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VOL. 2-NO. 143-
SAVANNAH, GEORGIA, TUESDAY, JUNE
The Daily News andLNerald.
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•JOB PRINTING,
i Livery style, neatly and promptly done.
JEFFERSON DAVIS IN PRISON.
Scenes and Incidents of the Life
of the Ex*Confederate Presi
dent in the Casemate at
Fortress Monroe.
Extracts from the Diary of the
Post;Surgeon.
KIGORS OF HIS CONFINEMENT.
Opinion* of the Confederate header on
Social and Political Affair*.
[continued.]
southern Migration to Mexico.—Mr. Calhoun's
Memory vindicated from one Charge*—Tribute to
Albeit Sidney Johnson.—Failure of Southern
Iron-dads and Loss of the Mississippi.
July 21th. —Called on Mr. Davis, accompanied by Capt.
Kcrte. 3d Pennsylvania Artillery, officer of the day.
Found prisoner still very feeble, but said he could not
resist the temptation to crawl out in such beauti
ful weather, even at the cost of the degrading guards
whj dogged his steps. Captain Korte absent during
greater part of this interview, relieving guard in the
oasemates of Clay and other prisoners. Borne officers
of the day often left me alone with prisoner for this
purpose ; others remained close to us as we conversed*
but as Mr. Davis always spoke in a subdued manner,
and my replies were given in the usual confidential tone
of a doctor consulting a patient, the presence or ab
sence of the officer of the day made little differ-
euce. fij'
Mr. Davis spoke of the folly and something worse of
those Southern leaders who had fled to Mexico. It
was an act of cowardice—an evasion of duty only to
be excelled by suicide. They had been instrumental
in briugiug the evils ot military subjugation on the
people, and should remain to share their burdens.
The great masses of the people were rooted to the
•oil, aud could not, and should not fly. The flrst
duty of the men who had been in command during
the struggle was, to remain faithful fellow-sufferers
with the rank and tile. 13y doing so they could yet
exercise a moral and intellectual, if not political,
weight against the schemers of rapine and oppression
now swarming over the Southern country ; while by
deserting they abandon helpless ignorance to the
•way of powerful craft, arid confessed judgment to
whatever charges might be brought against them.
The scheme of a political settlement in Mexico was
preposterous in prat t ce, though tempting to wounded
pride. Settlements and colonies were governed, or
governed themselves by laws of material interest,
considerations of profit and loss ; and no settlers
could be imagined less fitted for the requirements of
a new colony than a body' of embittered politicians,
still sore and smarting from a conflict in which they
had incurred defeat. Patience, indomitable industry
and sell-denial were the necessities of every new set
tlement; aud these—even were the colonists of a more
•suitable c lass—could scarcely be continued in Mexico,
where languor, indolence and ease are constituent
portions ol the climate.
Itr-H arked to Mr. Davis that I had always
tie fidibustenng expeditions of Lopez against Cuba,
aid Walker in Nicaragua, as Southern projects lor iuc
acquirement of more territory aud larger representa
tion in Congress, to balance the increasing free States
< f the North aud West. If his opinions against the
: visibility of Southern men colonizing Mexico had
been general with his people, how came the Lopez,
and more especially the Walker expeditions, to find
ravor in his section, Walker proposing an American
settlement so much nearer the equator ? The desire
lor Cuba could be understood ; its enormous slave
population, wealth, and command of the Gulf, forming
sufficient attractions.
Mr. Davis replied there had been a general desire
.n the South for Cuba, but none of any consequence
tor Central America. Neither expedition, however,
had been supported by any organized party of bis
people- The Walker foray in Nicaragua had its main ori
gin in a quarrel between two new New York commer
cial houses—those of Governor Morgan and Cornelius
Vanderbilt, as he understood—for the profits of th e
Transit Company across tlio Isthmus. The expedi
tion against Cuba was favored by General Quitman,
and had so much of direct Southern sanction as might
be drawn from the (ieneral’s representative position
—which was deservedly of the highest—but no more.
It was fostered on the statements aud promises ol
Cuban planters anxious for annexation, and promis
ing a liberal co-operation ol men and means tho mo
ment a lauding was effected. These promises went
ofl iu smoke, as do all the promises of a tropical and
luxurious people for active exertion ; aud so the mat
ter ended.
In regard to his remarks about settlements in Mexi
co, it was not his intention—the reverse, in fact—to
oe understood as suggesting that his people could not,
or will not colonize and reclaim the greater part or the
whole of that country. His thought merely was, that
a settlement of self-exiled politicians and soldiers, act
ing under the impulse of anger, and with no fixed
purposes or habits of industry, and but little capital
in money or materials, formed a poor basis for any
• denization project of permanent prosperity. His
people needed more territory and would continue to
need it. their line of expansion running towards
Mexico; but this would have to come by natural pro
cesses of growth, perhaps assisted, when time was
npr, by some such political and mbitary movements
tailed Texas to the country. Timely blossom gives
timely fruit, aud we can no more quicken the healthy
growth of a nation by artificial aid than tho growth of
* child. If restraints be imposed on natural growth,
violence may be useful to cast off such restraints, but
beyond this can only serve to retard expansion.
Same afternoon, joined Mr. Davis, who was seated
with Major-General Miles on the south front of the
ramparts, the prisoner seeming to prefer this aspect
of the compass.
Gen. Miles remarked that the fortification known as
Hip Baps had already occupied much time, and
must have cost the Government vast soma of money.
Mr. Davis replied, giving full statistics on the sub
ject up to the period he had ceased to be Secretary of
War, adding, that many years ago it had approached
completion, but had slowly settled down until the sec-
0Q d her of embrasures reached the sea-level, owing to
a spreading of the artificial rock-island on which it has
berm built. As it was so nearly finished, and might be
ttteful in case of a foreign war, he supposed Govern-
&itiit would now complete its armament and maintain
il as a permanent fort; but it the matter were to do
^ver again, a couple of irou-clads would serve all its
purposes better, at less than a tenth of its expense.
Allies observed, interrogatively, that it was re
ported John C. Calhoun had made much money by
speculations, or favoring* the speculations of his
friend* connected with this work.
in & moment Mr. Davis started to his feet, betraying
much indignation by his excited manner and flushed
cheek. It was a transfiguration of friendly emotion,
the feeble and wasted invalid and prisoner suddenly
forgetting his bonds, forgetting his debility, and
ablaze with eloquent anger against this injustice to
the memory of one whom he loved and reverenced.
Mr. Calhoun, he said, lived a whole atmosphere above
sordid or dishonest thought—was of a nature to
which even a mean act was impossible. It was said in
ev «7 Northern paper that he iMr. Davis) had carried
with him five millions in gold when quitting Rich
mond—money pilfered from the treasury of the Con
federate -States—and there was just as much truth in
that at in these imputations against Calhoun. One
of the worst signs of the times is the looseness with
which imputations of dishonesty are made and ac
cepted against public men in eminent station. They
who spit against the wind, spit in their own faces, and
such charges come back to soil the men who make
them, if an individual has any proof of dishonesty
against a public man, he should bring his charges in
due form, and have an open trial; but when an entire
People, or their great majority, greedily accept and be-
hey^yunsupported imputation of corruption against
a distinguished statesman or other officer it argues
corruption in their own minds, and that they suapect
u lD others because conscious it would be their own
'coarse if endowed with power.
Mr. Davis then entered upon an explanation, too
minute for me to follow, of the manner in which these
'fwges against Mr. Calhoun arose from the malice of
■ome speculators,between whose avarice and the pub-
“ c treasury Mr. Calhoun bad interposed his pure and
influence. Calhoun was a statesman, a pbil-
yi °pne r , in the true sense of that grossly abused term
■~^n enthusiast of perfect liberty in representative
govermentaj action. Wrong, of course, in his
"jTC'hMons, the opponents of his theory were free to
him; but Mr. Davis believed the hands of
'Jywge Washington not more free from the filthiness
, than were those of the departed statesman
^?®had been thus libelled. Every public officer who
the schemes of rogues must prepare to pay
ww penalty. There was not a general in either army
Si?* I**®* wmr who was not accused by sutlers and
^*«p-foUower» of having made fortunes from theex-
•wn* which their powers allowed them to impose.
the astronomer dwalls in his tower watching the
kTtjIl breed and slimy things crawl gt will
“ the foundation story of hi, edifice.
Mr- Davis with Captain Gna-
Fonnd prisoner improving. Mentioned that I had
spent the previous day on the wreck of the Trigate
Congress, sunk by the Merrimac, describing minutely,
at his request, the state of the vessel, and the process
of elevating sunken vessels by building a bulkhead,
Ac., and the use of powerful pumps. Mr. Davis ap
peared much interested, saying the Congress had
fought gallantly, and it was in consequence of injuries
to tho prow of the Merrimac from her shot, and not
owing to the attack of the Monitor, that the Merrimac
had been compelled to retire. These injuries Started
a fatat leak, which the weight of armor rendered it
impossible to cure; and this was the true cause of the
vessel's final failure. Mr. Davis also spoke of the con
tinued advances iu engineering skill and mechanical
contrivance. When the Royal George capsized she
went to the bottom uninjured, and would have been
in perfect order had such means for-raising sunken
vessels been then -known. The British Government
had made great exertions, and offered large rewards,
he believed, to accomplish this result, but witho£
success; aud only such small articles, or piecenaif* 1 *
parts had been regained as the divers could fastcar
ropes to, and cause to be hauled up. With the excep
tion of the Merrimac, no armed vessel of the South
had enjoyed a fortunate career, aud hers was brief.
They were either captured, like the Atlanta, while
trying to run out to sea, or destroyed by our war ves
sels aud gunboats while still imperfect aud unprepared
for the combat. The capture of New Orleans was a.
great calamity to his cause, bnt mainly injurious from
its sacrifice of the inchoate iron-rlads of the Missis
sippi. With the mouth and bead-waters of this vital
river in our possession, no energy could have warded
off the result beyond a certain time, if the North, with
its superior resources of manufacture and preponder
ance of population, should see fit to persist. Pember
ton made a splendid defence of Vicksburg. He had
been blamed for remaining there, but this was the last
hope of saving the Mississippi and keeping open the
beef, aud other commissary supplies of the Trans-
Mississippi department?
Had General Albert Sidney Johnston lived, Mr.
Davis was of opinion our success down the Mississippi
would have been fatally checked at Corinth. This
officer beat realized his ideal of a perfect commander
—large In view, discreet in council, silent as to his
own plans, observant and penetrative of the enemy's,
sudden and impetuous in action, but of a nerve and
balance of judgment which no beat of danger or com
plexity of manoeuvre could upset or bewilder. All
that Napoleon said of Dessaix and Kleber, save the
9lovenly habits of one of them, might be combined
and (truthfully said of Albert Sidney Johnston.
Johnston had been opposed to locating the Con
federate Capital at Richmond, alleging that ii
would involve fighting on the exterior of our circle,
in lieu of tba centre; aud that as the struggle would
finally be for whatever point was tlie capital, it was
ill-advised to go so far north, thus shortening the
enemy’s line of transportation and supply. What
ever value this criticism may have had in a mil
itary point of view, added Mr. Davis, there were po
litical necessities connected with Virginia which left
no choice in the matter. It was a bold courting of the
issue, clearly planting our standard in front of the en
emy’s line and across his path. Such reflections are of
no use now, concluded Mr. Davis, aud the Spaniards
tell us when a sorrow is asleep not to waken It.
Talking of the financial future of the South, he be
lieved negro labor requisite for the profitable work
ing of the rice, sugar, aud cottou crops. These
staples peculiarly demanded the industry of this
race. Germans, or Irishmen could grow tobacco with
profit, and for a few yeras,perhaps, cultivate the other
staples; hat the climatic influences would overpower
their constitutions, and the rice-fields, in particular,
prove deadly to any laborers but the black.
To this 1 opposed my own experience on the Sea
Islands of the Southern coast, where I had cogni
zance of the tanitary condition of an average of fif
teen thousand soldiers, black and white, aud ol all
nationalities, for nearly three years; and the result
had been that negroes, to the “manor born,” had suf
fered more than any others, white or black, with the
exception of the troops from Maine. The work for all
had been of the hardest and heaviest; guard duty
night and day along creeks, lagoons and swamps; in
cessant toil in the trenches and on the works ; the
severest portion of these labors having been performed
on Morris Island, in the month of July. The South
ern negro refugees—men, women aud children, living
iu villages on Port Royal, St. Helena, Edisto, Ladies,
and other islands—suffered more from the fevers of
the climate than our black troops from the North,
and far more than our white troops, who were the
healthiest In the whole armies of the Union, with the
exception of those from the inland mountains of
Maine, and perhaps New Hampshire.
Mr. Davis thought this very possible, but the mor
tality of the plantation negroes arose from the ab
sence of restraint, and their inability to guide them
selves. It was to the master’s interest that they
should be kept in health by regular hours, wholesome
food, and proper periods of rest. The license of sud
den freedom proved too much for their ignorant pas
sions, and became perverted into debauchery. It
was a feast or a famine with them, and such violent
changes of habit never failed to work ruin. While
slaves, they were coiiffued to their quarcers alter cer
tain hours of the night, aud thus saved from malarial
exposure ; while in their new liberty they doubtless
remained abroad until whatever hour they pleased.
As to the health of the white troops, the excitement of
war was in itself a prophylactic. But let the same
men try regular labor in time of peace, and a different
^health-bill would be returned.
stood an. infinitely more objectionable and
pulous successor (Mr. Hamlin); and the '
struck down the President of the United Bit
Mr. Davis onA'egro Character.— The Assassination
of President Lincoln.—Bow the Prisoner's Pood
was Served.-A .Solemn and Interesting Statement.
August Hth.—Had been absent in Baltimore on
official business some few days, during which Mr.
Baris sent for me. Called with Captain Evans, officer
of tile day, and explained my absence. A pustule.
—v 1st ted ifc. Davis with Captain Gna- -See letter of Mrs.
** Pennsylvania ArtlHsry, officer oT tht day. this worthy servant.
prisoner's face, which
Swollen, ne retain— i—w the ca8e mate was
full of malarial poison, caused by the rrSfffig n 2Im
ing of the tide in the ditch outside tas previously
explained), and wished the Washington people
would take quicker means of dispatching him, if his
death without trial was their object. That it was so
he was led to suspect, for a trial muat develop many
things not pleasant to those in power. In particular
it would place the responsibility for tho nou-exchange
of prisoners where it belonged.
Called the same evening. Prisoner in a high fever,
the swelling of his face spreading to his back and
head, with indications of latent erysipelaa. Mr.
Davis wished he could have with him his faithful
servant Robert, who, though a slave, had a moral no
bility deserving honor. The negroes had excellent
traits of character, but required, for their own sakes,
guidance and control. They were docile, as a general
role, easily imbued with religious sentiment, quick
in .sympathies, and of warm family affection.—
Their passions, however, were intenso and uncon
trollable. Slavery had been blamed for their inconti
nence, but this was unjust. Were the free blacks any
less libidinous 1 The Southern slaves were incom
parably more chaste, or less unchaste, than people of
the same race in the North. Slavery was a restraiut
upon promiscuous intercourse, and for commercial
reasons, if for none higher. The negroes were im
provident to a degree that muet reduce them to desti
tution if not cared for. They bad to be provided with
fresh seeds for their little garden patches every year,
no remonstrances sufficing to make them provide one
season for the wants of the next. It was in their af
fections they were strong, and many of them had
excellent traits. His man Robert was the beat and
most faithful of his race, and had attended him
through many serious illnesses. Was with bis wife on
board the Clyde, but might possibly have deserted
the sinking ship by this time. Did not think he
would, though others with greater claims to keep them
faithful were among his enemies.' 1 '
August 16th.—Called with Captain Gressiu, Aid-de-
Camp of General Miles, officer of the day. Prisoner
suffering severely, but in a lees critical state, the
erysipelas xiow showing itself in his nose and fore
head. Found that a carbuncle was forming on his
left thigh, Mr. Davis urging this as proof of a malarial
atmosphere in his cell, reiterating his wish that, if the
Government wanted to be rid of him wlthont trial, it
might take some quicker process.
Prisoner said be bad never held much hope for
himself since entering Fortress Monroe, aud was now
losing it for his people. The action aud tone in re
gard to the Richmond elections gave evidence that
the policy of "woe to the conquered" would prevail.
What a cruel farce it was to permit an exercise of the
elective franchise, with a proviso that the electors
must cast their ballots for men they despised or
bated! Either all pretence of continuing representa
tive government should be abandoned, or free ac
ceptance given to the men indorsed by the people. To
ask men who had fought, sacriffced, aud lost their all
for a cause, to wheel suddenly, and vote into power'
men they despised as renegades or cowards, was the
sin of attempting to seethe the kid iu its mother’s
milk. Better for the South to remain disfranchised
forever than crawl back into office or recognition
through such incredible apostacy. Better remain
prisoners than be citizens on such terms, in no dis
trict of Virginia could wbat we called a “loyalist,
muster a corporal's guard of men witb similar senti
ments. Why organize hypocrisy by attempting to
force into elective positions men who were not repre
sentatives of their alleged constituents—meu who
could only sxcite the abhorrence or contempt of nine
ty-nine in every hundred of the peoj® ? Either the
South should be declared so many conquered
provinces under militury rule, or given back the free
dom of the ballot. To offer bribes for wholesale false
hood wonld be found poor policy; and the meu here
after to create trouble in the South would not be the
gallant and well-born gentlemen who fought loyally,
and at every sacrifice of life and property for a cause
they believed right, but that small scum of poltroons
and renegades who remained ‘‘neutral" through the
contest, only anxious to avoid danger for themselves,
and jump over to thoeide that won. The former class
accepted defeat, aud would loyally preserve any obli
gation* that might be imposed on them. The latter
were worthless and pitiful intriguers, commanding
no popular confidence, chastened by no memories of
the struggle; end now that no personal risk could be
incurred, would seek to attain popularity—the popu
larity of demagogue*—by re-tanning into flame the
pasaioua and prejudices of the ignorant and vulgar.—
They will be cttnMfoas for Southern rights, uow that
Southern rights are dead, and out-Herod Herod in
their professed devotion to the Southern cause.
August 20th.—Called with Captain Evans, officer of
the day. Mr. Davis suffering great prostration, a
cloud of erysipelas covering his whole face and throat.
The carbuncle much inflamed. Spirits exceedingly
dejected, evinced bv anxiety for bis wife and children.
That he should die without opportunity, or rebutting
in public trial the imputed stigma of having had
share in the conspiracy to assassinate Mr. Lincoln,
waa referred to frequently and painfully. That his
tory would do him justice, and tbe criminal absurdity
of the charge be its own refutation, he had cheerful
confidence while in health ; but in his feebleness and
despondency, with knowledge how powerful they
were who wished to affix this stain, his alarm, lest it
might become a reproach to his children, grew an in-
creasiag shadow. •
Of Mr. Lincoln be then spoke, not in affected terms
of regard or admiration, bnt paying a simple and sin
cere tribuie to his goodness of character, honesty of
purpose, and Christian desire to be frithful to his du
ties according to such light as was given him. Also
to Us official purity and freedom from avarice. The
Southern press labored in tbe early part of the war to
render Mr- Lincoln abhorred and contemptible ; bnt
such efforts were against his judgment, and met such
opposition as his multiplied cares and labors would
permit. Behind Mr. Lincoln, during his first term,
♦See letter of Mrs. Davis further „on, in retard to
acru
Ifist
the United Slides would
place that successor in power. When Mr. Lincoln was
reinaugurated thecauae of his people was bopeleas,
of very nearly so—the struggle only justifiable in
continuance by its better attitude for obtaining terms;
and from no rater the United States could have
might terms so generous have been expected- Mr.
Lincoln was kind of heart, naturally longing for the
glory and repose of a second term to be spent in
peace. Hr. Johnson, being frpm the South,' dare not
offer such liberal treatment; his motives would be
impugned. In every embittered national struggle,
proposals to assassinate the rival representatives were
common, emanating from different classes of men,
with different motives; from spies of tbe enemy’,
wishing to obtain evidence how such proposals would
be received ; froth fanatics, religious or. patriotic, be
lieving the act would prove acceptable to Heaven;
from lunatics, driven mad by sufferings connected
with tbe struggle ; and from boastful and often cow
ardly desperadoes, seeking gold and notoriety by at
tempting, or promising to attempt the crime. At the
time it occurred, Mr. Lincoln’s death, even by natural
causes, would have been a serious injury to the
pects of the South ; but tbe manner of his takii
frenzying the Northern mind, wss the last crowning
calamity ot a dispairing and defeated, though right
eous cause.
August 21st.—Called with Captain Oorlis, os the
staff ot General Mites, officer of the day. Prostration
increased, and the erysipelas spreading. Deemed it
my duty to send a communication to Major General
Miles, reporting that 1 found the State prisoner Davis,
suffering severely from erysipelas in the fhee and head,
accompanied by the usual prostration attending that
disease. Also that he had. a small carbuncle on his
left thigh, his condition denoting a low Btate of the
vital forces.
August 23(1.—Called with Captain Evans. 31 Penn
sylvania Artillery, officer of the day. Prisoner a
little unproved, febrile symptoms subsiding. • Had no
appetite for ordinary food, but found the cookies* sad
moisture of fruits agreeable. Said be had concluded
not to lose any mare spoons for me, bat would retain
the one that morning sent with his breakfast. Unless
things took a change he would not rsquirs it long.
[This was an allusion to the desire some of tbe
guards had to secure trophies of anything Mr. Davis
had touched. They had carried away bis brier-wood
pipe, and from time to time taken five of the spoons
sent over with his meals from my quarters. The
meals were sent over by a bright little mulatto boy
named Joe, who handed them to tbe sergeant of the
guard outside the casemate, who passed them through
tbe window to the lieutenant of tbe guard in the outer
cell, by whom they Were handed to tbe prisoner
through the grated doors of the inside room, the keys
of which were held by the officer of the day. No knife
and fork being allowed the prisoner, "lest he should
commit suicide,” his food had to be cut up before
being sent over—a needless precaution, it always
seemed to me, aud more likely to produce than pre
vent tho act, by continually keeping the idea that it
was expected before the prisoner’s mind. It was in
returning the trays from Mr. Davis to my quarters
that the spoons were taken—an annoyance obviated
by bis retaining one for use. This only changed the
form of trophy, however; napkins that he had used
being tbe next class of prizes seized and sent home to
sweethearts by loyal warders at the gates.]
Mr. Davis expressed some anxiety as to bis present
iilneaB. He was not one of those who, when in trouble,
wiahod to die. Great invalids seldom hid this wish,
save when protracted suffering, had weakened the
brain. Suicides were commonly of the robuster
class—men who had never been brought close to
death nor thought much about it seriously. A good
old Bishop once remarked, that “dying was the last
thing a man should tbiuk about,” and the mixture of
wisdom and qoaint humor in the phrase had im
pressed Mr. Davis. Even to Christians, witb the
hope of an immortal future for the soul, tbe idea of
physical annihilation—of parting forever from the
tenement of flesh in which we have had so many joys
and st »rrows—was one full of awe, if not terror. Wbat
it must be to the unbeliever, who entertained abso-
lnte and total annihilation as bis prospect, he could
not conceive. Never again’ to hear of wife or
children—to take the great leap into black vacuity,
with no hope of meeting in a brighter and happier
life the loved ones left behind, the loved ones gone
before!
He bad more reasons than other men, and now
more than ever, to wish for some prolongation of life,
as also to welcome death. His intolerable sufferings
and wretched state argffsd for the grave asm place of
rest. His duties to tbe cause he had represented, und
his family, made him long to be continued on the
footstool, in whatever pain or misery, at least until by
tbe ordeal of a trial he could convince the world he
was not the monster his enemies would make biro ap
pear, and that no wilful departures from the humani
ties of war had stained the escutcheon of his people.
Errors, like all other men, he had committed ; but
stretched now on a bed from which he might never
rise, and looking with the eyes of faith, which no
walls could bar, up to the throne of Divine mercy, it
was his comfort that no snch crimes as men laid to bis
charge reproached him in the whispers of his con
science.
“They charge me with crime, Doctor, but God knows
my innocence. I indorsed no measure that was not
justified by the laws of war. Failure is all forms of
guilt in one to men who occupied my position. Should
I die, repeat this for the sake of my people, my dear
wife, and poor darling children. Tell tbe world I
only loved America, and that in following my State I
was oply carrying out doctrines received from rever
enced lips in my early youth, and adopted by my
judgment as the convictions of riper years.”
Air. Davis spoke witb intense earnestness—the so
lemnity of a dying man. though not then, in my
■JuO^innut, lu May lmuiedintn daugrr. Bias wurtUriw
quoted, were taken ’down on my return to quarters,
and are here given for what each reader may think
imjpesfad w® •» sincere,
srd of law—the speaker uttered them in the gtxxi
faith of a religious man, who thought death might
very possibly be near, if not imminent and certain.
(To be Continued.)
the
The
Higher Law Doctrine—Ils Legiti
mate Fruits.
[From tbe Baltimore Gazette. |
The higher law doctrine of Mr. Seward and ot the
Republicans, who caught up and adopted this new
theory of justice and right, as applicable to the South
aud its institutions, is bearing its appropriate fruits
at the North also. In New York the Slate Legislature,
under the Bame Puritanical influences that have been
aud are still dominant in Maryland, passed a Sunday
law which, among other things, prohibited, as with
ns, the sale of beer or spirituous liquors on Sunday.
A Mr. Falk, who is the proprietor of one of those
beer gardens in which tbe Germans so much delight,
bolding an unexpired license which, in his opinioD,
the Sunday law did not affect, sued out an injunction
iu one of the courts to prohibit the police commission
ers irom interfering with his business until the point
at issue was decided. The injunction was granted,
and on the strength of it Mr. Falk reopened his gar
den on Sundays as usual. Tho New York Tribune,
not content with denouncing Mr. Falk as a law-break
er, attacks the court for granting the injunction. The
position taken by tbe Tribune is this.
"We hold,” says that journal, “that a court haa
something more to do than look at tbe narrow letter
of a law. There are two theories of judicial adminis
tration-one that a Judge ia to consider the law only;
another that he is sometimes to try to make his bench
tribunal of justice. Society expects the latter. It
cares little for forms; it cares much for substance. It
baa been a favorite maxim with Judges that they are
to expound the statute and ignore consequences.
That is a feudal idea. The higher notion of judicial
functions makes them guardians of the good order
and morals of society. Whether they shall be or not
depends much on wbat society demands. Iu the Ex
cise law, or aqy other few. a Judge will probably rep
resent in his decision the necessity of the common
weal. Society, therefore, is responsible at last for
wbat it allows its Judges to decide, and the press, as
the organ of public virtue, must criticise the doings
of the bench as vigorously as of the bar, or the pulpit,
ortho platform.”
It is upon the above theory tliat the radicals have
acted from the beginning, both in regard to the Con
stitution of tbe United States and the laws enacted un
der it. The letter of the law, wherever it stands in
opposition to their views, they complacently repudi
ate, and seek their justification in the plea that they
are conforming to its spirit. If we accept such to be
the true mode in which the laws are to be administer
ed, we shall have as many interpretations of the same
statute as there are individual opinions. It has al
ready introduced into the decisions of the Bench, a*
it has into politics, a wild and reckless latitudinarian-
lsra, which, if it is net speedily checked, will render
all laws valueless. “To expound the statute aud ig
nore consequences,” says tbe Tribune, ”is a feudal
idea.” Tbe true theory of judioial action, according
to tho same authority, ia to conform to what society
demands, und to leave tbe interpretation of the law to
take care of itself. But what constitutes society ? Is it
the governing faction in a State, whether that faction
be a majority, as in New York, or the shabbiest of mi
norities, as here in Maryland ? If by society
is meant tbe whole population of a State,
or the wholo population of a. city, who shall decide
what are the seuiiments of the one or id the other?
If a Judge assume that a majority in the State repre
sents society, and tbe Legislature as expressing the
views of that majority, he must interpret strictly and
conscientiously the laws enacted by that Legislature.
If, on the other hand, he assumo that a certain law
has an especial application to society in a city, and is
quite sure that a majority of its inhabitants is opposed
to its enforcement, must he loosely interpret or wholly
misinterpret the law ho as to conform his decision ac
cordingly ? Of course, as the Tribune says, “society
is raspousibe at last for what “ita Judges decide,' 1 but
not in the unwarrantable sense intended by tbe Tri
bune. The responsibility of society goes back to the
choice of legislators who enact foolish laws, and to the
election of Judges who foolishly interpret them. It is
herein that the responsibility of society consists. So
ciety caunot afterwards cover np its 'responsibility by
demanding that Judges shall strain and warp the laws
in accordance with popular opinion or the require
ments of a faction. If the laws lire good they should
be enforoed, if bad annulled; bnt it is not for the
Judges to expound them otherwise than according to
their true intent and meaning. If we are to beliove
the Tribune, society demands that the Sunday law
shall be rigorously enforced. But when Mr. Falk, or
any other man whose sights have been invaded, or
whose privileges have been circumscribed, seeks his
remedy under qpolhswstatate much mare righteous
in its operation than the Sunday law, the Tribune
steps in with ita cant about “society,” and denounces
tbe Judge for granting the application for an injunc
tion. If your bull gores my ox I have an action for
damages against you; bnt if my ox gores your boll no
action for damages ought to lie. The interests of so
ciety—that is to aay my interests and tbe interests of
those who think in common with me—demand that
there shall be punishment in your case and exemption
in mine. Such is tbe logic of the radhate.
Tlae Degrees (ted’t Tskt It.
The Tallahassee Floridian says*; ‘The acting Post
master at Welbom in this State, being unable to take
the ‘-iron-clad,” recently received notice to dose his
office. Tbie threw tbe citizen* iato some excitement,
for they did not much ralish tb* ides tt being cut off
from postal facilities. But there W*n no heinJOrft
if no one eoald be found who cotdd take the oath, the
office most bo abut op. They Mad the ladies; bnt all
had been rebellious—not pan wetdd consent to
postmistresses. In their dilemma an hpaest nearD'
th might of—oner who bad proved fkithfol
war --sird ha was urged to take the office. Tho oath
was. read to him *nd explained, whempon he
promptly said, “I can't take it. I was a servant and
Confederate soldier during the war. All my sent!
meats ase against them, and I won"t hays the place.
The negro’e name is “P.ncknsy Redmond.”
There is more in this remarks the Hacon Telegraph,
than appears st first glance. We see daily in the
Northern papers dissertations on the loyalty offihe
Southern black* during th* late war, and the idea
seems to be that they were all on the aide of the
North. Now'we kbow fkr more of the sentiments of
the colored people of th* South than - any Northern
man can, and we have frequently had it in
expoae this assumption, for it ia nothing more. Our
own opiniontsthat exactly the opposite it the truth.
The negro bad no -deatrs to fight on either aide, but
bad it beau put to vote during the war, with a cer
tainty that he bad to fight on one side or the other,
we firmly believe that nineteen out of twenty would
nave joined the causa of their masters. Our Yankee
brethren may make wk*t they choose out of this
statement, but we firmly believe in ita trnth.
“The negro had no desire to t^bt on either aide.
True, and the fact reminds us of a very striking illus
tration of the negro's position in tbe late contest,
given by a faithful Virginia servant of an officer in the
Confederate army. Shortly after (he naws had reached
the camp in North Carolina that tbe Confederate
Government contemplated putting biaok froopsinto
the service, tbq subject was a matter ot fr«qqQ>t
discussion among th* negroes around the camp
fires:
“Is you gwine to 'list, Thornton ?” asked a rather
spirited darkey of a staid old fallow who had followed
his master through the war.
“No,” replied Thornton. “I don’t want to have
nothin Id do with no fighttn. Nigger got no bnsi
nogs with musket.’
“But, ” qgked th* other who pretended rather to
favor the proposition, “aint you wiUiu to help to whip
the Yankees? Aint you ’gin ’em ?”
“Yes, I is 'posed to 'em, but His way for niggar to
help fight the Yankees is wid de hoe. He kaowa
what to do wid dat. But what he know about
ainsket.”
■Eh, Thornton, yon don't want to fight no how,
‘Data a fact. What nigger got to fight about. Da
white men, de Yankee* and de Federates is like two
dogs flgbtin Tor a bone. Nigger it de bone. Yon
see dogs fight for a bone bnt you never see de bone
fight.”
‘Dat’a a fket,” amid the other. “De bone never
fight. But he git mighty bad chawed sometimes.
That the poor a negro baa been terribly chawed in
the late conflict between the North and South, no
one who haa any knowledge of hie present condition
will deny.
HELMBOLO'S FLUID EXTRACT BUCHU,
Gold Sbnt to Eubopb.—The specie exported on
freight from New York and Boston within ths last five
weeks foot* up aa follows:
Week ending May 19th .« 8,763,296
Weak ending May 36th U,364,840
Weak ending June 9d 6,878,978
Week ending June 9th 5,886,800.
Weak ending June 16th 6,163,19?
Total, five weeks....
.$88,979^913
For Weakness anting from Indiscretion. The
powers of Nature which are aoeompeoied byte many
alarming symptoms, among wbiah wtU b* foanfl India
position to Exertion, Loss of Memory, WakMhkwm,
Horror of Disease, or Forebodings of Evil; in feet,
Universal Lassitude, Prostration, and inability t* enter
into tbe enjoyments of auciety. '*
The Constitution, once affected with Oiganic IFsabuB,
require* the aid of Medicine to Urengthm and imigonu
the iptem, which HELUBOID’S EXTRACT BUCHU in
variably floes. If no treatment is submitted to, Con
■umptiah *r Insanity aimuas.
HELMBOLD’S FLUID EXTRACT BUCHU,
In affections peculiar to “ Fotuxs,” Is unequaled by
any other preparation es In Chlorosis or Retaotloa,
Painfnlneas, or Suppramuai of Customary EvaemtiOM,
Ulcerated or Sohlrrua State of ths Uterus; and all com
plaints Incident to the sex, whether arising from hahlta
of dissipation, imprudence In, or th* dsetta* or ahang*
la Ufa.
HKLMBOLD'B fluid kxtbaot bugkv
Will radically exterminate from th* system Dtasaaaa
arising from Habits of Dissipation at KM* mpamr, Utffa
ptetely Mana&g VTj7 iff Hi HMWPI
fesflvo, fbpoiha, and Jfarvmy, In aU thms dtsssesq
usb HTnr.MBOuya
FLUID EXTRACT IUQHU
la all Dlssaam of these organa, whether existing la
' Male ” or “ Anots,” from whaUctr sums *r*Mflfap>
and no matter how long standing. It is pleasant ifi test*
and odor, “ immediate ” in action, and more strength
ening than any of ths preparation* of Bark or bo%.
Those suffering from Broken down or DiUccU Oomtt
tntime, procure Iks rrandy gj owes -
Th* reader mast b* aware that howsvtr alight msy
be the attack of the above iHaaaem, It la osrtsin toaf-
tset Mt BodOg Health, Mentol Powers, and Bkfftnem.
AU tha above diaaaaaa require th* old dt a llaratto.
HELUBOLDS XdCTRACT BPCHU
In tba Grant Dioratio.
HELMBOLO’S HIGHLY CONCENTRATED
COMPOUND FLUID EXTRACT SABSiPAKOLA,
For purifying the Mood, removing all chroflo oooatltu-
ttenal diseases arkflag from Ml fanpoM dale of th*
blood, and th* only reliable and sObciaal known
mr^f—*-i—* #0 ~-^-*i|ftrflliHlffiit,‘hii mienai
Patna and 8w*U|nga or th* Btnm, Utearaton of th*
Throat end Legs, Hotohae, Ftmplss oa OWfeoe, Tstter,
ftyslpalia, and aU sly ■’ifrlMarafteiflto, ’
AND BEAUTIFYING THE OOMPLlboN.
Not a fear of tba worst dMorder* that afoct maakfed
arias from tbaaorraptloa that aocnmuktetti tha blood
or all th* discoveries that Imre Man mote to ptnga it
out, nans can equal In eflket HBLUBOUW COMPOUND
EXTRACT OF SARSAPARILLA, tt flteoiara oad imx^
vales tbs blood, kutlts thw vtger at team (ate tha
system, sod purge* out th* tamor* the* nuke dfc
aqae- It stimulate* tha hmkhy fenathm ot th* body
and expels th* disorder* that glow sag iMkla lu tba
blood. Such a ramadythat eoald h* rslfefl an, haa
long been sought for, aa4 now, tor thqfirst time, th*
public have one on which tbsy can dsptid. Ow yprit
here does not admit of certificates to alow It* affbets
but the trial of a alngl* boUte win abomhe sick that U
baa vlrtam surpassing frothing they hare ever taken.
Two tableapoanfhlofthaEKtiActflfSamiarillasdded
to n pint of water I* equal to th* UabonOlat/Drink, and
an* bottle la fully frpaj to a gallon of IK Syrup of Sar
saparilla, or the decoctions* usually nada,
fi9» THESE EX3EACCR RAVE am ADMITTED TO
USB IN THE UNITED SKATES AMMY^afl amake to
very general aee In aB Ihfl Stole HoaPTALS and PUB-
UG SANITARY IMSIinniOMB thmofftoot tha hmd, «
wall aato Privatepraetlom,and ajwwoaidarad aa to-
valuable remadiea.
ST. CHARLES SALOON,
STAMM, Bay Lane, rear of Poet Office—
V Th « beat Liquors, Ales, Wine*. Segars, Ac ,
including a choice article ot 9ELT-
EK’S WATER, directly imported from Ueroturlhum.
Nassau, and the beet of Rhine Wiues. s
LUNCH every day at U o’clock. mlS-ty
LA PIERRE HOUSE,
PHILADELPHIA.
T^Hoose^luirakbiei 1 ' * lav * n 5 tewed this favorite
REFITTED AND RRFURRIflHED
IN AN ELEGANT MANNER,
And is uow Prepared wig. tbs Most p tr .
Tert Appointnients for the Hecep-
tion or Onsets.
Tile flret position umoiio first-class Hotels will be
maintained in the future, us in the past
jel2tf , - . - BAKER A FARLEY.
THE VERANDA HOUSE, ”
A T WHITE BLUFF, will lie open on and after
Monday, the 9th met, lor the accommodation
or Boarders. transient or permanent.
The subscriber, flora his long experience in the
husicess, can safely gnarautee the comfort of those
who may give him a call
my2«-tr MOSES NLBELISARIO
LIVE OAK GLUB HOUSE,
No. 32 GEORGE STREET,
Charleston, South Carolina,
Is now open for the accommodation of transient au
permanent gnesta.
Choicest Liquors, Wines, Ales and Segars
BRAMGH OFFICE
KNICKERBOCKER
LIFE MMNCE CO.,
Of New York City,
Stre
SAVANNAH
Policies Issued and Losses Paic
ALWAYS ON HABU.
Tornito,
slllf
per X)«y.
PETER JONES, Proprietor.
OPPICB.
CHARLESTON HOTEL,
CHARLESTON, S. C.
T HIS popnlai and well known Hotel, aitnated In the
business portion of the city, haa been newly tar
nished tlirooghont by the present proprietor, who bos
been sixteen years connected with the establishment.
mM “ w WH1TR, Proprietor.
Port Royal House,
HILTON HEAD, S. C.
RIDDELL A
a. a. BiDDxu..
InS-tf
Pbopbiivobb
m. r. anuo.
Miscellaneous.
GEORGIA STATE DIRECTORY.
H , orl_866 and 1867.
BY CAPT. JOHN C. BRAIN, OF
SAVANNAH, GA.
T his valuable work of reference will be published
on or about the 1st day of July next It will
embrace tbe exact location of every business and
professional man in the S ate or Georgia, as well as
the private residences in all the cities, and will be the
most extensive aud complete directory ever pub
lished. No husirn-ss man should be without it, and
uone should foil to advertise in It. as It is doubtless a
splendid medium through which to communicate
with substantial classes throughout, the country.
Ill the City of New York alone the puldishef has
nearly five hundred subscribers, and that list is daily
on lliu increase, j'lie price ot subscription is within
the roach o' . very business man, h.iwe»er limited his
means The advertising terms are likewist reason
able.
Capt. Braiu and bis General Agent, J. Orris Lea,
of Charleston, may b„ conferred with at Eatill’s News
Depot, rear of Post office, each day for tbe next
week, after the hour of one I*. M. my30-lm.
Emigrants Can be Supplied
WITHIN TEN DAYS.
rpHK undersigned are prepared to supply Planter*
BMM^WFiKUMW! bejujffaut of WHITE
*«. n— .cui-io 10 fit| any orders lor agricnitnfe
Laborers, Woodei;”_rs, Mechanics, etc., within Ten
or Twelve days frooit lie day the order Is {riven here
The Laborers are to «e received by the Employers
on arrival ol tbe steamer here, aud transported to
the points where they are wauled at Employers’
expense, and the Employers have further to pay a
certain sum per head in advance, parity as security
and partly lor covering the expenses In bringing the
Emigrants irom the North to tills port.
The rate at which Farming Laborers can be se
cored will average about $150 per year, the Employ
era finding them.
For rnrther particulars apply to
WM. MORVILLE to CO.,
Jone3' Block, Bay street,
One door East of Barnard street,
■Savannah, Ga.
REFERENCES:
Jackson & Lawton, savannah.
John W. Anderson & Son, Savannah.
Solomon Cohen, Savannah.
Jno. C, Ferrill. Savannah.
Nicholls, camp <£ Co., davanuah
Geo. A. Cuyler, Savannah.
W. R. Fleming, Savannah.
John Screven, Savannah.
Brigham, Baldwin <t Co., Savannah
Savannah National Bank Savannah.
m2
CREDITS
Given to holders of Mutual Policies of
SO PER CENT.,
if desired, when the premium amouuts to
$50 or more, and is paid annually.
DIVIDENDS
made to holders of Mutual Policies as follows;
PAID IN CASH,
APPLY ON PREMIUM NOTES, or
ADDED TO THE POLICY.
The latter or REVERSIONARY" DIVI
DENDS declared by this Company in 1865
were trom FORTY-FOUR to ONE HUN
DRED AND TWENTY PER CENT* ac
cording to age.
Ten Year, Non-Forfeiture,
ENDOWMENT,
Life Policie
THE SOUTHERN
Accident Insurance Co.,
inroBiuia, va.
Authorized Capital, $1,000,000
insures AGAINST
ALL ACCIDENTS,
Giving the holder of an Annual Policy the
lull amount insured in case of death, and
compensation each week, if disabled, for a
period
•
NOT EXCEEDING TWENTY-SIX WEEKS.
SHORT TIKE POLICIES.
($3,000 FOR TK1V CENTS I)
Travellers’ Tickets, from one to thirty
days, may be had at the Railroad Ticket
Offices, Steamship Agencies, and at the
Office of the General Agent.
The Stock of this Company ia exclusively
in Southern hands, and represented by a
Directory widely and favorably known.
We, therefore, appeal with confidence to the
good will and patronage of the Southern
public.
S
Issuea u)
gents
perior Ale, (warranted to stand in anycltmate), are
now prepared to supply tbe name iu packages to anil
purchasers.
apis-3 mo CUNNINGHAM, PURSE A CO
No Extra Charge for Southern Residence
Directors:
Hskry Bkioakk, President Merchants’ National
Bank.
Colonel Wk. 8. Rockwell.
H. A. Crank, of Crane A Graybill.
John D. Hopkins.
A. A. Solomons, of a. a. Solomon* A Co.
8. A. SOCLLAKD.
E. J. Moses, of Brady, Smith A Co.
Fred. M. Hull, of Holcombe A Co.
M. Jfc. Cohen, Secretary Home Insurance Co.
offichub.
president and treasurer,
COL. MAURICE S. LANGHORNE.
VINE PRESIDENTS,
GEN. JOHN B. GORDON, of Georgia
GEN. HARRY T. HAYS, of Louisiana
GEN. JOHN B. GORDON,
AgeMlfflPfti/IStan;.
o. c.
my23
MYERS,
General Agent,
SAVANNAH, GA.
Set Medical PrcftrHm tf Budm,
. from uanftHATwr or «a bmtb> htawsw
^flseProfeaaor Oram’s valuable vorttoe thePraoUoe
Sa* restarts Made by tbe late esbbkteil Dr Peru
of Philadelphia. aSaJeT
See remarks made by Or. taasm MW. . —
brated Pbytociaa and Membra at tbeBoytl Colieea at
See Medico (Mhnyfcal Review, phttobed bv BRaiA-
ua Txxvxwc Fellow of Royal Colllqelf Bereescs
8*e moat of tba 1st* 8t*odard Woefr et “rlklaia
EXTRACT BUCHU,
8M by «U Bnggits.
IRDfQPAL DEPOT- f
HBLUBOD'I
awe AID-CHEMICAL muauuia,
fiM BBOADWAf.
W. M. W^LSH,
%hol*aale Agent for tha Mata lof Georgia.
decTT-bodlj
Ad vertlskiginSoufljarrt Georgia
rvom
Hszsjz*
■frissiflfr
aadnpj
GREAT SOUTHERN
nm WAREHOUSE
ANU
Depot forPrinters’Sopplies
210 Bar Street, Sarauoah 6a.
_ . . Boards
Card Boards, Printers' Cards, Envelopes, Twine* and
Printing Inks
Having had lopg experience ia tbe business, and
buying onr goods in large Ms direct from the maun-
lacturers enables us to compete with Now York
prices
Agents for Wade’s celebrated Printing Inks; Agents
In this citv for the Bath Paper Mills. -
The higlieet cash prices paid for all kinds of paper
t ock
A. WILBUR, General Manager
WM. R. BOYD, Agent.
Dr. K. YONGE, Examining Physician.
Dr. R. D. ARNOLD, Consulting Phyalc’n.
Je7-tf
THE LAWYERS TESfiDATH.
United States District Court P ~
Southern District of
Georgia.
Argument of
HON. HENRY S. FITCH,
XT. IS. District Attorney.
• M PAMPHLET FORM.
PRICK FIFTEEN CENTS.
For sale by
ESTILL A BROTHER,
Bull street, corner Bay lane,
SCHREINER Ac SON,
Congress street,
And
COOPER, OLCOTTS A FARRELLY.
tel-*
NOTICE.
) pasted by the City Council oa
t December, 1866, the^Umjej^on
Y the Ordinance
». ths STth day of .. .
as ante* of every description of mere
•pen freight and passage money payahtein
hones and moles, an paqafrad to
THetiaoaiiflkedii
titofttorotax lor the prt mouth'd
R* T* GP"
nyl-tf City
VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE.
LEXINGTON, VA.
fTIHE BOARD OF VISITORS will meet at ths Vir
A ginia Military Institute on tbe 27th of June, to
foake lippblnimepts of Cadets. Applications for State
and pay Cadet appointments will lie made to the un
dersigned, accompanied with the naual testimonials
of good moral fcpiiaqter.
Candidates for appointment mn,t be exempt from
. ages between 16and 26 yearF, and
in the chae pr elate Cadet applicants, muat satisfy
the Board ot their inability to meet the expenses of
the IiuifitQban.
Candidate* for admission mast be able to read and
write Well, and to perform with facility and accuracy
the va. loa* operations of the four ground roles ol
of redaction,. simple end com-.oand
1 ef vulgar and decimal fractions.
(pne for each Sanatoria! District) will
be anpplied with board ahd tuition without charge.
Every arrangement has bean made by the Board
ol Visitor! to maintain the bleb scientific character
of the IostUnte, and to pot la roll (mention lte well
tried and dtotinetive system of discipline and instruc
tion. 1
The gtbdaaflhg exercises of the institution will
tsko place st me lnatitalsoa the 4th of July. The
are respectfully Bxrited W sli sf theie eaerciees.
Kir all' farther information, application will be
mad* totheMaperiatesdeat.
FRANCIS H. SMITH.
Superintendent
Aognsta CoosUtuttonaitst please Insert six rimes,
and send bill to this office, may2«-6t-w.
THE r+REAT
SOUTHERN AND WESTERN
Life and Accident
COMPANY
OF
New Orleans-
Capital, 0-
$300,000
GEN. JAMES LONGSTREET, President.
SBX PKXPSBID o
TAKE RISK'S
tHeaaoxiable Tori
WILLIAM C. CORNS, Agent,
At Marine Bask.
THE OGLETHORPE
4. W. STEELE,
(Late Steals • Bmrbhak,)
11 Merchutg' Bur, Hfltm Head,Se. Ca
And corner Bing an# Oeerge Me., Charleston,
STALLS the nttentian of Wholesale and Betail
V 1 chaser* to his superior stock of
Military &nd Naval Clothing,
Amm
FURNISHING GOODS,
j*S3»aa«S{f£insisss
Cum Vtekl Glasse*, Gauntlet*, Qfovea,
PROPOSALS WANTED
'tf&'.nnA?'.
Insurance Comp’y
OF 8AVANNAH
Are prepared to take
IFire Risks on Reasonable Tens,
At their Office, 117 Bay Street.
H- W. MEBCEH, President
J. T. Thokab, Sec.
H. W. Mercer
C. a Hardee
William Hunter
A. 8. Haitridge
A. Porter
R. Morgan
J. Stoddard
J. T. Thomas
W. Bemahart
F. L. Gue
H. A Crane
A A Solomons
M. Hamilton
W.W. Gordon
mjT-tf
Directors:
M. 8. Cohen
J. Lama
J. W. Nentt
D G. Purse
A Pullartoo
3. McT
L J. ( rtin
F. ’
Q. 1
tt. J
E. Pj Claton, Augusta
i. W. .Knott, Macon
tt F. Boas, Macon
W. H. Young, Columbus
SPSS9B-
Rockland Lime
FRANCIS COBB’S MANUFACTURE.
jgQBUife*'