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PAGE SIX THE DALTON CITIZEN, THURSDAY, JUNE 9, 1921.
APPLE BLOTCH AND BITTER-ROT
AND THEIR CONTROL.
Relative Susceptibility of’ Varieties.
The relative susceptibility of va
rieties varies with the season and
with the locality. In seasons espe
cially favorable to its development,
bitter-rot may destroy the crop of
all varieties but the more susceptible
one will be the first to succumb.
Very susceptible varieties are:
Givens, Fallawater, Highfill, Hunts
man, Lansingburg, Willowtwig and
Yellow Newton.
Moderately susceptible:
Ben Davis, Grimes, Jonathan,'
Northwestern Greening and Smith
Cider.
Fairly resistant:
Mammoth Black Twig, Delicious,
Maiden Blush, Rome Beauty, Stay- -
man and York.
Resistant:
Akin, Arkansas Black, Bismark and
Winesap.
Control Measures: Of the apple
diseases controllable by spraying,
bitter-rot is the one which dies the
hardest.
In ordinary cases, and by that I
mean nearly all cases, bittpr-rot can
be controlled by keeping the fruit
covered with Bordeaux mixture dur
ing the hot season. This is accom
plished by spraying at intervals of
2 to 3 weeks from early in June
to about August 15 in the case of
fall and winter apples. Care should
be taken to see that the fruit is cov
ered by the spray on all sides. By
starting the schedule in June, the
fruit receives at least one coat of
spray and often two before the dis
ease breaks out, a thing very much
to be desired. In a hot, moist sum
mer, the interval between sprays
should be about two weeks, but
Magic! Drop a little "Freezone” on
an aching corn, instantly that corn
stops hurting, then shortly you lift it
right off with fingers. Doesn’t hurt a bit.
Your druggist sells a tiny bottle of
“Freezone” for a few cents, sufficient
to remove every hard corn, soft corn,
or corn between the toes, and calluses.
—Adv.
in a cool season this interval may
be lengthened to three.
In exceptional cases, so abundant
are the over-wintering sources of
infection consisting of cankers and
mummied fruits, that spraying alone
wiU not give control. In such or
chards, these infection sources are
so numerous that they are some
times able to produce as many as
a thousand infections on each fruit.
If one relied on spray alone he
would have to cover every part of
the fruit, a thing humanly impos
sible. One must therefore reduce
the number of infections by getting
rid of cankers and mummies. Most
of the cankers can be trimmed out
at pruning time, and the mummies
can be prevented from forming by
collecting all rotten fruit at picking
time. The spray schedule as I have
previously outlined should be fol
lowed and in addition to this the af
fected fruits should be pulled off
and disposed of as they appear.
Usually the grower knows the trees
in which the rot first appears and
the elimination of these first rotten
fruits is an important step in con
trol, for it is from these fruits that
the disease is scattered most rapidly.
Then, too, by looking just above
these, clumps of rotted fruits the
grower will often find the canker
or mummy in which the. disease
passed the winter. It is probably
unnecessary for me to say that such
cankers and mummies should be,
removed whenever found.
A few years ago we undertook the
control of bitter-rot in what was be
lieved to be the worst affected or
chard in this country. The most
thorough and careful spraying alone,
while reducing the damage, failed to
give adequate control. By removal
of cankers and mummies during the
winter and by removal of the rot
ted fruit and the infection sources
causing it, in the summer, we soon
had the orchard so that our spraying
gave excellent control. The owner
has followed up our work and his
orchard is one of the freest from
bitter-rot of any orchard in this sec
tion.
Combined Schedule: It is evident
that where blotch and bitter-rot;
are to be controlled, the schedules
of spray applications may be com
bined, the later blotch sprays serv
ing also as earlier bitter-rot sprays.
Incidentally, the sprays applied for
bitter-rot control will prevent sooty-
blotch, New Hampshire fruit spot
and are a great help in the control of
black-rot. Arsenate of lead may be
added in any or all applications
for the control of codling moth and
other insect pests.
The first two sprays for blotch
should be made with 3-4-50 Bor
deaux' mixture, the remaining blotch
and bitter-rot sprays should be made
with 4-4-50 Bordeaux mixture, or
if preferred the lime content may be
increased to 6 lbs. to prevent burn
ing, especially desirable when a
poor grade of lime is used.
General Remarks on Spraying for
Blotch and Bitter-rot Control-
To be efficient, spraying must be
thoroughly done at the right time.
A sloppy job of spraying is a waste
of time, labor and material.
A spray put on before a rain, if
given time to dry, is better than one
put on after a rain.
The fruit must be well covered by
the spray. In order to do this, one
must have fine nozzles, good pres
sure, and hit the fruit with the
spray from more than one side (1)
by manipulation of the spray rod,
(2) by shooting “through” either
from the opposite side or from the
“center” of the tree.
In order to stick to the waxy sur
face of the fruit, spra$ r must be ap
plied in the form of a fine mist.
For this, nozzles must have fine
openings and pressure must be ade
quate. Trees left unpruned or with
“thick heads” cannot be properly
sprayed.
A good rod-man is a rarity. Most
rod-men are able to cover only the
outer y 3 of each fruit. If you use
home-made Bordeaux mixture, you
will be able to see. just how much
you have covered. A friend of mine
says he hates to use Bordeaux mix
ture because he can always go over
the trees after an application of
spray and see what a rotten job he
has done.
The spray-gun is a good orchard
tool, but a careless man, especially
in the first blotch application, can
do a great deal of damage by over
spraying. The gun should always
be used by skilled hands. For
blotch and bitter-rot work, where
a fine, even spray and a maximum
j of protection is required, the rod
is to be preferred to the gun.
Neither blotch nor bitter-rot are
controlled by dusting.
POTENTIAL MAEKET FOE AMER
ICAN FRUIT IN CHINA.
China has within her boundaries one-
quaTter of the total population of the
world and the mass of her people are
fruit lovers. A certain amount of
American fruit, both fresh and dried,
has already found its way into the
Chinese fruit stores, but the oppor
tunities for expansion are immense.
Hitherto the high-priced imported fruits
have been consumed by the wealthy
class, but the Bureau of Markets, Uni
ted States Department of Africulture,
points to the significant fact that the
wage-earning ability of the Chinese is
gradually increasing. Market speeial-
'sts conclude that it will not be long
before the mass of the Chinese people
will be ready to buy foreign fruits.
Japan is the sharpest competitor in
the Chinese fruit market but Bhould
offer small resistance to a well-planned
campaign by American fruit growers.
The Japanese apples are far inferior to
the American product and do not com
mand the same prices. The Bureau of
Markets recommends that the fruit
dealer who seeks business in China use
the trade channels already establish
ed. The Chinese are extremely conser
vative and do not welcome new sys
tems to replace the ones they have in
use.
One present drawback to foreign
business with perishable products is
due to the fact that the cold-storage
facilities at the principal Chinese ports
are inadequate. The Chinese have un
derstood the principles of cold stor
age and have practiced its methods for
centuries, but it has been only in re-
ceL i years that her foreign business
has been of a nature to demand large
warehouses equipped to hold merchan
dise from other countries. It will be
profitable for the American end of the
industry to encourage the building of
such warehouses where fruit can be
held subject to the demand of the mer
chants.
The rate of duty on fruits is not suf
ficiently high to interfere with the de
velopment of the trade. For-fresh and
dried fruits the rate is 5 per cent ad
valorem plus 5 per cent of the duty
as a port charge. A box of apples
valued at $2.00 would pay a customs
charge of ten and one-half cents.
Additional facts of value concerning
the opportunities presented to the
American fruit grower by this great
undeveloped market can be found in
Circular 146, United States Depart
ment of Agriculture. The circular gives
an intimate and extensive report on the
condition, customs and possibilities of
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SILVERIOWN CORDS
SIZE
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33*4
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$3.70
32*4%
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$450
33*4%
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34*4%
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$550
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30*3
$12.00
Safety
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ECONOMY
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ATTRACTIVE
APPEARANCE
China as a market for American fruit
products.
FARMERS SHOULD SPRAY DE
SPITE LOSS OF FRUIT.
Despite the heavy loss of fruit
caused Mby spring frosts, spraying
authorities urge orchardists to carry
out their spraying programs as con
templated for the year.
Three diseases, apple scab, black
rot and apple blotch have developed
so rapidly that they have become a
serious menace in many sections.
To spray during an off-fruiting year
will aid greatly in cleaning out these
diseases, it is stated.
Where there is no fruit to be in
jured by spray russeting, Bordeaux
mixture may be substituted for lime-
sulphur in the petal fall spray as
well as the July spray.
Bordeaux mixture has the effect of
a complete sanitary measure in con
trolling apple diseases.
THE CARE OF STRAWBERRY
PLANTS.
At the meeting of the Tennessee
State Horticultural Society, in Nash
ville, January 25, 1921, Mr. E. N.
Keith, an experienced strawberry
grower of Dayton, Tennessee, gave
out the following good advice:
First, it is advisable to buy your
plants from a good reliable nursery
man or grower of strawberries who
has first year plants and not mixed
with other varieties grown on newly
cleared land and it is also important
that the plants which you procure
are grown in the same zone or lati
tude in which you expect to grow
strawberries. It is advisable to set
the plants about 18 inches apart in
the row and the rows 3 1-2 to 4 feet
apart, in this way it takes about
6,000 plants to the acre. It is nec
essary that when the plants begin to
make runners that they be kept turn
ed with the row, they should be
plowed from four to six times, de
pending on the season, and hoed
as often as it is necessary to keep
down the grass and weeds. The
second year requires much less cul
tivation than the first year. Growers
in our section have found it to be
profitable to fertilize the first year
2 ten, that is 2 per cent nitrogen to
10 per cent phosphate. It is pos
sible that some here would like to
know something of the proceeds
which have been procured by some
of the growers out of strawberries.
In 1919, W. H. Burton, of Sale Creek,
raised 267 crates of aroma which
sold for $1600. He raised the
berries on an acre and a quarter of
land. J. N. Barger on one-fifth of
an acre last year produced and sold
142 crates of berries which brought
$615.20, sold plants for $252.90, mak
ing a total of $868.10.
Klondike and aromas have proven
the most profitable varieties for our
section and we have practically
eliminated all other varieties.
NICOTINE SULPHATE CHECKS
APPLE LEAFHOPPERS.
The apple leafhopper, a destruc-
•five insect that occurs in nearly
every state of the Union, may be
materially checked by a single
spraying with 40 per cent nicotine
sulphate in the proportion of one
to 1,500, combined with soap, ac
cording to the Bureau of Entomology
of the United States Department of
Agriculture. The solution should
be applied against the first-brood
nymphs. The same treatment made
three or four weeks earlier is ef
fective against the rose leafhopper,
though this species is seldom in
jurious enough to justify a special
application.
The apple leafhopper causes seri
ous injury to apple nursery stock
by extracting the plant juices from
the terminal leaves. As a conse
quence the leaves gradually become
undersized and fail to function nor
mally, thereby retarding the growth
of the trees. The rose leafhopper
feeds on the lower leaves and pro
duces white or yellow spots on them.
COVER-CROPS HELP CONTROL
MOISTURE.
The time of sowing the cover-
crop is very largely a matter of judg
ment. It depends almost entirely
upon soil moisture conditions. One
of the chief objects of the cover
crop is to assist in controlling the
moisture content of the soil during
late summer and early fall. If there
are large amounts of moisture in the
soil during this period, there is dan
ger of wood development continuing
so long that it goes into winter only
partially matured, and is very likely
to winter kill. Reducing the quan
tity of moisture in the soil tends to
hasten maturity and avoid unfavor
able conditions.
In a season in which there is
heavy rainfall or a probability of
heavy rainfall during August and
September, a rapidly growing cov
er crop becomes an effective means
of reducing the moisture content.
In wet seasons, the cover crop
should be sown comparatively early;
in dry seasons, late sowing is best.
Another important purpose of the
cover crop is to add vegetable mat
ter to the soil. Without the cover
crop, unless considerable quantities
of barnyard manure were applied,
the orchard soil would soon becomes
depleted of its vegetable matter de
stroying its tilth and making the
plant food much less readily avail
able. A cover crop should produce
considerable vegetable matter. In
seasons of drought, it is well to have
the seed in the ground during late
July or early August, ready to be
gin growth as soon as soil moisture
conditions will permit. Rapid grow
ing crops are usually preferred to
slow ones. For special purposes
there are times when the slow grow
ing crop may be more advantageous.
Kinds of Crops.
Cover crops also increase the ni
trogen content of the soil. Only
leguminous cover crops, such as
vetch, peas, and clover, are capable
of doing this. Cover crops are,
therefore, classified into leguminous
or food-supplying and non-legum-
inous or non-food supplying, ac-
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PHONE 210
DALTON, GA.
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We are showing a complete line of splendidly
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cording to their ability to add nitro
gen to the soil.
Some crops live through winter
and are called hardy covers; others
kill with frost and are designated
as tender or non-hardy covers.
Hardy covers make some growth in
spring before they are plowed un
der and therefore often increase the
amount of vegetable matter return
ed to the soil.
Some hardy cover crops are not
as efficient in holding the snow on
the orchard as some of the non
hardy crops.
Hairy vetch: food-supplying;
hardy; makes rapid growth in
spring, adds large amounts of nitro
gen; is slow to catch in a dry sea
son; makes slow growth in fall; is
low and does not hold snow as well
as some of the other crops; and the
cost of seed is high.
Field peas: one of the best food
supplying crops; tender; makes a
heavy growth; especially valuable
when mixed with some other crop
which provides support; but is rath
er high-priced.
Soy beans: food-supplying; more
tender than field peas, but stand up
better after frost.
Rye: the best non-food-supplying
crop; hardy cover; does not make
as-much growth as oats in the fall,
but stands up somewhat better dur
ing the winter.
Oats: non-food-supplving; tender;
extensively used; comes quickly
when sown; makes a good growth;
and stands up fairly well during the
winter.
Barley: possesses about the same
merits as oats; adds slightly more
vegetable matter and is preferred
by some growers.
Millet: similar to oats, but less
hardy and does not stand up as well
but does not use as much moisture
as oats.
Buck-wheat: non-food-supplying;
tender, makes good catch; produces
large amounts of vegetable matter;
dnd leaves soil in fine condition.
Handling Cover-Crops.
The soil should be fitted the same
as for sowing ordinary field crops.
The amount of seed to be sown for
the various crops is somewhat in
excess of that used in ordinary field
culture. It is better to have the cov
er too thick rather than too thin.
The expense of seed will be slightlv
increased but a denser growth will
result—which will stand up better
and hold more snow.
These amounts may be considered
as indicating the quantity of seed
to be used for an acre: hairy vetch,
1 bushel; field peas, 2 bushels; soy
beans, 1 to iy> bushels; rye, l J /> to 2
bushels; oats, 2 to 2% bushels; mil
let, 1 to 1% bushels; barley, 1% to
2 bushels; buckwheat, 1% bushels.
Fertilization of the Orchard.
There is no other factor of or
chard management that is so little
understood, and about which less
definite information can be given
than orchard fertilization. Orchard
position and treatmeiit, that no hard
and fast rule can be made. It is
soils differ so much in their com-
largely a matter of each grower de
termining for himself what is the
limiting factor in the production and
then bringing that factor up to the
normal. The limiting factor may
not be a deficiency in any element
of plant food, but one of cultivation
or lack of vegetable matter in the
soil.
On ordinary soils and unless other
crops' are being grown, an orchard
will not need fertilization until the
bearing age is reached. If other
crops are grown the equivalent of
the plant foods removed should be
returned to the soil. Heavily bear
ing orchards on lighter soils will
usually need fertilizers sooner than
those on heavier soils. This not
only applies to the initial applica
tion, but as the orchard grows the
lighter soils will require heavier and
more frequent applications. T&e
food supply of orchards on heavy
soils is more dependent upon keep
ing the soil in good tilth so that the
plant food which is usually quite
abundant may become available.
With the average grower, the ap
plication of a nitrogenous fertilizer,
the incorporation of vegetable mat
ter into the soii, and keeping up a
good tilth, are undoubtedly the op
erations of most concern. More
often than is usually thought lack
of nitrogen is a limiting factor in
fruit production. Its deficiency is
indicated by short annual growths,
and an unhealthy or yellowish green
appearance of the leaves. In using
nitrogen, however, care must be
taken not to apply excessive amounts
as this will tend to produce excess
ive wood growth and decrease the
color of the fruit.
Stable manure is one of the most
commonly used orchard fertilizers-
It chiefly supplies nitrogen an
should be supplemented by other
materials if it is to be used econ
omically.
Where leguminous cover crops a* 6
used, the amount cf nitrogen ferf *
izer and manure may be materia 1
reduced, and in some cases e'en
omitted. It should be rc-membere
that one of the chief advantages o
manure is that it supplies consider
able vegetable matter to the so •
This is even more important t an
the plant food which if furnis es.
No matter how much plant foo 15
in the soil, the trees will be una ®
to profit by it unless the sod
contains organic matter. The 1
thing to do in the orchard * 1
seems to be suffering from la c ’
food, is to see that the >1 ' s
supplied with organic matter. ®
cultivation is also important,
less the soil is well cultivate'• ^
best conditions are not gi'en
rendering available the pJ niu . 0
already in the soil. Good t>
should, therefore, precede !he
plication of fertilizers.
If the orchard shows
of lack of plant food, suppb
etable matter by means of the c ^
er crop or barnyard manure, an(
corporate it into the soil b>
ough tillage; then if the o re
does not respond properly it lS s ^
enough to begin artificial fer 1
tion.