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JHatrafiulints, &r.
From the Alabama Journal.
Constriction of Plank Hoads.
The popular subject of making Plank Roads is very well
and minutely described by the Hon. ‘J. E. Clarke, Member of
Congress from the Western part of New York, who has sev
eral miles of it passing through his farms, near Sackett's Har
bor. In the belief that such practical information will be ac
ceptable at this time, to many of our readers, we transfer it
to our columns.
As is well said by J. S. Skinner, Esq., the editor of the
Plough, the Loom and the Anvil, to whom the letter is ad
dressed, transportation is the first expense to be paid by the
farmer. That must be met, be it much or little,and must be
deducted from the rent or profits ; hence, whatever quickens
And cheapens transportation, adds to the value of the land.
WASHINGTON, May 25, ISSO.
J. S. Skinner, Esq.— Dear Sir : In reply to yours of the
■Bth inst., I have to say that I have seen Plank Roads con
structed, and have rode on them, and am interested in two
of considerable extent.
There are three of these roads that touch on my farm, and
pass on it over two miles. They are the best roads imagina
ble—better by far than tho best paved or “ McAdatnized”
road—pleasanter for the person riding—easier for the ani
mals, and far less destructive to the cairiages that roll upon
them.
In the State of New “i ork they have adopted, by common
consent, a grade of not over one foot in sixteen, and this is
rigidly adhered to. A good span of horses will draw on a
road of that grade, an hundred bushels of wheat thirty miles
in a day with ease; a smart span of horses will draw forty
hundred forty miles a day. I mean horses of good breed,
action, bone, muscle, Ac., horses that will weigh, when in
good working order, nine hundred each.
The average motion of the stage on these roads is eight ■
miles an hour.
Avery little snow—six inches—is enough to make capital
sleighing, and you can drive in the night as well as the day,
for the horses will instinctively keep the road. The roads are
usually eighteen feet wide, and the centre of it only is covered
with plank eight feet long. In a very sandy soil there is no
need of a raised road, as the porous nature of the Boil absorbs
the water without the aid of any drain.
In other soils the road is formed like a turnpike, with suit
able well formed drains or ditches on each side, giving the
best chance for the water to run off. The intention is to
have no water standing on the road, or by its sides. Your
road being thus formed, the first process is the laying the
“ stringers .” These should be of two inch plank, and not
less than one foot wide, and on every aecount, are tar prefer
able to square scantling. They should be so embedded in the
road, that the soil or material of the road should be plump up
to and even with their upper surface; and at such a distance
apart, say four feet from centre to centre, so that the wheels of
the carriage, with the ordinary length of axle, will travel over
the centre of the stringers. These stringers are both to be
of tho same grade, and the same level.
The stringers being laid, for a short distance ahead, the
planks are laid on them. To do this with accuracy, two par
allel lines are stretched on the outside of the stringers, eight
feet and about six inches apart. The first plank that ia laid
will, of course, touch the line on one side, while its other end
will not quite touch the opposite line. The second plank will
touch the line on the opposite side, and leave a space between
it and the line which had been touched by the preceding
plank : and so on alternately, so_that there will be a jag on
each side for the outside wheel to catch on, and recover its
placo on the road, when by any means it has got off, both
wheels resting again on the plank instead of cutting a rut in
the earth at the end of them.
When the plank is laid, the stringers must have no earth
or other matter or material on their surlace ; and each plank
must be settled with a “ commander,” or large wooden mal
let, until it rests flat and plump on the stringers, and solid on
the ground from end to end, no space being left for air be
neath them. Each plank should be laid close to the preceding
one, and driven up to it with the commander. No pinning is
necessary. When the road is thus well laid, it is very difficult
to raise a plank. It can hardly be done, except with a lever.
The plauk being laid, the next business is to embank a little
more earth on the sides of the road, so as to raise the road on
each side at least three or four inches above the surface of
the plank. It will soon pack so as to be on a level, and should
not be permitted to be, when packed, lower than the surface
of the plank—thus the planks are kept from moving endwise,
and it is easy to get the wheel of the wagon on to the plank,
when it gets off, when one carriage is passing another, or
otherwise.
When there is no heavy grading, and not an unusual
amount of bridging, and where plank can be delivered on the
road for five dollars a thousand, one thousand dollars will pay
for one mile of plank road.
There is some inconvenience and some additional expense
in cutting the plank only eight feet long, that length is not
suited to the sled on which the plank is brought in winter
from the woods to the mill, and it requires a greater number
of logs to be loaded, and sawed, and a greater number of
plank to be handled. This inconvenience may be obviated by
cutting the logs of any convenient length; say twelve feet,
and laying the plank diagonally across the sleepers. It is
needless to add, that when thus laid, the sluice ways are cov
ered without the aid of cross pieces. This mode of laying the
plank diagonally has not found much favor, but it is thought
that planks thus laid will wear longer than if at right angles
with the stringers, and that the wheels roll easier on a plank
lengthwise, or partially so.
But if this mode is adopted, it is desirable that there should
be at intervals of half a mile a change in the direction of the
plank. Unless there is this change in thv direction of the
plank, the wheels of the carriage will crowd and grind on the
eame shoulder of the axle and the same finch pin all the time.
It is a proper precaution to have “ washers” against both the
shoulder of the axle and the linch always covered with some
anti-friction composition ; otherwise in fast driving the hub
end the wheel will heat. There is in most axles what is
called the “ gather,” that is an inclination whhfi induces the
wheel to run on rather than off the axle; there is no incon-
Tcnior.cc in this on common roads, for its eflect is continually
counteracted by the inequality of the road. On the plauk
road, where the planks are laid at right angles with the
stringers, the tendency of the wheel that lias a “ gather in
its axle, is continually to crowd the shoulder. There is no
use in this gather anywhere, and it is particularly injurious
on plank roads. There is much saving in sawing the logs
through and through, and then edging the planks ; and there
is no need that the plank should have square and full cor
ners on each side ; it is enough if on the other side of the
plank both bottom edges are straight, for an inch of its width
from end to end. The “ wane on the upper side will im
mediately fill with dirt; but it is well not to place two waney
planks together, and always lay tho waney side of tho plane
up. Waney is a word in common use, as distinguished from
straight.
As to the durability of these plank roads, the estimate is,
that they will require to be covered once in seven or eight
years, unless there is so much travel as to wear out the plank
sooner, which is an event devoutly to be wished; but the
stringers being continually moist and nearly excluded from
the air, will out-last three coverings.
I have no doubt, that in the free use of pulverized charcoal,
and some other antiseptic material to embed the plank in, the
means will be devised of saving the plank from rotting, and I
have no doubt that a thin coat of hot pitch, on the top of the
planks, with gravel sifted on, would in a great degree prevent
the planks from wearing out.
In common roads, where lumber is plenty, the plank road
is the greatest improvement that has yet been made; and we,
who have spent most of our days where, in the spring and fall,
tho roads were nearly impassable, and in the .summer time
none too good, are impatient when we reflect liow much need
}• toil and expense we have undergone, and how much we
have suffered, by being jolted over corduroy roads. I have no
doubt that a plank road from Albany to Sackett’s Harbor
would havo saved the government, during the war of 1812, ten
millions of dollars.
The toll house should extend across the road, that when the
trav oiler stops to pay toll, he should be under the shelter of the
r<x>f, and it is desirable that it should be a comfortable dwelling,
with cellar and cistern, and well and garden, and then the plank
road company will be more likely to obtain the services of a
civil respectable and honest family to tend their gate. The gate
should “ siring ,” —accidents are apt to occur if the gate is
made to rise. I have thus, I believe, given an answer, perhaps
too tedious and minute, to your inquiries.
I remain, with great respect, your obedient servant,
CHARLES E. CLARKE.
Gold and Silver Glass. —A new method of
manufacturing ornamental glass lias lately been dis
covered, which presents the brilliant appearance of
highly polished gold and silver. This mode of “sil
vering’’ is anew invention, which is now being car
ried on by a company in London. The various arti
cles are blown of two separate thicknesses of glass
throughout, and the silver is deposited upon the two
interior surfaces of the double hollow glass vessel.
The silver is deposited from a solution of that met
al by the reducing agency of saccharine solutions ;
in short, the process is entirely a chemical one. The
double hollow vessels are hermetically sealed, and
thus the silver deposit is protected from wear and
from atmospheric influences. The brilliant silver
deposit being seen through the colored glass, commu
nicates to that substance, in a curious illusive man
ner, the appearance of being entirely formed of gold
or silver itself. When the glass is cut, the brilliancy
of the silver is heightened ; and, on the other hand,
when the glass is ground, the eflect of frosted silver
is produced.
By staining and the employment of variously
colored glasses, the effect is modified in a variety of
ways; thus, with certain yellow glasses, the effect of
gold is produced ; with deep green and ruby glass,
colored metalic luster, equal in eflect to the plumage
of birds, is obtained. As every form into which
glass can be blown is silvered with facility, the ex
tent to which this beautiful invention can bo carri
ed is perfectly unlimited. The new process extends
to flower vases, chimney ornaments, and, in fact,
every article usually made of glass. For ornaments,
it presents all the lustrous brilliancy of highly pol
ished gold and silver, at a great’reduction in cost;
and for imitation jewelry and illuminations, it will
far surpass any thing known. In fact, the invention
is at present quite in its infancy, and promises soon
to till the houses of the middle classes, usually des
titute of brilliant ornaments, with cheap articles,
presenting all the striking appearances of costly
plate, Ac. The “Ladies Newspaper” lately gave
several engravings of vases, Ac., made on this new
principle. -
New Inventions and Discoveries in Photo
graphy and the Talbotype. —Sir D. Brewster, in
his inaugural address, the other day, to the British
Association at Edinburgh, said, I need not inform
this meeting that the art of taking photographic
negative pictures upon paper was the invention of
Mr. Fox Talbot, a distinguished member of this as
sociation. The superiority of the Talbotype to the
Daguerreotype is well known. In the latter the pic
tures are reverted, and incapable of being multiplied,
while in the Talbotype there is no reversion, and a
single negative will supply a thousand copies, so that
books may now be illustrated with pictures drawn
by the sun. The difficulty of procuring good paper
for the negative is so great, that a better material
has been eagerly sought for; and M. Niepce, an ac
complished officer in the French service, lias suc
cessfully substituted for paper a film of albumen,
or the white of an egg, spread upon glass. This new
process has Lren ‘'brought to‘ such perfection that
these Talbotypes were universally regarded as the
finest that had yet been executed. Another pro
cess, in which gelatine is substituted for albumen,
has been invented, and successfully practised. Mr.
Edmundßecquerel has succeeded in transferring to
a Daguerreotype plate the prismatic spectrum, with
all its brilliant color; and also, though in an inferi
or degree, the colors of the landscape. —These col
ors, are very fugacious; yet, though no
method of fixing them has yet been discovered, we
cannot doubt that the difficulty will be surmounted,
and that we shall yet behold all the colors of the
natural world transferred by their own rays to surfa
ces both of silver and paper. But the most im
portant fact in photography is the singular accelera
tion of the process discovered by M. Niepce, which
enables him to take the picture of a landscape illu
mination by diffused light, in a single second, or at
most in forty seconds. By this process he obtained
a picture of the sun on albumen so instantaneously,
as to confirm the remarkable discovery previously
made by Mr. Arago, by means of a silver plate,
that the rays which proceed from the central parts
of the sun’s disc have a higher photogenic action
than those which issue from its margin.
Valuable Invention.— The valuable Telegraphic
invention for which a patent was granted last week
to Messrs C. Westbrook and 11. J. Rodgers, of Bal
timore, is thus described in the words of the appli
cants /
“What we claim, and desire to have secured to us
by letters patent, is—recording telegraphic signs on
the surface of a revolving metalic cylinder, plate, or
other equivalent surface, by means of an acidulated
liquid, or saline solution, or water, held between
the point of the wire conductor and the metalic
surface, by means of a non-conducting porous sub
stance, contained in a glass, or other non-conducting
reservoir, in which the recording fluid is contained,
to which the electric current from a battery is ap
plied by means of any of the known forms of man
ipulators and anvils used for making and breaking
the circuit; the recording fluid being applied to the
metalic recording surface, substantially in the man
ner herein fully set forth, by which the use of every
description of paper is dispensed with, thereby sa
ving great expense in telegraphing.”
This beautiful simple invention, which is uow in
successful operation on the several lines of the Amer
ican Telegraphic Company, promises to supercede
the old systems of telegraphing in use. It dispenses
with the use of paper, and will not cost one cent
per day for the recording fluid.— Balt. Amer.
A new Alarm V iiistle, invented by a Mr. Da
boll, of Connecticut, was exhibited last week in
New \ork. It is intended for ships to give an a
larm during a fog or other exigencies at sea, and the
sound is produced by the condensation of air by
means of an air pump, the air escaping by the o
pening of a valve through a whistle, and making a
most horrible shrill noise, that might be heard at
least for the distance of a mile. By removing the
whistle, and placing a horn upon the instrument, the
sound is changed to that of the horn, and is much
louder. The pump is worked by turning a wheel
with the hand, and the leverage being sixty pounds
to the square inch, the pump can be charged in
halt a minute. The inventor stated that it pro
duced an echo at a distance of fifteen miles on Long
Island shore, which the steam-whistle failed to do.
x f cue for the Diarrhoea.—A Boston paper fur
nishes the following recipe for this complaint, which
may be of valuable service to our readers:
1 ine Salt, 1 table spoonfui, dissolved in 3 table
spoonsfuls of Vinegar—drink the liquid.
Doctor James Thacher, in his Dispensary on Ma
teria Medica, 2nd Ed. 1813, p. 120, under the head
of Acetous Acid, Vinegar, says: “When fully satu
rated (vinegar) with Muriate of soda, (common
salt.) it has been resorted to as a valuable remedy
YES gIJISEHs
in dysentery and angina maligna (severe pains) ; one
table spoonful of this mixture, with two of hot wa
ter, gradually swallowed and frequently repeated,
will seldom fail to induce diaphoresis, (sweating,)
and procure essential relief from the most distres
sing symptoms attending these dangerous diseases.
‘tT’lje lumorluTjirr.
Hints to Housewives,
Damascus Biscuits. —Take the whites of three
eggs beaten to a froth, a quarter of a pound of good
beef suet chopped very line, and half an ounce of
bitter almonds blanched, chopped fine, and beaten
well with the froth of the eggs. Then take the
yolks of the eggs, and mix with six ounces of sifted
loaf sugar; beat well, pour into the mixture of al
monds and whites of egg ; mix well, and shake in
two ounces of flour, with sufficient lemon to flavor
them. Pour into small tins, or moulded papers,
and bake in a quick oven.
Derbyshire Bread. —Rub four ounces of butter
into four pounds of flour, add four eggs well beaten,
a pint of milk, and a table-spoonful of yeast. Mix
them into a paste, make into rolls, and let them stand
half an hour before the fire to rise; then put them
into the oven to bake. Dip them in milk the next
day, and let them stand before the lire in a Dutch
oven for about twenty minutes.
Vanilla Cream. —Boil half a stick of vanilla in
a quarter of a pint of new milk until highly flavored,
and sweeten with sugar. Dissolve an ounce of is
inglass in a pint of water, mix with the vanilla milk,
and add a pint or rather more of good thick cream ;
stir until nearly cold, and pour into a mould previ
ously dipped in cold water.
Errors in Cooking. —Dr. Drake of Cincinnati, in
a late treatise on the principal diseases of the inte
rior valley of North America, gives the following
enumeration of the vicious modes of cooking which
prevail in the valley: —
1. With the mass of our population, bread of ev
ery kind is apt to be baked too soon after the flour
or meal has been wetted—that is, before there has
been sufficient maceration. But what is still worse,
it is scarcely ever baked enough.
2. Biscuits, as they are called, are baked in close
ovens, by which process the fat they contain is ren
dered empyreuinatic and indigestible.
3. When the dough for leavened bread, by ex
cess of panary fermentation, lias been charged with
acetic acid, that product is not in general neutraliz
ed by the carbonate of potash or soda, but the bread
is eaten sour.
4. A pastry, instead of beiug flaky and tender, is
often tough and hard, sometimes almost horny.
5. Meats are often baked and fried, instead of be
ing roasted or broiled, whereby they become impreg
nated with empyreuinatic oil, and not uufrequently
charred on the outside. In general, they are over
cooked.
G. Fresh Meat, and especially poultry, are com
monly cooked too soon after death.
V. Soup is often prepared from parts deficient in
gelatine, and abounding in fat, which swims upon
the surface, and is much more indigestible than the
would have been, if eaten in the solid form.
8. Eggs are generally boiled so hard as to render
them tough, and many are often fried in fat, to a still
greater degree of induration. Fried bacon and eggs
eaten with hot unleavened biscuit, containing lard,
and then buttered, is a favorite breakfast in many
parts of the valley.
9. Vegetables, abounding in foecula, such as pota
toes, rice and pulse, are often boiled so little, that all
the starch grains are not burst open; while those
containing albumen, as cabbage, are boiled until that
element is firmly coagulated and deposited in the
constructure of the leaf.
Milk of Roses. —Take sweet almonds, five oun
ces ; bitter almonds, one ounce ; rose-water, two
pints and a half; white curd soap, half an ounce;
oil of almonds, half an ounce, spermaceti, two oun
ces; white wax, half an ounce; English oil of lav
ender, twenty drops ; otto of roses, twenty drops;
rectified spirit, a pint. Blanch the almonds, and
beat them with the soap and a little of the rose-wa
ter. Melt together the oil of almonds, spermaceti,
and white wax, and mix with the former into a
cream, and strain it through line muslin. Then
add gradually the remaining rose-water, and, lastly,
the spirit, with the essential oils dissolved therein.
This is an excellent wash for cooling the skin of the
face and neck ; some say it will remove freckles and
“sunburns.” A common kind of milk of roses is
sold in inferior shops, made by mixing one ounce of
fine olive oil with ten drops of oil of tartar and a pint
of rose-water.
To Use Cold Pudding. —ls you have a large
piece of boiled pudding left after dinner, (such as
plum pudding, Indian pudding, or batter pudding,)
and you wish to cook it next day, tie it up in a cloth
and put it into a pot of boiling water, and keep it
boiling hard for half an hour or more. It will be
found as good as on the first day, and perhaps rath
er better; and it will be far more palatable, as well
as more wholesome than if sliced, and fried, or broil
ed. Eat it with the same sauce as on the preceding
day.
To Keep Eggs.— Break some glue into pieces,
and boil it into sufficient water to make a thin solu
tion. While warm, dip a brush into it, and go care
fully over every egg. They must all be quite fresh.
When the eggs are thoroughly glazed with the glue,
spread them out to dry. When quite dry, pack
them in kegs or boxes, with dry wood-ashes or saw
dust, (of which there must be a plentiful portion,)
putting a thick layer of the ashes or saw-dust at the
bottom and top of the keg. This is an excellent
way of keeping eggs for sea-voyages, and is well
worth the trouble. Before using them, soak them
in warm water to get off the coating of glue.
Eggs of parrots and other tropical birds preserv
ed in this manner, and the glue coating soaked off
in cold water, it is said have afterwards been hatch
ed in the usual way; and the young birds have liv
ed.
(Tljr Hkmorist.
The Bird that always Wins.
Under the caption of “ Latest from Cuba the
St. Louis Reveille gives the following from the
“Travelling Memoranda” of J. M. Weston, Esq.—
It is worth reading in a double sense :
It is well known that the Spaniards are greatly
addicted to cock-fighting—in short, them
of their cock-pit, and their “ Plaza del Tours,”
(bull ring,) and they would be much more likely to
revolt than at any oppression of the government.—
While 1 was in Trinidad de Cuba, in April last, I
was told of a very ludicrous scene that occurred in
the cock-pit in that city. It should be understood
that cock-fighting is a very popular and fashionable
amusement, and that gambling on the result of a
fight is carried to an extraordinary height. Their
birds are very small, and being deprived of all their
feathers, except those on the wings, and two or three
straight ones in the tail, they present a very diminu
tive and naked appearance. They never are allow
ed to fight with “gaffs,” but use their natural spurs,
which are sharpened to a nicety, and they fight with
a coolness and care that indicate how carefully they
have been trained.
An American captain of a vessel, that had been
looking at a tight that had been prolonged, at length
burst out with —
“Get out with such birds as them; they ain’t big
ger than a tom-tit, and ain’t worth a curse anyhow!
Them are some poor miserable Cuba cocks, I reck
on ! I,ve got on board of my ship a genuine Yan
kee bird, that’ll lick any three or four of your miser
able cocks before you could say brans —and I’ll bet
high on it, too!”
A bet of fifty “ounces” ($850) was instantly offer
ed ou the captain’s proposition, who, notwithstand
ing the remonstrances of his friends, put up the mon
ey, and said he “would be ‘/Aar’ sure, and give all
such small-fry cocks at hand, particular thunder! —
Now, be it understood, the captain had an old “(/rcy
eagle ’’ on board his ship, and his first order was not
to give it anything to eat for the next twenty-four
hours. He also stripped the eagle of all its plumage
save the wings and two or three tail feathers, causing
The old fellow to feel decidedly ashamed of himself,
the day of trial arrived; the cock-pit was crowded
to see the great trial of one bird against three. The
captain arrived in time, with his bird under his arm.
“ Who pits your cock, captain ?” was asked.
“ Who ! well, I rather think I’ll attend to that bu
siness,” said he, and stepped over into the ring. The
old eagle seemed ashamed of the company he was
in, and did not look very courageous ; and as they
examined the “Yankee cock,” many were the winks,
side glances and nods exchanged among the Span
iards, for,excepting only his size there was not any
thing very encouraging in the old eagle’s appear
ance. lie was wretchedly poor, and they also dis
covered that he had no spurs !”
“ Not the first spur , ” said he; but he’s worse
thau a wild-cat, when lie scratches or bites; so go
ahead!”
Three noble-looking game-chickens were now
brought in and the betting commenced. Every
thing offered by the Captain or his friends was eager
ly taken up by the Dons. The Captain, it was ob
served took all bets that he could, and when quiet
was restored, he gently patted the old eagle 5
and, as he put it into the ring, where the game cocks
were strutting and crowing, lie said :
“ Now, go it, old fellow, for the honor of your
country ! Give ’em blazes.’’ The eagle stood still in
the centre of the ring, cocked its head one side, and
seemed to be eyeing the little game fellows that were
advancing towards him ; but lie stirred not. At
length the chickens made a dash at him, and doubt
less gave him a sharp blow ; for, with a kind of wild
scream, the old bird started, took one glance at the
chicken, pounced upbn it, and, with its claws and
hooked bill, tore it all to ‘pieces ; and, to the horror
and astonishment of the Spaniards, began to eat it!
The second cock shared the fate of the first, and so
would the third, had it not been withdrawn by the
enraged and mortified Spaniard, who had already
lost two valuable birds by a very summary process.
As soon as the Captain was declared winner, he
snatched up his bird, collected his bets, and strode
towards the door, where he turned, and addressed
the bewildered crowd :
“ Look here, Dons,” said be, “it’smy opinion that
the next time you fight a Yankee cock, you’ll know
that he’s a bird that always licks /’’ and, slapping
his well-tilled pockets, the Captain and his frieuds
withdrew, leaving the Cuba cock-fighters in a pleas
ing state of wonderment.
There is a retail grocer, somewhere, who
splits crackers for customers who buy only half of
one at a time. He sells carpet tacks, also, by the
cent’s worth, and weighs them with the utmost
exactness. When the tacks are a little heavier than
is required to turn the scale, he divides one of them
by biting off the head.
“The Doctor.” —A doctor in Ohio, writes to his
father as follows :—“Dear daddy, 1 eonclewded Ide
cum down and git grinded into a doctur. 1 hard
ly Wont think i was in more than 3 ours, afore out I
Rail as slick a wun as ever was seen.
** ’ Ilale Columby happy land,
If laint a Doktur, I'll be bang’d.
I pukes, I purges, and I swets eru,
Then if tha di, wi-tlien I lets e:n.
1 gets plente of cuslum, because they says they
dize eezy. When you rite, dont forgit to put doc
tur afore inv name.”
“An Askf.r.” —A lady in England was recently
visited by a female servant who had been married,
and seeing that she presented an appearance of hav
ing very much bettered her circumstances, she en
quired the nature of her husband’s profession. To
this interrogatory the young woman replied, “lie’s
anasker, ma’am.” “An asker!’’ inquired the good
lady with amazement, “and what in the world is
that?” “O, ma’am he stands on the streets and
asks.” “Why, you don’t mean to say you have
married a beggar, do you ? ” “Yes, ma’am, but it’s
a very good business. My husband thinks it very
hard work indeed if he don’t briug home more than
five shillings a day.”
X3T ruddy, attending a “Broad-brim’’ conven
tion for the first time, was much astonished and
puzzled withal at the manner of worship. Having
been told that the “brethren never spake but when
they were moved by the Spirit,” he watched their
proceedings with increasing disgust for their “hay
then way of worship,” till one young Quaker rose
and commenced solemnly:
“Brethren, I have married ”
“The divil ye hev,” interrupted Pat. Quaker sat
down in confusion, but the spirit moving Pat no
further, the young man mustered courage and broke
ground again :
“Brethren, I have married a daughter of the
Lord ”
“The divil ye hev that! ’’ said Pat, “but it’ll be a
long, long while before iver ve’ll see your father
in- law.”
However anomalous it may seem, w'e assert
that idle persons are always busy in manufacturing
trouble for themselves, or for others.
Jt.-sT Pleasure may be called the short cut to the
tomb, as it shortens time, which is the way.
ggT There is a mode of presenting that gives val
ue to anything.
jfcgr Trust him who praises all; him less who
centures all ; and him least who is indifferent about
all.
Riches got by deceit cheat no man so much
as the getter.
dffi” Respect is to the person beloved, what the
chasing is to the gem ; it shows the value set upon
it.
Bead men open the eyes of the living.
A divided family can no more stand than a
divided commonwealth.
Idleness is the sepulchre of a lying man.
Education begins a gentleman, conversation
completes him.
No man has a right to do as he pleases, ex
cept when lie pleases to do right.
A hypocrite pays tribute to God, that he may
impose upon men.
Let a man do his best and the world may do
its worst.
The useful and the beautiful are never far
asunder.
Ugf Fame’s loudest blast upon the ear of Time
leaves but a dying echo.
Mystery is useful only for the purpose of con
cealing ignorance.
He who scoffs at the crooked, had need go ve
ry upright himself.
Joo** Ridicule is a weak weapon when levelled at
a strong mind.
UT Society, like shaded silk, must be viewed in
all situations, or its colors will deceive us.
MILITARY INSTITUTE.
Blue Licks , Ky.
BOARD oFT'ISITORS.
The ADJUTANT together with five fit persons, to be
annually appointed by the Executive, to attend examinations at
least once a year, according to law.
VACfffcWT.
Incorporated with all the powers, and rights exercised by the Trus
tees and Faculty of any other College.
COL. T. F. JOHNSON, General Superintendent.
•COL. E. W. MORGAN, Joint Superintendent and Professor of en
gineering and of .Vatvrat History.
•LIEUT. COL. 15. U. JOHNSON, Professor of Xatural and Experi
mental Philosophy.
+MAJ. W. W. A. FORBES, Profess sor of Mathematics.
RICHARD N. NEWELL, A. M. Professor of Ancient and Moder
Languages,
JAMES G. BLANE, A. B. Adjunct Professor of Languages.
REV. J. R. SWIFT, A. M. Professor of F.thies and Belles Lettrcs.
JAMES H. DAVIESS, Esq. Professor of I*ie.
REV. 11. V. D. NEVIUS, A. M. Principal of the Academy.
CAPT. C. E. MOTT, Teacher in the Academy.
CAPT. W. W. GAUNT, Adjutant of the Institute.
•Educated at West Point.
fEducated at the Virginia Military Institute.
Two hundred and thirty Cadets, from fifteen different States, have
entered this Institution since it was organized, in 1817. It i entire
ly free from the control or domination of any sect or party, either po
litical or religious. Economy in dress, by the adoption of a cheap
Uniform, for Winter and Summer, is rigidly enforced. Every studetn
is required to select a College guardian, with whom all funds brought
or received must lie deposited, and no debt must be contracted without
the consent of such guardian.
An Institution combining the science of the West Point Academy
and of Polytechnic Institutes, with the classical literature of our best
Colleges, adding the modern languages, and superadding practical
schools of Law and Engineering, nearly realizes the long-felt desider
ation of a university able to meet the wants of Western progress—a
university where all may select a course of steady to suit their time,
means ond professional destination.
Mr. Daviess, the Professor of Law, is known is the various
Courts as a practitioner of great ability, varied learning, long experi
ence and exalted character. Ilis eminent qualifications, the whole
some exercise and discipline of the Institute, and the convenient ob
servation of the forms of judicial proceeding, offer unusual induce
ments to those who are earnest to achieve distinction as sound Lawyer
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Will be thoroughly and practically taught in the Western Military In
stitute—the Professor, Col. Morgan, being one of the most skillful and
experienced Engineers in the United States. All the instruments con
nected with that department, have been procured at considerable cost,
and are of the best quality.
The Superintendent takes the liberty of stating that he is now offer
ed $75 per month, for competant assistant Engineers. Oneofhisfoi
mer pupils receives at this time 5'.!,500 per annum,as Principal En
gineer of a Railroad now under construction in Kentucky—whilst
others of the same class are receiving in different parts of the United
States, $‘2,000, $1,500, or $1,200 a year as Assistant Engineers.
The time is rapidly approaching when there will be a great demand
for such as have been prepared for that vocation, at the Western Mil
itary Institute. Nothing is hazarded in saying that they will readily
command $1,200 or $i,500 per annum. Every man of observation
must see that the gigantic enterprises already proposed, will give birth
to hundreds of others, tributary to them. The rapid advancement of
onr whole country, and the eagerness of our people, for exploring the
hidden resources of the new States and the newly acquired territory,
will give ample scope for ages to come, to the skill and enterprise of
jthe Engineer,the Geologist, the Mineralogist,the Surveyor and the
Architect. Voung men who have an aptitude for the Mathematical
and Physical sciences will have a wide field opened to them for enga
ging in an honorable, a healthful and a lucrative pursuit, for which
they may be thoroughly and practically in a short time, and
a small expense, at the Western Military Institute.
TERMS.
In the Academy ... S3O 00 per annum
In the College - - - -40 00 “ “
For Music and use of Arms and Accoutrements 3 00 “ ‘
For Fuel - - - - 2 00 ““
BOARDING can be had in private families, at from two to two anp
a half dollars a week. When in Barracks, it is designed to furnish
Commons at a uniform rate. Students from a distance will be require
ed to board at the Institute, and have no communication with the
town, except as allowed by written permits.
The next session will commence on the first of September, and
continue ten months.
March 21st, 1850. I—ts1 —ts
“3000 DOLLARS REWARD!!
Reuben Rich’s Patent, Centre Vent, Water Wheel
made entirely of Iron with Iron gates- a
gainst Turbine, Hotchkiss and all other Wheels,
I WILL give SSOO Reward to any person who will producce a Pa
tent Water Wheel, that will do as much business with the same
quantity of water under any given bead from three feet to thirty feet,
or
I win give 3?a00 to any person, who will produce a Breast Wh.el un
der a head of eight feet or less that shall equal it. in saving of v. ater, or
I will give the same amount to any one who will produc* an uvsr
shotor undershot, that will last with my wheel and not co<t more mo
ney sooner or later, or
l will give the same Reward to any man who will produce an over
shot undershot or Breast Wheel, that will run as steady as my wheel
or
.. I will give 5 >OO to any one who will produce a wheel of any sort or
kind patented or not, that will combine to the same extent, cheapness
durability,power, speed or simplicity so easily applied in all situations
and so universally applicable to all purposes and every location, or
I will give SSOO, to any one, who will produce a Hotchkiss Whee
that does not consume fifty per cent more water to do the same Saw/
up or Grinding.
Those who doubt can visit the Coweta Falls Factory in this city
and they will see my wheel, driving all their machinery without a
Governor, where a French Turbine made in the great city of Lowell
failed! to do the business at all. Or if they will visit Pleasant Macon's
in Madon county Alabama they will see one of my wheels, only 2 feet,
8 niches in diameter, under a head of 9 feet, grinding 9 to ten bushels
of corn per hour. Or in a short time 1 will show at Winter's Mills in
this city, one of my wheels 3 1-2 feet in diameter, grinding, 50 to 60
bushels per hour with two pairs of stones. In the Btate of New York
there are at least 500 of n / wheels, Grinding, Sawing and Manufac
turing in a style never ye done by any oilier. With sufficient head I
can turn 5000 Spindles and 100 Looms with one of my wheels but 2
cet in diameter.
Gindrat &z Cos. at t.ie Montgomery works Alabama, who are manu
facturing mv wheels, will execute orders lor them, and deliver them in
any place South of the Potomac, and furnish directions for putting
them to their xvo.k, with models if required. Post paid letters addres
sed to me at Mo itgomery care of Gindrat & Cos. or at this place care ol
G. W. YVinte/ Esq. will meet with prompt attention. In all cases
when the Purchaser is not fully satisfied with the performance of iny
wheel, the money will be returned.
REUBEN RICH, Patentee,
from Oswego County New York.
Colu.nbusGa. March 21st, 1850. I—tlj.
botamco medic aiTlollege
OF MEMPHIS.
THE fifth course of Medical Lectures in this institution
will commence on the first Monday in November next,
and end on the last Friday in February succeeding.
WMieu & t y *
G. W. Morrow, M. D., Professor of Anatomy, $ 12 00
James Weaver, M. I)., Professor of Surgery, 12 00
S. R. Jones, M. D., Professor of Physiology and Pa
thology, - ----- 12 00
M. Gabbert, M. I)., Professor of Theory and Practice
of Medicine, - - - 12 00
K. P. Watson, M. D., Professor of Materia Medica
and Therapeutics, - - - - 12 00
J. J. Riddle. M. D., Professor of Obstetrics and Dis
eases of Women and Children, - - 12 00
Wm. llyer, A. M., Professor of Chemistry, - 15 00
G. W.Morrow, M. D., Demonstrator of Anatomy - 800
“ Matriculation Ticket, - 5 00
Total, SIOO 00
Graduation fee, Twenty Dollars.
A course of Lectures on Medical Jurisprudence will be
delivered gratis during the session,
In making the announcement for the approaching session
of the Bolanico Medical College, it is due the friends of Re
form and the public generally, to lay before them its present
condition.
The Institution lias up to the present been crowned with
unparalleled success, compared with similar institutions in
this country. True, it has had to contend with those diffi
culties peculiar to, and which are constant attendants upon,
the establishment of new institutions, and especially suchas
embrace new doctrines.
In addition to the facilities for instruction heretofore afford
ed, much is being done by the enterprising trustees, and by
individuals to render the institution, if possible, still more
worthy of public confidence,
The college buildings formerly occupied, having been found
too inconvenient for the advanced condition of the institution,
arrrangements have been made for the building of a more
spacious edifice, which in addition to the necessary lecture
rooms, will embrace a library, a museum and an herbarium.
The arrangements now in contemplation are deemed as com
plete as in the oldest institutions in the country, and no pains
will be spared, either by the trustees or faculty, to render the
situation of students not ouly advantageous, but pleasant.
In consequence of the numerous applications which have
been made to extend indulgence to young men of enterprise
and merit, at a late meeting of the faculty, it was unani
mously agreed, that a note for ninety-five dollars, with two
good endorsers, payable twelve months after date, should be
received in lieu of cash, for the tickets of the several profes
sors for one course of lectures, when students are not prepar
ed to advance the cash.
Those wishing further information in reference to the in
stitution, will please address the Dean, post paid
K. P. WATSON,
Memphis, April, 1350. 19—3 m [Dean of the Faculty
To Printers.
FIR SALE Cheap for Cash or approved paper, one Im
perial Smith Press and all other necessary materials
suitable for a country Printing Office. Application to be
made at this Office. Aug. 9,1850.
Dr. de GRAFFENREID 5 S
CELEBRATED
RHEUMATIC LINIMENT,
r TN introducing this medicine to the people of the United Suites, fcr
X sale, the proprietors beg leave to submit the following sum
of Dr. de Graffenried, its discoverer and inventor: 1
The undersigned frankly state* that he has prescribed this med rin.
for the last twenty-two years, in all forms of Acute and Chronic Rhl.
matism, with a success unparalleled in the annals of cf medicine • and
he ha no hesitation in saying, that it is decidedly the most valuaLu
remedy e\ er yet discovered for the relief of this most painful and di.
tressing malady.
His note-book contains upwards of three hundred cases, in which it
has been used within the above named period, and in n sinri*
instance has it come to his knowledge, of its having failed to effect a
cure when persevered in. Many of the cast's were from four to t t
years standing; and what may appear yet more remarkable and eitrs.
ordinary, is, that when the patieut has been once relieved, the
is permanently cured , remains so, not a solitary instance having bos
reported to him of its return.
All he would ask for this remedy is a fair, impartial and patient
trial, for the results he entertains no apjirehmsion.
Up to the time of this discovery, the undersigned had well stud ed
the origin, progress and character of this disease, and is well nmtu-od.
had consulted every author on its treatment, who had written or been
translated into the English language, and had used all the rcmedi*. 0 |
any notoriety then in vogue with the profession, with however verv
rarely any relief to poor suffering humanity. 1 1
It has baffled the skill and science of the most eminent Physician*
and Surgeons of our own, and of every other country, llut the Hn
dersigned flatters himself that his remedy will cure this most painfu a
disease, when all others have failed, and that lie shall have been an
humble instrument in the hands of God, of relieving the human fatal*
of a vast amount of suffering. 7
E-L.de GRAFFENRIED, M. D.
CERTIFICATES.
FROM COL. A. K. AVER.
Dr. E. L. de Graffenried — Learning that you are about
to manufacture for the public, your valuable Rheumatic Lin
imont, I take pleasure in stating that I believe it one of th*
most valuable remedies ever used for that common aud most
distressing disease, having witnessed its effects upon a ne
gro man of mine, who had been afflicted for four vears, uu
til almost every joint was enlarged, and the body otherwise
emaciated. By the use of four or five bottles, in three Weeks,
he was relieved entirely from pain.
Columbus, Ga., Oct.‘24, 1849. A. K. AYER.
Columbus, October 30, 1849.
Dear Sir—About the first of April last, I came to Colum
bus to get medical assistance, and was advised to call on you
as having a remedy that would afford me speedy relief. 1
was taken down in January last, with a violent attuck of
Rheumatism in nearly all my joints, so badly, that I could
not pull off my shoes without aid ; nor could i ascend or de
scerid steps, or pull off my clothes without assistance. My
right arm and hand were nearly useless ; the fingers con
tracted and swollen ; the right knee swollen aud stiffened,,
so that I could not bend it but very little. Up to the Ist of
April, I was all the time in suffering and pain ; 1 rubbed
with your Rheumatic Liniment my limbs three times, aud
was the next morning enabled to descend a long flight of
steps, without aid of crutch or stick, and back to mv room—l
could also beud my knee and bring it up to the chair, which
the previous day, I could not have done if mv life had de
pended on it. I could also use, open and bend my fingers,
which was an impossibility the day before. I rose in tho
morning from my bed entirely relieved of pain. 1 used one
bottle and an eight ounce via! of your Rheumatic Liniment,
and in ten days, I was relieved. I would not have been in
the condition which I had been ten days before I called ou
you, for any amount of money that could be given me; for
what is life worth when in constant pain and misery ! I
conside r your Rheumatic Liniment, the most valuable med
icine in the world. I am, dear sir, vour friend,
J. H. SMITH.
Columbus, Ncv. 1, 1849.
Dear Sir—My negro woman Patience, a cock, had a stiff
neck from a painful Rheumatic affection, for six or seven
years, and could not turn her neck except with th body. 1
was induced to purchase a bottle of your Liniment, which
was applied in August or September of 1848. One f* &
entirely relieved her and she now has the use of her i •
well aa ever she had ; aud ap to this time it has not; turn
ed. GARLAND B. TERRI
Philadelphia, Feb. I, ]B.V
Dr. de Graffenried—Dear Sir: Having been afflicted, hr
sometime past, with a severe attack of Rheumatism, atd
having heard of the wonderful effects of yonr Rheumatic
Liniment, I was induced to try a bottle of it, and aftei three
days, I was so much relieved as to be able to leave the htms*
and attend to business. 1 have perfectly recovered from t’r
disease, and would cheerfully reccmmeud the Lm meU m
all those who are afflicted.
GEORGE HOOD, 27 Powell si.
Columbus, Ga., Oct. 13, 1>49.
Dr. E. L. de Graffenried—Dear t-ir: Agreeable to your
request. I give my testimonial as to the virtue of vour Lini
ment in the cure of Rheumatism. iu one
joint of my finger, last winter, with acute Rheumatism, and
having used many of the unnumbered prescriptions for its
cure, with but little benefit, 1 made application of two boit!**
of your Liniment, which I am happy to say relieved me in a
vcr> stioixtune. lean recommend its use to all persons af
fected in like manner.
Very respectfully, F. S. CHAPMAN.
I cm testity to the efficacy of Dr. de Graffniried e Rheu
matic Liniment in the case of Mr. F. S. Chapman, as it t amo
under my immediate observation.
Oct. 13, 1849. R. A. WARE, M. D.
Dear Sir—Some time in January last, Mrs. McKee was
taken very ill with lufiammatory Rheumatism in her shoul
der joints, extending to her elbow joint, and arm, which dis
abled her from using her arm almost entirely ; and from the
pain, want of sleep, and great restlessness, for not less than
six weeks. 1 was induced by my friend, Mr. Luke Reed, to
call on von for a bottle of your Liniment, and by using half
the bottle, she was entirely relieved, and the relief was man
ifest or sensible after three or four rubbings. lam of opinion
it is one of the most valuable remedies that has ever been dis
covered for Rheumatism : that is, from my own knowledge
aud that which I have heard from others.
Dr. E. L. de Graffenried. H. C. McKEE.
Columbus, Oct. 19th, 1?49.
Dr.de Graffenried—Dear Sir: 1 take pleasure in saving, T
have a bo\ who was so badly afflicted with Rheumatism,
that he could not raise his hand to his head, and had nearly
1-st the use of his arm. I used the fourth of a bottle of your
Rheumatic Liniment, which relieved him entirely. I con
sider it a most valuable remedy for the cure of Rheumatism
RANDOLPH L. MOTT.
Joxes’ Hotel. Philadelphia, March 3d, 1850.
Cos/, .}. n. Ragan —Bir, it affords ine great pleasure to be able to.
bear testimony to the efficacy and virtues cf Hr. tie GraJfenrieSs
Rheumatic Liniment.
I have been sorely afflicted for the last six years with what I believ
ed to be. and what eminent Physicians of this city pronounced, Rheu
matic gout, for several winters past I have been confined to my room
and bed nearly all the time. In January Inst, I had an attack as violent
if not more so than usual, which prostrated me for about three weeks*
cn your recommendation I commenced the use of this Lmimentl
(With I must confess but little faith.) Its effects were astonishing
and decidedly beneficial from its first application. In a few davs my
back, wrists and ankles w ere entirely relieved (and so continue ) of all
the soreness and pains, aud the swellings reduced, with the use ot
less than one bottle. I have been iu the discharge of my ordinary
business e.-ersinee.
I consider it an extraordinary, and decidedly the most efficacious
remedy for t his disease, w hicli I hat e ever met w ith. And most cheer
fully recommend its use to all who may be afflicted with it.
Respectfully Yours, ‘ N. W. BRIDGES.
Jones* Hotel.
Baltimore, March 30. 1850.
Dr. de Graffenried — Dear Sir, forthelast twelve years, I have suf
feree very severely with the Rheumatism, having been nearly on#
fourth of the time confined to my bed by it. I have had the best med
ical aid to be found in various cities in the United States with little or
no benefit. I have also tried innumerable strongly recommended
remedies, which have failed to effect a cure. 1 tqx-nt the last summer
at the White Sulphur and Hot Springs in Virginia, to little purpose.
After iny return home, I so far recovered, as to be able to walkabout a
little. About six weeks since, I had a severe attack which again con
fined me to my bed, 1 was in great pain and scarcely able to move my
limbs, when a friend of mine called and informed me that you hnd dis
covered an infallible remedy, and had cured many,and amongst them,
one of my friends, and showed me a letter front him stating tlw fact.
I was induced to try your Rheumatic Liniment, and take pleasure in
informing you that in less than twenty-four boars from the first appli
cation 1 was perfect' y frtt from pain, and continue so up to this time.
1 am now able to attend to business, and fondly hope all those afflict
ed, as I have been, may be as speedily relieved, as I have been with
your medicine. Wishing you all the blessings you deserve dear sir,
Your grateful and obedient Servant,
GEO. WARDS WORTH.
Con-Mars, Ga.. Oct. 20. 1849.
Dr. de Graffenried — Piar Fir, 1 take pleasure in giving you the
particulars of my affliction by, and relief from Rheumatism. During
the spring of 1844 I w as afflicted with a very severe attack of Inflam
matory Rheumatism. I employed all the most celebrated remedies
then known and used in similar cases, aided by medical advice, until
September, 1845, with no satisfactory result whatever. Iw as then
induced, by a rheumatic acquaintance, to try your Liniment, as some
thing new, and which had cured him; and in one month from th#
time I commenced the application, I was well, and clear of the Rheu
matism as 1 ever was. anil have continued so to this time.
Yours, Truly, L. C. MORTON.
For sale at Payne & Nisbatt's Drug Store, Macon, and by Agent#
tin all the principal cities and towns in the United States. Price $5
per bottle none genuine without the signature of the discoverer on
the side label of the bottle, and across the cork.
de GRAFFENRIED & Cos., Proprietors.
Columbus, June 14,1850. 12 —ly.
MACON
Candy Manufactory.
r T'hE Subscriber still continues to manufacture CANDY’ of every
JL variety, next door below Ross & Co's, on Cotton Avenue. Hst
increased my facilities and obtained additional Tools,! ant now prepsr
edto put cn to order, CANDIES, of any variety, and warranted equa
to any manufactured in the South. ] also manufacture a superior ar
ticle of Lemon and other BYRUPB, CORDIALS, PRESERVES, Ac-
All my articles are well packed, delivered at any point in this City
and w arranted to give satisfaction,
H. C. FREEMAN, Agent.
Merck, 21,1?5?. I—*
