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THE WASHINGTON GAZETTE
BY JAS. A. WRIGHT AND HUGH WILSON!
THE WASHINGTON GAZETTE,
TERMS.—Three ftellart a year in advance.
ST No Subecriptioua taken for a shorter
time then six months.’
THE LAND OF THE WINDMILLS.
A CAPITAL DESCRIPTION FOB YOUNG
BEADEBS.
•♦Carleton” writers to the Boston
Journal a letter in regard to Holland,
which is a model in its way, giving to
young readers a more definite and
vivid conception of the geography of
that country tbau they would be like
ly to get from their regular school
text-books. We copy a large part of
the letters
Holland is a queer, strange, fuqny
place, and the people are odd and cu
rious. There are such scenes' as can
not be found anywhere else in the
wide world. Most of the boys in New
England carry knives in their pock
ets; and I dare say that there is not
a lad among all of them who may
read this letter who has not whittled
out a windmill, or at least a whirligig;
bat there are more windmills here
than they ever dreamed of—windmills
in tho towns and cities, out in the
country, and all along the shore of
the sea—all in motion wherever thero
is wind enough to turn them. Yes
terday I could see nearly cne hundred
at a time. It was a gusty, breezy
day, and the storm clouds were flying
in from the German Ocean, and there
was a tremendous' commotion among
the windmills. Each one seemed to
be trying to whirl faster than the oth
er.
Undoubtedly you have read of the
exploits of that crazy knight, Don
Quixote, who saw a windmill and
thought it was a giant, and went at
it full tilt, and got tumbled into the
dirt by the great fans, which went
round and round just as if nothing
had happened; but if he wore alive in
those days, and were to visit Holland,
he might think with good reason that
the land was full of gums. *
WUaT THEY ABE FOB.
You wonder perha|>a, w bat the peo
ple of this country can want of so
many windmills; but let mo tell you
that if it bad not been for these mills
in the past there would be very tew
people in Holland now. The wiad
mills, in one sense, have made tho
country what it is.
Looking upon your map of Holland
yon will see that the tivor Rhine,
which has its source away south in
the centre of Europe among the moun
tains of Switzerland, hero reaches the
sea. Wheu it gels within about one
hundred miles of the sea it splits itself
into a dozen or more channels, all of
whioh, after winding and turning
through a great marsh, pour their
waters into the ocean. Holland,
therefore, was once a great marsh or
bog. There are very sow stones in
the country; there are no mountains
or hills, but ono dead level of marsh
land.
Hundreds of years ago the people
who lived near the mouth .of the
Rhine saw that the marsh land was
very fertile, for the silt in the river
brought down every year from the
mountains made the land very rich;
they saw also that if they could only
get rid of the water on the marshes
they might lay out cabbago gardens
and little farms. They commenced
by buildiDg dams here and there—one
on the branch of the Rhine called the
Rotter—and the place in time was
known as Rotterdam; another on the
Aenstel, which was the origin of the
name of this city—Amsterdam. So
ail of the dams in Holland came, not
because the people where in the habit
of using wicked words, bnt because
they built dams on the streams. But
the water soaked through the embank
ments, and every rain made their gar
dens wet; they dug ditches, iDto
which the water settled, and then
conceived the idea of building wind
mills for pumping the water into the
river.
They set one of the forces of nature
—the wind—to work against another
force—tho rain ; and as a gust of wind
will turn several thonsand of mills
just as easily as it does one, they have
conquered the rain—have forced the
great river Rhino to quit the marshes,
and have begun to pump the ocean
dry.
That is the meaning of all these gi
ants awinging their arms from one
end of the year to the other—day and
night—whenever there is a breath of
air.
THE COUNTRY.
To see the country as it is, imagine
a great embankment along the shore
of the sea, against which the waves
are always dashing. Walking along
the embankment you notice lbatthe<
land is ten, fifteen, twenty, even thir
ty feet lower than the sea. You can
hardly realize that these gardens,
gieen with cabbages, turnips, cauli
flowers and other vegetables, were
once the bed of the ocean ; that tho
waves rolled milas and miles inland;
that vessels once sailed where farm
houses now stand; that fishermen let
down thoir hooks aud nets above
those meadows. But so it has been,
and the story of the rise and growth
and pumping out of Holland is one ot
the most interesting in all history.
It shows us wbat enterprise, intelli
gence, preservanoo aud hard woik
will accomplish.
It would give you a strange sensa
tion to sail up the river from tho ocean
in a steamboat or in a ship, and find
yoursolt so high abovo the houses that
you can almost look down tho chim
neys, also to see cattle and sheep feed
ing down below, and men catching
fish above.
Were it not for tho windmills, tho
river, the ocean and tho rain would
soon flood the fields and meadows and
set all the houses afloat; but, because
the mills are always going, tho boys
and girls of Dutcbland sleep securely'
at night, go to school, cut thoir three
meals a day, play in tho streets, go to
church on Sunday, without ever
dreaming of any dauger.
Once there was teirible disaster; a
dam gave way, and the water came
pouring in, covering the meadows,
drowning cattle and sheep, sweeping
away farmhouses, villages and towns,
destroying many lives and making
sad havoc. But tho people filled up
the breach, sot tho windmills a going,
pumped the whole country dry again,
aud ever since have Lakeu good caro
to keep all the orabankments strong
and in repair. There is a saying
‘'eternal vigilance is the prico oi liber
ty,” but boro, in Holland it is the prkie
of life. are on the watch a* the
time to bcc t'fckl there are no woU&~
places in the embankmonts. They
are paid by Government, and have
control of all the mills. They wage
constant wurfu.ro with tho ocean, at a
cost of nearly tbreo million dollars
every year; but, with the wind for an
ally, they are enabled to keep the
m&rshes drained, and have transform
ed the hogs into beautiful meadows,
pastures, orchards and gardens, and
built villages and towns below the
level of the sea.
SCENES ON THE CANALS.
The country is cut up by canals—
some deep enough to fl nit the largest
of ships, others small and narrow.
You see hundreds of boats. Stand
with me en the bank of tho great ca
nul which leads from the city’ of Am
sterdam to the ocean and see the
crafts. A boy riding a horse trots
past ns—the horse towing a treksekuil
en, a packet boat, a canal omnibus or
stage which plies between Amsterdam
and the adjoining villages. A man
stands at the helm and Tiis good wife
is in the cabin dealing oat bread,
cheese and beer to the passengers,
who are 6ating, chatting, laughing
and smoking. The-boat skims lightly
over the water and is far down in the
bend of the canal, almost before you
hpve had time to see what the people
are up to on board.
Here comes a lazy, lumbering craft,
almost as broad as it is long, with a
man and boy tugging at the tow-line.
It is loaded with mud scooped np from
tho bottom of the canal. They are
taking it out into the country to
spread it on the land. Here is a fam
ily craft—a boat which is at the same
time a .bouse—the owner, with his
wife and children, living on board.
The father is tugging at the tow-line.
The air is still to-day, and he is ob
liged to pull the boat along the stream;
if it were breezy you would see him
hoist the sail and go scudding away.
His wife has a long pole in her hands,
and is pushing with ail her might to
help her husband; and their two chil
dren, a boy and girl, are steering the
craft. They live on board—eat and
sleep there in a little close cabin.—
Here they are to-day, to morrow they
will he at Haarlem, and the day after
at'Leyden, perhaps, and next week
will be here at Amsterdam again with
a cargo of potatoes, or of wood, or of
something else. Now- a schooner,
then a barge, and then a ship—her
masts tall as church steeples—the sab
WASHINGTON, WILKES COUNTY, GA., FRIDAY, MAY 1, 1868.
lors in the sbron<3s getting ready to
shake out the sails. On the bay be
yond the green meadows ary hun
dreds of boats and barges with sails
set to catch the little breath of wind
which pnffa in oor faces. Hero comes
a boat loaded with cabbages—another
loaded to the water’s edge with tur
nips—anothe% filled with sheep.-
Here is a marketman with chickens
and geese, which are cackling and
gobbling.
The canals to a great extent are the
stroots of Holland. In tho summer
they are thronged with boats ot eve
ry description; and a month hence,
men women and children will bo skim
ming up and down these 6troets on
skates, having many merry limes
through the winter.
SOMETHING ABOUT BEARDS.
We can remember—and with not
much slrotch of the memory either—
when the wearer of a moustache was
supposed to advertiso himself as a
rowdy, and when to allow the face to
go unshaven—save perhaps u small
portion oi the cheeks, which social
morality excluded from .tho general
law—was to suffer voluntary ostra
cism from all circles which paid due
regard to their own character or that
of their associates. As to professed
Christians, not to mention ministers,
wearing full beards, or tho semblance
of hair on the uppor lip, the thought
would have been too horrible to con
template.
“Times change and wo change with
them.” Beards have fdr some reason,'
become a fixed fact, and are quietly
accepted as such, though, porhaps, not
without some mental protest. Possi
bly California had something to do
with this, pot haps tho Mexican war,
and Col. May’s famous charge at Res
acu do la I’altna—who knows, or who
can follow tho rise anil fall of any
fashion? An English writer attri
butes the change of sentiment in Eng
land to the return of tho bearded he
roes from tho'Crimea; but in America
the fashion dates anterior to that
event, Ts - Writer gives, Th CusseU'e
Magazine', the results of some antiqua
Wan stuij ,yh tho subjoct of beards,
from which we cotidenso a few passa
ges:
“The history'of iba beard is not an
uninteresting subject of research, con
sidering tho important part it has
played in tho world. Most likely Tu
bal Cain drove a good trade in razors.
At ail events, we roud of shaving at u
very early period as an established
custom. Joseph, released from pris
on, could not think oi going b fore
Pharaoh until ho had 'shaved bis
beard.’ Herodotus tells us that the
early Egyptians always shaved, and
made their slaves follow their exam
ple. Yet, with singular inconsistency,
these people wore false beards as a
distinguishing badge of rank. Great
personages—kings and gods—wore
groat beards; the former a huge
square miracle of curliug tongr, the lalte r
a large one turned up at the end. Little
people had little beards according to their
littleness, a small tuft at the extremity oi
the chin ; while slaves, who were thought
nobody, had, very properly, no beards at
all. In their sculpture, the Egyptians de
pict their enemies with slovenly, untidy,
and contemptible beards. But the Niue
vites grew the finest beards of icmote an
tiquity.
“The Hebrews wore hair on their chins,
but not oo their upper cheeks- . .
They resented an outrage offered to the
beard as the most hitter iutult possible to
enmity The Turks would’ra
tber be. publicly whipped aud branded
with a hot iron than be shaved, while the
Arabs protect their heard* as an article of
religious faith, because the Prophet never
cut his. Hence a sultan has never known
razor to his head, though be is very par
ticular about shaving his slaves in the se
raglio as a token of their servitude.
“The heard has been worn os a badge of
royalty, of ecclesiastical distinction, and of
certain professional attainments. The cld
French kings were great on boards. Some
even wore theirs, like the old kings of Per
sia, knotted with golden thiead, and but
toned with gold. Being permitted to
touoh a king’s beard was long held by the
Gauls as a pledge of protection ; and for a
long while the sovereign used Xo plug*
three hairs of his beard in the seal of his
letters, in witness of his own
chin.
“King Robert of France, in tho tenth
century, used to wear his long white beard
in battle displayed over his cuirass; and
the sight of it frequently nerved his flag
ging troops, and secured him victory over
hit enemies, Henry the Fourth of France
was renowned for his beard. . . . '.
When Lottfe the Fourteenth adopted the
new mode, the fashion grew general, till it
became usual (or beaux of tho period to
carry whisker-wax in ibsir pockets, togeth
er with a small comb and brush, where
with their rAistresses might arrauge their
moustache*. . . .
“The church has always had something
to say about beards. Sometimes its fol -
lowers have been enjoined to wear them,
to give an kir of gravity and patriarchal
wisdom to its ecclesiastics; at olher times
envious beardless divines have been led to
think that yride lurked behind handsome
locks on the chin. . . . The Greek
and RomiAi Church have loug been at
issue on thir very question. At the time
of their separation, R onanists laid
down stritlgent rules about shaving, while
the Greeks retained their old patriarchal
practice es heard wearing, and indeed pro
fessed themselves much scandalized at the
smooth- faced mages of the saints in the
Romish Church. . , . The Tartars
waged Tong and bloody war with the Per
sians, simply because they refused to cut
their beards to match the pattern ordered
by the Tartar Church, and the old He
brews trilnuied their beards square-corner
cd by ceremonial law. ....
“The longest beard on record is that of
John Mayo, a Celebrated German paiuter,
sin-named ‘John the Bearded,' who used
to fasten it up in his girdle. Though a
very tall man, it reached the ground
when so that he could step on it.
The Emperor Charles the Fiffb used to
divert himself by making John stand in
the open air among his courtiers, that he
■night watch the wind make it fly in the'
faces of tho lords.
“Os Sir Thomas More it is said, that on
the scaffold he saved his heard by a joke.
The executioner lmd already lifted the axe
to strike, when his victim, looking up for
a moment, exclaimed : ‘At least let me
put aside my beard; that has committed
no treason, and it would be an injustice to
puuisli it,’ -
THE BASIN OF THE ATLANTIC
OCEAN.
The basfn of the Atlantic Ocean is
a long ’ ;.£ugh, separating tho Old
World Horn the New, ond extending
probably- from pole lo pole. This
ocean furrow was probably scored.in
to the solid crust of our planet by the
Almighty hand, that there tho wu
ters which t ho called seas might be
gathered together, so as to let the
dry land appear, and fit tho earth for
the habitation of man.
From the top of Chimborazo to
the bottom of the Atlantic at tho
deepest plu:o yet reached by the
plummet in tho Northern Atlantic
the distance in a vertical lino is ten
miles. Could tho waters of the At
lantic be drawn off, so us to expose to
lo view this great gash, which sepa
rates continents and the
Arctic to the 'Antarctic, it would pre
sent a scene most rugged, grand, and
imposing.
The very ribs of tho solid earth,
with tho foundations of tho sea, would
be brought to light, and wo should
have presented to us at one viow, in
the empty cradle of tbo ocean a thou
sand fearful wrecks, with that fearful
array of dead men’s skulls,great an
chors, heaps of pearls and inestimable
stones, which in the peel’s eye, he
scattered in the sea, making it hide
ous with sights of ugly death.
The deepest part of the North At
lantic is somewheio between tho Ber
mudas and tho Grand Banks. The
waters of tbo golf ot Mexico are held
in a basin, about a mile deep in the
deepest part. There is at the bottom
of the sea between Cape Itaca in
Newfoundland aed Capo Clear in
Irelaod a remarkable steppe, which is
already known as telegraphic plateau.
True Courtesy Real courtesy is
widely different from the courtesy
which blooms only in the sunshine of
love and tho smile of beauty, withers
and cools down in the atmosphere of
poverty, age, and toil. Show
me the man who can quit tho brilliant
society oi the young to listen to the
kindly voice oi age; who can hold
cheerful converse with one of whom
years have deprived of charms. Show
me the man of generous impulses,
who is always ready to help tbo poor
aud needy; show me the man who
treats unprotected maidenhood as he
would the heiress, surrounded by the
protection ot rank, riches and family.
Show me the man who never lorgets
ler an instant tho delicacy, the re
spect, that is due to a woman, in any
copdilion or class. Show me such a
man and you show me a gentleman—
nay, you show mo better—you show
me a true Christian.
Scotland. — A call baa been extended to
Rev. John Laidlaw, of Perth, to he col
league and successor to Rev. Dr. Candlish.
RAW FLESH AND BRANDY IN THE
TREATMENT OF PHTHISIC.
At a lale session nf the Paris Acad
emy of Science, At. Foster presented
a paper on this subject, in which ho
adduces two thousand additional ca
ses observed by himself and others.
The following aro the conclusions ar
rived at in bis paper- Our readers
can lake them at their own valua
tion.
1. The exhibition of raw beef and
mutton, and of alcohol in doses vary
ing according to circumstances, ar
rests the progress of phthisic and
other consumptive diseases. Under
the influenoe of this mode of treat
ment,, strength is restored, tho coun
tenance recovers its animation, appe
tite returns, and the pationt gains
flesh, a fact of which conclusive evi
dence is ufforded by tho increaso of
weight. In a month, or even in three
weeks, in several of my cases, tho
body gained four, six, eight, and even
us much as twelve pounds.
2. The general improvement of the
system, aided by appropriate treat
ment of the leading symptoms, checks
tho hectic fever, diarrhea t, and night
sweats.
3. When these complications have
yielded amendment of the local con
dilioii of tho lungs, or rather diseas
ed organs, sots in, and the advance
of cicatrization can be ascertained
by percussion and auscultation.
4. The efficacy of the treatment is
not, however, equal in all stages of
the diseases in question. In a third l
stage the improvement in general is
confined to a prolongation of life, the
inevitable issue being merely post
poned.
5. In the second stago only can the
troutment bo considered as really cur
ative ; provided, of course, all the
bygenie precautions, I havo twelt on
a former occasion, aro strictly atten
ded to.
9. Os all the atrophic dipoasos in
which tho treatment is applicable,
that in which the greatest measure of
benefit Is obtainable is pulmonary
tuberculosis in all its Btagos; it is,
however, highly beneficial in every
form oi antemie, whether resulting
from luomorrhage or from sperma
torrhoea; at the conclusion of acute
affections, especially typhus and ty
phoid fever; in tho lust stage of leu
tternia, albuminuria, ami diabetes; it
is also frequontly successful in pyio
miupuludal caeliexiu, chronic nervous
fever; arid, in general, in all protrac
ted moi bid eondiiions in which repair
is obviously uneq iul to tho expendi
ture of the system.
How to Catch Rats.—For ditch
ing rats in a cheap and effective man
ner wo recommend tho fallowing:
Cover a common barrel with stiff,
stout paper, tying tho edge around
the barrel; place a board so that the
ruts may have easy access lo tho
top; Sprinkle cheese parings or other
“feed'’for the rais on tho paper for
several days, until they begin to be
gin to believe they have a right to
their daily rations from this source.
Then place iri the bottom of the bar
rel a piece of rock about six or seven
inches high, filling with water uutii
only enough of it projects above tbo
water for ono rat to lodge upon
Now replace the paper, first cutting
across in the middle, and the first
rat that comes on the barrel top goe
through into tho water and climbs on
the rock The paper comes back to
place and the eocond rat follows the
first. Tnen begins a fight foi the
possession of the dry place on the
stone, the noise of which attracts the
rest, who share tho same fate.— Scien
tific American.
’Oppositions. —Tbe law begins with
commands, and ends with blessings, hut
tbe blessings are like inviting fruit bang
iog upon lofty branches, which human na
ture in its fallen state can never reach ; the
Gospel on the contrary, begins with prom
ises, and ends with precepts. The law
craves justice; tbe Gospel delights in
mercy through the satisfaction of justice.
Moses demands obedience—Jesus seeks
transgressors. What qualifies for the one
disqualifies for the other.
If the Lord had waited for man to know
his sickness before He came into this world,
his pride and ignorance would have shut
him out forever. God did uot wait fur
man’s leave—lie did uot wait for man’s
need ; and this should show us the infinite
delight Christ has iu saving the lost—-
“How can Ibe pardoned says the poor
self-condemned sinner. ‘-How cud 1 not
i pardon!” says God. How is this! The
i one looks at his sins, but God looks at His
Son’s atoning blood.
VOL III—NO. 2.
Keeping Butter.—At the recent
meeting of tbe Dairymens’ Associa
tion in Illinois, President King remap
ked that be hud been a dealer in but
ter for thirty years, and considered
that May, June and July produced
the best if properly made and put
down. Butter containing whey, or
lime, or milk, will keep. It shonld
bo inado dry, come hard, and will be
proporly cured. Most people salt
too high. It should be suited to the
palate and it will keep. All in excess
of this is injurious. The milk, cream,
and the surroundings of the batter
room, should all be pure, as lout odors
are certain to impart a disagreeable
flavor. Mr. K. slated that he knew a
man to plant honeysuckles and roses
around the place where his butter
wus made, for the purpose of giving
it an agreeable flavor. This is a
pleasant conceit, whatever the influ
ence on the dairy room may have
been.
How to Bkino it About. —When
Dr. Natban Strong was settled in Hart
lord, be used; as was natural and proper
during tbe sessions of tbe General Court
in the city, to seek to bring some ot the
distinguished divines of the State, by ex
change or otherwise, to preach in his pul
pit. This was done uot only to gratify
and please, but also to bring a stroug re
ligious influence around the legislators,
who iu those slow-moving days, would,
the most of them, remain iu the city over
tbe Sabbath. Ou one occasion Dr. Bel
lamy came from Bethlehem for this pur
pose. In the morniog be preached a
i glowing sermon on tbe Millennium. He
painted iu warm and attractive colors, the
sLute of tbe world when the great forces of
evil should be in subjection, and “the wolf
should dwell with the lamb.” At the close
he promised to tell them iu the afternoon
bow all this might easily be brought about.
In the afternoon, the audience gathered
with vague expectations of wbat was to
come, when be preached a faithful and ,
searching sermon on the text, “Except a
man be horn again ha cauuot see tbe king
dom of God,” in which be pressed home
with great power, the duty of personal re
ligion.
Daniel Webster once remarked,
“Small is the sum that is required to
patronize a newspaper, and amply rc«
warded is its patron. I care not how
humble and unpretending is the ga
zette which he takos. It is next to
impossible to fill a sheet with printed
matter without putting in it some
ihing worth the subscription price.
Every' parent whose son is away from
homo at BChool, should supply him
with a newspaper. I well rsmemher
what a mitrk and difference there was
betweon those of my schoolmates who
hud ad those who hud not access to
newspapers. Other things being
equal, the first were always superior
to tbe last in debate, composition and
general intelligence.
The Cincinnati Pioneer Association have
just celebrated the eightieth anniversary of
the settlement of the State of Ohio. Tba
first emigrants were a party from New
England, under tbe leadership of Rufus
Putnam, who located themselves at the
month of the Muskingnm river, on the 7lh
of April, 1788. In December of the same
year, Israel Ludlow, with twenty persons,
landed on the banks of the Ohio, and foun
ded the city of Cincinnati, tbe settlement
being at first called Losantiville. How
greatly, from these small beginnings, tbe
State of Ohio has increased, statistics tell
more eloquently than any rhetoric. Tba
population is 2,500,000 ; its annual crop of
corn is 90 000,000 bushels, of wheat 20,-
000,000 bushels, of oats 18 000,000 bush
els, and of bay 2,000,000 tons ; and the
value of the real and personal property of
ihe citizens is $2,000,000,000. It has
about 3,500 miles of rail road, representing
a capital of $130,000,000, and a banking
capital of $12,000,000.
♦
A Straight Hint. —A clergyman in
tbe eastern part of the State, a few Sun
days ago, opened services by reading, with
out explanation or comment, a very full
and correct local price current—bow much
flour, butter, meat, lard, eggs, &0., were
worth, and the prices of sboes,cloths, prints
and muslins. No obtuseness could fail to
understand this straight hint, and he was
rewarded by a liberal donatiou.
There is laboring in China about
one ordained missionary, to evory four
million inhabitants. Think of tbe
United Slates containing but elevon
clergymen! In tbo Nin’gpo district
there are 30 foreign missionaries, 4
ordain'd nalivo preachers, and 778
I communicants. Nearly tnree-.'ourths
of those are connected with American
b jCICtiOS.
How pleasant-to sit in tbo lapse of
ges—say about eighteen.