly the same proportions. But wc likewise
find that there arc many other substances contained
in vegetables which contain nitrogen, and this is in
•addition to those elements which compose starch,
gum,<fcc., and are known to the chemist by the appel
lations of gluten, vegetable albumen, and casein.
No w if we take a small quantity of tine wheaten flour,
mix it with water into a paste, and well wash it up
on a sieve, by pouring a stream of cold water over
it while it ia kneaded with the hand, all the sugar,
starch, and gum will pass away through the sieve
with the water, and the substance left behind will
resemble bird-lime, being of an equally tenacious
nature; this is, therefore, the gluten which tho
wheat contained; and when dried, the water whiali
it possessed being evaporated, it resembles horn,
being a hard, brittle mass, and if burnt it emits a
similar unpleasant effluvia to burnt hqyn, feathers,
or other animal matter.
The gluten which is obtained from peas, beans,
or the fibrin and vegetable albumen procured from
the expressed juices of the carrot, turnip, or cab
bage, all possess analogous properties to those
found in wheat, with this exception, that they are
all soluble in cold water, whereas the gluten which
is obtained from wheat is not. If we submit these
substances to the test of chemical analysis, we
speedily discover them to be all comqosed of the
same constituents, and also that they arc likewise
identically the samo as those composing the flesh
and blood of animals generally; but you muat
please to hear in mind that this remarkable identi
ty does not consist in their containing azote or ni
trogen in combination with oxygen, carbon, and
hydrogen, in the same or nearly the same propor
tions as in animal flesh and blood, but it extends to
the existence of a small quantity of sulphur and
phosphorus, which is found to be associated with
the muscular flesh forming one of the soft tissues
of the animal. Hence we may very properly as
sert, as a physiological axiom, that the nesh and
blood are, by the Great Author of Nature, found
actually ready prepared and elaborated in the ve
getable. The plant it is whieh elaborates and duly
prepares all the elements of water, carbonic acid,
ana ammonia, which constituent particles are
found to be identically, the same as tnc muscular
animal flesh; consequently, the animal has nothing
more to do than to apply them to his own use for
the purposes of nutrition, secretion, and the vivi
fication of life.
The following table, adopted bv mv talented
friend, Professor Gyde, of Painswick, will give the
reader an idea of the actual identity of composition
existing between these substances':
TABLE i.
Elements Gluten I Casein' Ox Ox
from Flour. from Peas. Blood. FI ell i.
Oxygen 22.4 23.0 23.0 22.2
Hydrogen... 7.5 | T. 2 7.2 7.5
Carbon 54.2 54.1 54.3 54.1
Nitrogen.... 15.9 | 15. 9 15.8 15.7
Every animal body momently undergoes some
physiological change ; every motion, thought, and
action is of coarse performed at the expense of
some, and many of almost every part of the body ;
these incessant alterations and action cause the
gTeat demand for food, which Nature constantly
requires to repair the waste that is continually
taking place. You may speedily ascertain the
truth ofthis fact, by noticing its illustration in
those animals, which* have long been kept without
food, or had but a scanty supply, or where it did
not possess sufficient nutritious properties; and al
so in those animals whieh have undergone great
exertion and bodily fatigue, when contrasted with
those but little fatigued, and whose food was good
in quality and sufficient in quantity. The fine
horses formerly attached to our well appointed
coaches, before the construction of railroads and
the employment of giant steam power, and which
vehicles will ere long only be remembered
by being recorded in the pages of history
among the phenomena that nave been and are i
passed away—the fine horses I have named were |
almost exclusively fed upon oats and beans, which <
are two of the most nutritious kinds of all species i
of vegetable food ; while, oil the other hand, those i
horses performing but a small amount of laborious <
work will supply the natural waste of their bodies i
from the verv small comparative quantity of glut- <
en which is to be contained in hay or clover, or i
both* s
I have already informed you that the food of das- i
sea of animals consists of two kinds of distinct spe- t
cies of matter, viz.: the one which possesses a great <
proportion of azote or nitrogen as one of its pnnci- ,
pal constituents, and winch the table I have refer- (
ed to tells us is identified with the blood and mus
cular flesh of the animal; the other portion is des- <
titute of nitrogen, but consists of gum, starch, sn- (
gar and woodv fibre. Now, every one of these ■
different materials answers two quite distinct but ,
very important puiposes in the economy of ani- j
mat body. The fibre, or the nitrogenous eonstitu- i
ents, supply the waste which has occurred in the i
fluid* and tissues of the body, and, aa Dr. Magen- <
VOL. LXVL-NEW SERIES VOL. XVI.-NO. 3.
die very properly states. may justly be termed the
elements of nutrition ; the last, which are the nou
nitrogenous portion, act, if l may apply the ex
pression, os fuel for the combustion in the lungs,
in order to keep up the due supply of animal heat
and under some peculiar ciroumstances also will
contribute to the formation of fat. Those elemeuta
may likewise be arranged under two great heads,
viz.: those which arc necessary to the function of
nutrition, and those affecting that of respiration.
1 respectfully call your attention to the following
table wherein they are exemplified :
Table ii.
1. Elements of nutrition. 2. Elements of respiration.
Gluten, Gum.
Albumen. _ Starch.
Casein. Sugar.
Flesh, or muscular fibre. Oil or fat.
Blood. Alcohol.
The elements of nutrition (No. 1) must of
necessity exist in combination with every substance
experience has tunght us to be capable of sup
plying food to the animal; but, ere it can impart
tho nutritions properties, numerous important me
chanical aud chemical changes must undergo, ere it
can take place. The grand proeers of digestion
must be performed—by which I mean the manner
by which the nutrient particles may be rendered
soluble, and not only capable of entering but even
of forming new blood. A brief detail of tho man
ner in which this is performed may not be unin
teresting to some of my present auditory It is ac
complished in the following manner: the food when
received into the mouth is broken down by the
teeth, where it becomes mixed with the saliva,
which is secreted by the glands that arc situated
near tho angle of the jaw, and beneath the tongue ;
when the process of mastication is completed,
tho morsel is collected into a ball at tho base
of the tongue, and by the act of the degluti
tion or swallowing it is carried past the pharynx
into the wsophagus or gullet, down wliich it pusses
into the stomach, where it enters at the cardiac or
ifice; it remains there for a short time according to
tlie nature both of the animal and the food it has
partaken of (in man it is supposed to be about two
hours.) The chemical and mechanical action that
now takes place is technically called, in physiologi
cal language, the process of ctymifusition ; when this
is perfected, the orifice at the opposite extremity (de
nominated the pylorus) becomes diluted, and the
chyme posses into the first of the small intestines,
and anatomically named the quodenum, where it
becomes mixed with the bile from the liver, and
the fluid from the pancreas, or sweet-bread. This
being accomplished, tho process, chyliflcation now
commences—a series of small, minute vessels,
named lacteals, whose mouths open on the mu
cous (or villous) coat of the bowel or intestine,
which absorbs the nutritious portion of the food
(which resembles milk in appearance, bunco it is
named chyle.) This fluid, being conducted by nu
merous branches, passes into one great reservoir,
called the thoracic duct, which ends in a large vein
near the heart (the left subclavian,) and there it is
mixed with the blood j but, being loaded
with carbon, which is inimical to the due preserva
tion of human life, the blood passes from the heart
to the lungs, where it becomes oxygenized and fit
for all the purposes of the animal economy. The
non-nutritious portion, from which the chyle has
been extracted, passes through tho last of the small
intestines (the jejunum) into the whole course of
the larger part of the alimentary canal—viz.: the
cfficnm, colon, and rectum, and from tho lust they
are finally ejected from the body—ultimately again
to re-onter it in another form, in consequenoe of
its forming manure, aud therefore affording food
for plants in the manner detailed in my former
lectures.
But independent of the simple fact that the sa
livary fluid, when commixed with the food, renders
the digestion of the aliment far more easy, yet
Baron Liebig imagines that it posseses tho peculiar
offices of enclosing and combining air, in the form
of froth ; tho oxygen wliich it contains eiitors into
union with the constituents of the food, while the
nitrogen is again evolved through the medium of
the lungs and skin ; this philosopher is likewise
of opinion that, in many of the herbivorous quad
rupeds, their rumination (as the oxen aud sheep,
for example) has for one of its principal objects a
complete renewal with tho repeated introduction #f
pure oxygen into the animal’s stomach ; and that,
unless tins take place, the function of rumination
cannot be duly perfected in the stomach. I have
given you a brief outline of tlio manner in which
digestion is accomplished, but in doing so I omit
ted to observe that attached to the mucous or vil
lous coat of the stomach are a series of minute
glunds, which secrete what is denominated the
gastric juice or fluid, and wliioh, among other mat
ters, contains a quuntity of pure mucous, in combi
nation with a small quantity of free hydrochloric
or muriatic acid (called in common language spirits
of salts.) with a peculiar principle known to chem
ists under the appellation of pepsin, and whioh
has been confirmed by Dr. Sylvester, of Olapliara,
to be in itself a most active and virulent poison,
but whose noxious properties are chemically neu
tralized in the stomach and intestines during the
function of digestion.
1 have stated that hydrochloric acid is always
present in the stomach, and particularly so during
the digestive process ; for tlio discovery of this
curious but important chemical faot we arc indebt
ed equally to M.Tiedman Ginelin (of Germany)and
Dr. Trout, of London. Tlhb acid may he artificial
ly obtained by the decomposition of chloride of
sodium, or common table salt (wliich iB only a
combination of pure muriatic acid and soda ;) the
acid is of great service in promoting the function
of digestion in the stomacn, while the sods, as an
alkali, copiously enters into the formation of bile.
Thus it is that a certain proportion of salt is neces
sary to digestion in every species of animals, at
least as far as our knowledge extends in the classes
of quadrupeds and birds j and although chemistry
tells us that it is an essential ingredient in the burnt
ashes of the vegetables, yet we very rarely find it
existing in a sufficient quantity to form a regular
supply of either in the acid or soda which is re
quired for the due performance of the function of
healthy digestion ; and, therefore, not only should
we ourselves partake of a certain quantity daily
with onr own food, but should place some within
the reach of both birds and cattle under our man
agement in tho farms we are connected with. Na
ture is the philosopher’s best monitor, and the
scientific farmer cannot do better than to obey her
axioms. We find that all classes of animals have,
if 1 may use the expression, an instinctive love
for salt, and seek for it as for a portion of their di
urnal food. It is well known that the pigeon tribe
of birds, if they cannot obtain it elsewhere, will
even have resource to the mortar which cements the
bricks of houses together ; thhey have been fre
quently known to fly to the seacoast in order to
Erocure it; and pigeon fanciers, who are not so
quest ns to mind borrowing their neighbors’ birds;
will allure them by means of what is known as a
salt cake, placed in or near the dove-cote, wherein
muriate of soda forms an essential ingredient; this
nefarious practice is now forbidden, very properly,
by an act of Parliament, which awards a punisn
ment of seven years’ transportation upon convio
tion; it however confirms the important physio
logical fact I have just noticed.
In the ruminating tribe of the class Mammalia,
as the ox and the sheep, the Important process of
digestion differs but little from that which I have
stated, and whose stomachs ure of the simplest
construction, being little else than a mere mem
braneous bag ; but in the Ruminantia , we find
their stomachs considerably more complicated, in
order that they may bo enabled to extract the due
proportion of nourishment whioh they require
trom the food which they eat; as in the case
of grass’ byway of example, which wo And by
chemical investigation contains but very little
nourishment in proportion to the bulk. Let us
now philosophize for a moment and see the manner
in which the ox and those of his class perform the
functions of mastlgation and digestion. In
these creatures the grass is cropped from the sur
face of the eartli by means of the fore teeth, and
aftor being but very slightly masticated, is swal
lowed ; this process continues until the first stom
ach is filled’* when the animal lies down apparently
not well and perfectly contented : but it is now the
curious process of rumination commences. In the
first stomach, the food is mixed with a secreted
fluid not dissimilar to the saliva, and in a kind of
semi-pulpy mass it is returned into the mouth, in
small detached portions, where perfect mastication
takes place, ana during this process the animal is
in a recumbent position: aftor tho second and per
fect mastication is completed, tho food posses into
the second stomaoh, denominated by comparative
anatomists onuitum ,• from this it posses into the
third stomach, the abomntum ;in those last two, it
undergoes very important changes, and whence it
passes into the fourth or really true stomach. It is
in this last portion of the "curious but compli
cated species of apparatus, that the function of ii
eestion is ultimately and perfectly performed: and
the last processes of extracting the nutriment
from the food are exactly similar to that which I
have described occurring in man and those animals
having simple membraneous stomachs. The vital
fluid of all animals is commonly denominated the
blood, in which, as Holy Writ truly observes. “*
life," this fluid either is formed from vegetables,
as in the herbivora, or from flesh, ns in the carnivora
yet in both tribes of animals the composition and
essential constituents are the same, both in their
physical effects upon the system, and ns portrayed
by chemical analysis. We find it circulating
throughout not only the principal organs in the Ii ving
animal, but by means of vessels as fine as the hu
man hair : so extremely delicate are they tliat they
will not admit the thicker coloring particles of the
blood itself; yet the properties which the blood
possesses are most surprising ; it replenishes the
fluids and solids which are diminished by the
waste, wear and tear of the body ; it places osse
ous or bony matter in the skeleton for its growth
and support; forms fleshy fibres for soft muscu
lar tissue, by which the motions of the body are
performed ; and from the blood are all the different
bodily secretions which are necessary for th« heal
thy existence of the animal secreted and perform
ed'; the blood supplies carbon to the lungs for
keeping up the animal heat, with fat and. oily fluids
deposited in the softer tissues as well as in the very
substances of the bones themselves, as a store from
which nature can extr.ict a due supply when ne
cessity compels her ; lastly, the blood is the true
moving power by which the whole animal machine
is put into motion, just as steam is to the steam
engine, and coals as fuel to the fire.
■ As far as I have proceeded, I have only spoken
of that part of the food from which animal flesh
is naturally formed: i. e., the gluten extracted
from the vegetable, the albumen, and the oosein;
my self-imposed task, however, is not yet com
plete. I have now to take into consideration the
offices which are fulfilled by the sugar, starch
gum, oil, or fat, which we And, by examination!
constitute so large a proportion of the food of
man, and the principal of the lower orders of
animals. Now, we find from observation that
every animal has a temperature above that of the
atmosphere; and physiologists have
denominated it the animal heat, which, in those
animals domesticated by man, is found to be, on
an average, about 100 deg. of Fahrenheit’a ther
mometer—in man it is about 70 deg., and we find
that it continues much the same under every kind
of circumstances, whether we live beneath a tropi
cal sun, a more temperate region, or the frozen
dimes of the north.
The animal heat originates in the bodv; it is
created by the chemioal combination, or, if I may
employ the term, tbs oombustion of the elements
which enter into the formation of staroh, with tho
other non-nitrogenous constituent particles of the
food, united with the oxygen of the air, which is
received into the lungs during the frinction of in
spiration ; and likewise by a portion thatisabsorb
ed through the skin.
1 Upon examining the atmospheric air wliich we
breathe, we find, upon submitting it to a chemical
analysis, that it is composed of twenty-one parts of
nitrogoiij with so small a quantity of carbonic acid
: gas that its amount cannot bo calculated in a given
1 quantity of air; yet of course an immense propor
-1 lion must exist, for it is supposed tliat the fttnvw
' phere extends forty-five nnlos at least in height,
and presses at the ratio of fifteen popnds upon
r square inch; this was discovered by Torri
i Mill and Galileo in the seventeenth century.
However, when the air we have inspired lias been
expelled from the body, we find that it lias under -
• gone but little if any change; tho oxvgcn, however,
has disappeared, and been replaced by an equablo
quantity of carbonic acid gas, with a small quantity
o: vW ieous ''»P°r; the proportion of animal heat
which attends this cliemical change is consequent
upon tlio amount of carbon and hydrogen wliich
is consumed. The heat which is thus produced is
i occasioned by exactly the same chemical action as
that which oauses the combustion of wood in a
Btove, or the fat of a lan:q or candle, and the pro
duct of which are exactly the same; the carbon and
t the hydrogen of tho food combine with the oxygen
i that is supplied by the atmosphere, and heat ia
' generated in the body in proportion to the quanti
l ty which is consumed. In the stove or lamp the
i same changes take place, the fuel being composed
of similar elements entering into tho composition
of the food; and tlio results of the combustion aro
precisely the same, the combination being less cu
i ergetic In the body than in the stove or lamp,
' Now, how is it in man ? In a still-grown adult,
if we take the weight of the carbon which is dis
ongaged in the excretions, from tho we'ght of tho
carbon contained in the food that is consumed dur
ing the tweenty-four hours, we shall noon find that
the remainder will amount to somewhere about
fourteen ounces, and this is assimilated with the
component parta of the body; the weight of which,
however, does not increase, for it is a well known
philosophical axiom, that fourteen ounces of carbon
will require thirty-soven ounces of oxygen* for its
transformation into carbonic acid, which passes off
from the lungs and skin. Thus, in this simple
manner, we oan easily comprehend how it is that
the enormous quantity of oxygen which is intro
duced into tho animal body by the progress of in
spiration, and the great proportion of carbon
which is derived from the food cousmnod, are re
moved from the body; and likewise how it is that
the food required for supporting tho animal in its
normal condition is in exact proportion to the quan
tity of oxygen that is absorbed. Now. we find
that a horse oonsumes daily, in liia food, upon an
average, eighty-nine ounce's of puro carbon, and a
cow seventy ounces; tlio former requires 212 and
a half ounces, the latter 186 and a half ounces of
oxygon, in order to transform the consumed car
bon into carbonic acid. I hare alroady stated tliat,
in addition to the constituents which 1 have named,
the vegetable is found upon cliemical analysis to
contain a small quantity or fatty matter in addition
to the earthy and salino substances of which it is
composed. The question is now to bo answered.
What are the purposes which they answor in the
animal economy ? Every animal that is in a state
of sound health has a layer of fat. whioh is situa
ted between the skin and the muscles, and likewise
between the muscles tkemselvos, by which means
they have great freedom of motion. Fat is also de
posited in the body of the animal, particularly in
the neighborhood of the bowels, also attached to a
portion of them, and enveloping the kidneys
(where it is vulgarly called by butchers the suet.)
In the camivoni or flesh-eating auimsils, the fat
which is contained in tho food they eat is consum
ed in the lungs for the purpose of preserving the
aer quantity of animal heat, ana consequently
ese creatures we but very rarely find the body
•of the carnivorous animal to contain much fut. M.
Darwhij in his Journal of Researches into tho Na
tural History of the Countries visited during tlis
voyage of the Beagle, informs ns that tho Gauchos,
°. r ®‘ K )pl e countrymen in the Pampas, South Ame
rica, lived for months together upon flesh, but he
observed that they ate large quantities of fat; and
Dr. Richardson, in speaking of these people, lias
also remarked “that, when they havo fed for a
long time solely upon leun animal food, the desire
for fat becomes so insatiable that they consume a
large quantity of unmixed mid even oily fat w ith
out nausea." This instinctive desiro for fat in
mau and animals living on flesh arises from the
imperative demands which are daily made upon
the body for carbon to keep up the propor amount
of animal heat, and which is contained in tho l'at
tliat is consumed as an article of diet.
Thug fur in the omnivorous and carnivorous ani
mals; but in the herbivorous creatures it is widely
different. The supply to the lungs is derived from
the starch, sugar, and gum in tho vegetable, while
the fat which exists in the food is in a great mea
sure laid up as fat in tho animal body; therefore it
is tliat we find the bodies of the herbivorous quad
rupeds generally much futter than the curnlvora.
But if the supply of the starch in tlio food is inad
equate to the demands of respiration, then the
elements of the fat become consumed in tlio lungs,
exactly as it is in the carnivorous animal; tho su
gar, gum, and starch become speedily transformed
into aqueous vapor and carbonio acid in tho animal
system; these are the first consumed; ami, iftiiis
supply proves to be inadequate for the purpose re
quired, then the fat, next the fat of the auiinul
body, and finally the tissues themsolves, aro placed
under contribution, the animal beoomiug thin,
feoblc, and emaciated, and ultimately dying from
starvation.
*We should here observe that the lecturer exhibited draw
ings of the stomach, aa found in both tribes of animals.—
Ed. Plow.
♦One ounce of oxygen equals 1416.5 cubic inches.
[ Communicated.]
A National Literature.
Cioebo lias said something to this effect. Tho
praise of one’s relatives redounds to one’s own
, honor. An apothegm uttered by a man fully as
shrewed as eloquent—which should be written in
letters of gold, if not over our door-ways; at least,
upon the backs of all our books, and especially for
tlie benefit of those shallow reaftonors who esti
mate the worth of such productions by degreos of
latitude rather than by degrees of excellence, and
account politics the only infallible guide to their
judgment. The writer of this paragraph is not
more interested in the subject than others who
have a mind to foster good taste in letters, and
spend moments of relaxation or idloness here and
thore in pleasant reading. It is a good Riga by
which guests of polite attainments are repoatedly
influenced by the finding of a magazine or two of
standard worth on one’B library or parlor table.
Various minds require different literary food, how
ever. Bportinggentlemen and ‘flash’clerks on leave,
affect the ‘spirit;’ others, resigning themselves to
the benefit of a great moral wrong, cultivate a trans
atlantic taste in letters. But to a conservative peo
ple, of all magazines, those should most commend
themselves which possess leust of the mushroom
characteristics of literature, and already enjoy the
rare stamp of a comparative antiquity.
From time to time a singular tottise has, neverthe
less, prevailed at the South, os most of us well
know. An Agent, with his subscription book in
hand, ready to enrol yonr name among those of
more facile patriots, importunes you for a fee in
the name of an exclusive Southern Literature 1
Mechanical enterprise invariably results in benefit
to any country or section of country, however sharp
the avowed competition with foreign industry, and
rather in just proportion to it than otherwise; but
it may be gravely questioned whethor antagonism
in literature is not prejudioal to ail interests, and
most of all, to the reader’s. When we possess here
in Georgia, or Carolina, a better, or as good a ma
gazine as olsewhere,we may afford to make that ex
clusively the vehicle of our amusement or instruc
tion. In the meantime, letmerit, and not the mere
accidont of geographical position, constitute a claim
upon the patronage of all just thinkers.
If this slightappeal should chance to fall under
the eyes of such, tho present writer cannot o
mit putting in a word for an old favorite, which
stands foremost among American Magazines, as
a well edited, well printed prototype (but not sub
ordinate) of Blackwood in America; and which, to
its prior recommendations, now adds the clenching
one of reduction inprice—from five dollars to three
—though the material is surely worth the former
sum in type, seeing that it is not purloined from
the pockets or brains of our English neighbors, but
is thoroughly fresh and national. ‘Allah is Allah
—there is only one God, and Mahomet is his proph
et,’ and so there U only One Literature, and tho
Knickerbocker is surely its best organ. *
The Louisville Journal speaks of “CnovaaNoox,"
a new work by Alicb Cabiv, aa follows: Miss
Cabby’s sketches are of a different cast. They are
sweet and quiet pictures of pastoral life, partaking
perhaps rather too much of the darker shades, in
which are mingled sadness and death, but still very
graphic in description and lovely in thought, In
glowing language and chaste sentiment, Miss Cabbt
abounds; snd, from her many apt quotations,
seems to have a memory stored with poetical tree/
ores. Her own prose is also highly poetical; and
some parts are so Ailed to overflowing with tliat sim
ple and touching beauty that finds its way into tlie
heart that we oannot forbear copying a few senten
ces from the sketch entitled light and Shade :
whioh lie among the shadows
of life, the brightest is love, and the love of little
children, perhapa, has the sweetest shine of aIL
Os such love, 1 am thinking to day, or rather of
one suob, for it is notofmany, but of one that I
muse—one being, whose life now is only a heauti
tul memory ; for long years the dismal autumn
rains liave beaten down the blossoms on her
grave. *****
“It is June now, and all day the birds sing to her
their artless songs. But the window of her narrow
house is covereJ thick with dust, and she does not
hear. The white violets fringe the green ooverletthit
is over her, but her little hands are not unfolded to
gather them any more ; and when morning slants
rosily over her, saying, Wake ! It is day, she does
not star-, but with the golden curls drooping over
her pillow, sleeps on just the same. In the morn
ing of the resurrection she will wake; and Thou,
who, ere the thorns were put off from thy forehead
for the glory, didst take little children in thy arms
and bless them, moke her thine, for in the world
she had the beauty thou hast given to thine an
gels.”
Steam Ship Palmetto.—Th'w vessel left her wharf
yesterdav, at 2 o’clock, P. M. proceeded over th»
bar, and’there was every appearance of her inakv.ig
an expeditious passage. It was discovered, how
ever, tliat there was some derangement of her ma
chinery, and it was deemed prudoo* to return
within the harbor. Home of the pv *erurers came
up to town last evening, about 0 o’clock, and in
formal ua that she will be up to the city by thin
morning’s early tifo.— Oh. Courier, z 7