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l’,Y S. ROSE & CO.
f,,** Georgia Journal and Messenger
übJtoht'J
fc ,.ci***** r * at the regular charge will be D*K Dollar
’ and itt of ON* Ht'xnaa* wnans ub less, for ltie Brit niter
’ u 1 Arif Ousts for each sabaequeut insertion. AH
>flMrncnM Mt •pciMed * to lime, wilt be publiutied
* r ,rl>. 1 and charged accordingly. A liberal discount
*;! .j t .th *se who advertise by the year.
4 (Hirvaaf N>irMb of uvua t** uses will be charged at
u ,nil rates.
.rv vbents of candidates for nSSce, to be paid for at
iitii rates, when inserted.
* l ’ f4 | made with county ofilcers, Drng
\ i -tioneers. Merchants, and others, who may wish to
1 ’ j, titled eoatrac's.
* , f l.axj aSi> Niciiaoifcs,by Executors, Administrate,rs
r'l is irdi-in*, are required by law to be advertised in a
* i c ,/.ette, iortv days previous to the day of sale.
f r . • ,ale 4 most be held on tile tlrst Tuesday in the month.
tjie hours of ten in the forenoon and three in the
al ;.r.ioob, a* toe Oonrt-honse in the county in which the
i.rioert f is situated.
. scLS’ or Pnrsonal Pbopkbty must l>e advertised in like
n inner, forty days. - ‘
■, ro Oußroas and Chkditobs of an Estate must be
i forty days.
* \ - that application will be made to the Ordinary for
t > sell Ltiidackd Negroes, must be published weekly tor
, ii n o- f'*r I, -Iters of Administrations, thirty days ; for
i*. -.ion from Administration, monthly, six months ; for
r. •*’ m iro-iv <Jaartli tnship, weekly, forty days
lln 8.~ roa Fokkcuisino or gnuratei, monthly, four
f>r enxMishing lost papers, for the full space of
:i re- ninths; for compelling titles from executors or ad
-j -tr ‘or> where a bond has been given by the deceased,
the full space Os three months.
,#* Letters addressed to 8. HOSE t CO.
Professional aud Business Yl*n.
iv sessional and Be tunas Cabds will be inserted under
*hu t etd, at the following rates, vis :
Fur Three lines, per annum, $ 5 00
•’ .Seven lines, d0.,... 141 <lO
•* Ten lines, do 12 00
“ Twelve lines, do 15 00
N , fdvertiseineiits of this class will he admitted, unles 1
s et fur to advance, nor for a less term than twelve months.
\ rii-o-iuenta of over twelve lines will lie charged rao bata.
* -rtisements not paid for In advance will be charged at
;f,r regular rates.
K ItXi Ula A K M & LITINGHS
OF MASONS, KNIGHT TEMPLARS, ODD FEL
LOWS AND SONS OF TEMPERANCE,
HELD IS THE CITY OF MACON.
MASONS.
Or id 1 Lodge of Ge irgia for 1360, October 31st.
M.i iti Lodge, No. 5, first aud third Monday nights in each
month.
c . ,: ie Chapter, No. 4, second Monday night in each
[.until.
Wio.iugton Council, No. 6, fourth Monday night in each,
. ,an.
5 ,1: i r’n Encampment. Knights Teroplar, No. 2, Meetings
every nrst Tue-day n-ght in each month.
ODD FELLOWS.
Grand Lodge, first Wednesday iu June.
Grail K i :am,iuent, Tuesday previous.
( i .an Lo.lge, No. 2, every Thursday evening,
f • ;.| brothers, So. 5, every Tuesday evening.
Ea’ I'niou Eneampm-nt, No. 4, second and fourth Mon
day evenings in each month.
SONS OF TEMPERANCE.
Grand Division, fourth Wednesday in October, annually.
PROFESSIONAL CARDS.
J. BRAIIHAH, Jr.
ATTORNEY AT LAW,
.fIAeON, LA.
Oil 1( S; on Cotton Avenue over the BaptUt Book
store, room formerly occupied by Dr. Green.
leb 6-iy
S. k. COOK,
ATTORNEY AT LAW,
MaCON, GEORGIA.
OFFICE with Speer ft Hunter, over Bostick's Store.
left. 20, tsbl—y
la AX A K COUII,
ATTORNEY AT LAW,
MACON, GEORGIA,
I tFFII'E on Mulberry street, over the Store of A. M.
* * Sa-ailicsc * 00., is Boardman’s Wastungtou it.ock.
V,i raet.ee in Bibb, Crawford, Dooly, Uoustou, Macon,
Tr. c gj, Worth, aud auuiier. f*--b 21-y
LAW CAlii).
MESSRS. COOK, ROBINSON & MOXTFORT,
Y\f iLL practice Law in the coontiei of Tajrlor, Macon,
>V H>oiloB v lhN iy, Sumter, .Vlanon, Schley, aud iu such
01. r couuuee in Hie stare as their busiueas will authorise.
itTutl U liiai Wgteiliorpe.
PHILIP COOK,
W. H. ROBINSON,
jane 2b-’D—tf T. W. MON IFOKT.
. -Til , JKO. B. HILL
Law Partnership.
HILL & MILL,
|-CCC£S.*OHS to TUI LATE FIBB OF STCBBB * HILL.)
Wiki, practice in the Macon and adjoining Circuits,
f and in the Supreme and Federal Courts, the same as
I .jfore by the late firm of Stubbs ft Hill.
T nndersiged will close up the business of the late firm
: vt ..s A Hill, as speedily as possible ; and to ihlsend,all
v ri, indited to said firm, are requestral to make pay
a.-Lt *t as eariy a day as practicable.
B. HILL, Surviving partner of
iagmt 2<J-tf Stubbs k Hill.
LA.\IER tV A^DEKSOS,
ATTORNEYS AT LAW,
mcot, a.
J JKtCTICR in the Counties of the Macon Circuit, and in
1 p.e 0 .unties of Sumter, Monroe and Jones; also in the
• ieral Courts at davar.nab. _ , .
[apr 21 ’SB-ly]
i VLI I *{llt>l m: A ASltlfs
ATTORNEYS AT LAW,
KNOXVILLE AND FORT VALLET, GA.
G P. CULVBRIIOUfiK, F. A. ANSLKY,
Knoxville, Ga. Fort Yalley, Ga.
oct *l—'6o-ly
L. V WHITTLE,
ATTORNEYAT LAW,
MACON, GEORGIA.
IFFICK next to CONCERT HALL,over Payne’s Drug Store
j*n., [4l-ly.J
i llO'l AS B. CABABISS,
ATTORNEY AT LAW,
Porsyth, <>■
ltrn.t ttteif! promptly to mil business entrusted to hi*
yy care in the Counties ot Monroe, Bibli, Unit*, Crarfrd,
dm, Pike, Spilling and Upson. [mj 12 VS]
I>tLFLEi JtCABA.USS
ATTORNEYS AT LAW,
FOHBVTH, LA.
WILL practice law in the counties ot Monroe, Bibb, Up
a ,n, Pike, Si>ldiu, Henry and Butts. Mr.
VtU glve pioapt and constant attention to the eollecUon and
“TrSswSSl* Clai, “‘ GKO. A. CABANIBB.
formerly of
JOEL R. GRIFFIN,
attorney at law,
MACON, GEORGIA.
WI I.L. practice in the Counties of Macon and the ad
joining Circuits. Also in the vounties of the V, est and
8 .uth-Went Georgia, accessible by Kail Koad.
Particular personal attention given to collecting.
i-ar Oitioe with 0. A. Lochrane, Damour’s Building, 8d
g trtt . t _ feb - CO—Sb-tl
Drt. AI*I>O.V\ I.R & VAil tiIESKH,
DENTISTS,
Office in Washlßgisa Block, Macon, La.,
electricity used in extracting teeth.
Ml DONALD’* Tooth Paste s>vt|ri
on hand and for sale. ‘ /Waff | ,
• upp :e-i with the finest style of TEETH.
told Foil Gold and Silver Plate and Wire,
Lathe Fixtures, Ac., also with any kind of Instruments or
Materials on short notice. oct **_
A. C. MOORE,
D E N^TIST,
thomaston, Q--A-,
/ vK FI (T‘ oTCf Dr. Thonp*on’*Btore. My work Is my
Vj iLfereoM. Upr 7 Vtf]
Clothing! cltiii*S J! Cloiliiug!
Ai. 1 HtiE Stock for sale, without r eg*-d toeost. So*
n the time to get cheap Clothing at . ,
iuneia J. and. m V* . A. u w
Whoal. Uyc, Barley and Oat*.
ttF.LF.I'TEI> e-Decially for Tjonu
n sale, by
Kay.
OAfk BALKS Prime selected Hay, f'j sale l'-w b,
mar*) COffußß A ANDERSON.
Plantation iiholanl-novld
I store the beat assortment of Negro Shoes, we
baveever offered in tills Market. Men’s double soled peg
lad nailed black anti r asset ts ; do. heavy single soled black
and rassetts; do. boys and youths black and russetta, all of
■Hick wears telling very low. MIX k KIRTLAND.
a** l,
OHKSTNLT VHOVK, Sopenor old Rye and Me
(Georgia Joitirnol ond ittCGsoiacr.
BUSINESS CARDS.
,f. i. tV Wi A, U< >ss,
iVholesalt* Dry Goods Jobbers.
Corner Cherry and Second Sts.,
Macon, Oa.
I ~,;f ion to their Urge and new stock of Dry Goods,
, Clothing, Hats, amt Groceries, are receiving Soo case?
‘.loes, fresb .torn U.e Maiiutacturers, to wl.icl. they respect
>.lly invite attention of Dealers and consumers.
jane 13
nos. shdksh, s*. o. a. spsbkm
HARDEMAN & SPARKS,
WARE-HOUSE
AN D
Commission Merchants.
MACON, GA..
l\r ILL give prompt at.ention to the selling and storing
VT of Cotton, tn-l to the filling of orders for plantation
n l family supplies. With niauy years experience and
• ith their bestetf.rts to serve their friends, they ho)> to
.are a en itinaanee of the liberal patronage heretofore
to ts. —tii Liberal advances made when required.
August Istli IviO. (ly.)
/OUS SCBOFIBLD, JuSSIli SCHOVIKEI)
Bcliofield & liro.,
FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS
MACON, LKOKGIA,
WV. arc pre|<ared to Manufacture Mteum Fnirincb.
CIKCGLAK SAW MILLS, MILL and GIN GEAR
ING, fiCUAK MILLS.
BRASS AN I) I RON CASTINGS,
Os every description IKON HAILING anti VF.K
INDAII*. Having the mo.t complete assortment ol
Iron Railing in the State, which for elegance, neatness, du
rability and design, cannot be surpassed, and are suitable
for the fronU of Dwellings, Cemetery I is, Public Squares,
Jhnrch Fences and Balconies.
Persons desirous of purchasing Railings will do well to
-live a call, as we are determined to oiler as good bargains
ts any Northern Establishment.
Specimens of our Work can be seen at Rose Hill
Jemetery, arid at various private residences in this city,
jan 1-1661.
moist woeks,
VIACOM, GEORGIA.
“1". C. N I S li ET,
ITAVAIIi removed his FOUNDRY AND MACHINE
al WORK3 to the line of the Kail Road near the Macon
A Western Shops, he is now prepared to manufacture all
kinds of
MACHINERY AND CASTINGS,
ALSO
Steam Engines & Boilers,
On terms as favorable as any Establishment either North or
3outh. (mar 18) T. C. NI6BET.
A. M'QUEEN.
MACON, OEORGIA.
lIANIFACTI URU of Wrought Iron
±.V.M_ RAILING oi every description, and for all purposes,
Pla>u and Ornamental, from the lightest Scroll Iron, up to
the heaviest Railing used. Having an endless variety of
New aud Original Designs, purchasers cannot fail to be suit
ed.
Being entirely of Wrought Iron, their strength cannot be
questioned, and for beauty they cannot he surpassed any
where. All kinds of Fancy Iron Work made to order. Par
ticular attention given to making all kinds of
Geometrical Stair Bailings.
PB 1- Specimens of the work can be seen at the Residences
of T. G. Holt, L. F W. Andrews and W. J. McElroy, Esqrs.
Also at Rose Hill Cemetery. .
July 18 16-ts
Corrugated Wrought Iron aud Mire
Railing.
{Secured by Letter Patent.)
A DIII It AIS L V adapted for enclosing Public
r\ Grounds, Cemeteries, Balconies, Cottages, Ac. Sheep
ind Ox Hurdle. Pa'ent Wire, Sacking Bedsteads, with every
variety of Folding Iron Bedsteads and Iron Furniture.—
Patent Wire Coal Screens, Ore, Sand and Gravel Screens,
Wire Netting for Musquito, Sheep, Poultry and other pur
poses. Wire Summer Houses, Fancy Wire Work in great
variety for gardens, Ac. M. WALKER A SONS,
Manufacturers, No. 535 Market, N, E. Cor 6th St., Phila
telphia. (oct 24-1 y)
D. 0. HODGKINS &, SON,
DEALERS IX AND MAN UF ACT BRERS OP
C3r TJ 3ST S5,
RIFLES. „
PISTOLB,
and Sporting Apparatus,
OV ITBBT DBSCBirriOH,
i nw DOOR 9 BELOW THE
Lanier House, \>r/
M \con, Ga.
Jan. 1,18450. ts
II HR 1101 l fisli.
THOMAS MORSE,
OF the late firm of Marcwaltbr A Mobsk, having t>ur
chased the entire business, will continue the manufac
■ g of
Double Gnus, and best Rifles and Pistols
made in the United States, on an entirely new plan of Mr.
Horse’s. ... .
GUMS re-stocVibl and repaired in the best manner, and on
■ easonable terms, at short notice. The undersigned being
practical workman, will guarantee all his work, and in
vite the public to give him a trial.
SMF” The Stand is under the Floyd House, opposite nr.
Thompson’s. i“"e 13-’6O-y
NEW FIRM.
L. P. STRONG & SONS.
LKWIS P- STRONG ten
ders his gratefulthanks _
or the liberal patronage /N 77/
ended to him for thelast A ,
wenty seven years.and re- AgP aB
ertfully announces that he
, associated with him in
e further prosecution oi
he business, his two sons, , ,
KDGAK I* STRONG and r.
FORREBTRR W. STRONG.
iuder the name, firm and—
ityle of L. P STRONG A
SONS, and will continue to
teep on hand and offer, a large and s.dect assortment of
Roots, Shoos ami Lt aflior
if all kinds, and Findings for Country manufacturers. He
respectfully asks for the new firm, a continuance o: the lib
eral tavor extended to the old.
Macon, January S.ISCO. *l-y
ZEI LIN K HUNT,
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL
DRUGGISTS,
MACON, GEORGIA.
Messrs. T- & G. WOOD,
aA V I', thi* day assocl
nanufacture and sale
Macon, Georgia.
NOTICE.
Having ataociatsd with us in the Fumitare business. Seth
G Wood* wVsre partlcalarly desirous of closing up ths old
hnMwss is soon as possible, and respectfully request all la
debtsd, aaU M W call
MACON, GKO ltd A, WEDNESDAY, MAY 8, 1861.
EXTRA SESSION
OF THE
SOUTHERN CONGRESS.
Montgomery, Ala., April 20, 1801.
Congress asseiubled to-d;;v at noon, in
compliance with proclamation of President
Davis, convening an extra session.
It was a gratifying scene to notice the
cordial greetings, the shaking of hands, the
pleasant smiles, and other demonstrations of
welcome, which were intercharged am on ■ the
mem hers as they met this morning in the
Congress hall. An unusual number of
strangers and citizens were present, and in
the hali and gallery there were many ladies.
At 12 o’clock, the President of Congress,
the Hon. Howell Cobb, took his chair, and
the Rev. Basil Manley offered a fervent in
vocation to the Throne of C race.
The President then called Congress to
order, and stated that they had been assem
bled at this time by a proclamation from the
President.
The iirst business in order was the call of
the roll, and few names were called which
were not responded to.
The President stilted that a quorum was
present and that Congress was now ready to
transact business.
Mr. Walker of Alabama, stated that there
were two new members present from his
State, who had not been qualified, and
moved that they now have an opportunity of
doing so. fie referred to Messrs. 11. C.
Jones and Nich Davis, Jr., who hud been
elected to fill the vacancies created by the
resignations of Messrs, David P. Lewis and
Thomas Fearn.
Mr. Ochiltre, of Texas, said that Mr.
Louis T. Wigfall was present, and he had
not been qualified.
Mr. (’layton, of Mississippi, announced
that Mr. J. A. Orr, (the successor of Mr.
W. S. Wilson,) was also present, and moved
that all these gentlemen be requested by the
Pro sident to come forward and be qualified.
Messrs. Davis, Jones, Wigfall, and Orr,
came forward, took the oath, and subscribed
to the Constitution.
Mr. T. R. 11. Cobb, of Georgia, said that
as a quorum was present, and tjie Congress
had been conveud by the proclamation of the
President, he moved that a committee of
three be appointed to wait on the President,
and inform him that Congress was now ready
to receive any communication from him.
The President appointed Messrs. T. It. It.
Cobb, James Chesnut, jr., and John Perkins,
for that committee. The committee retired,
and in a few minute returned, and stated
that the President would in a few minutes
communicate in writiug to C ingress.
Mr. T. It. It. Cobb, offered the following
resolution which was adopted :
Rexotoed, by the Confederate States of
America, that the Secretary of Congress be
authorised to appoint an assistant in the
place of A. B. Clitherall, Esq., resigned.
The President presented to Congress the
annexed communication from a portion of
the people of New Mexico :
Messilla, March 18, 1851.
To the Hon. llowcll Cobb, President of
the Congress of the Confederate States of
America.
Sir : In pursuance of a resolution adopt
ed at a Convention of the citizens of that
portion of New Mexico known as Arizona,
held at this place on the 16th inst. 1 have
the honor herewith to transmit the enclosed
preamble and resolutions, unanimously adopt
ed, with the hope aud request that you will
lay them before the Congress of the Confed
erate States of America for their considera
tion.
Signed by the Secretary.
On motion of Mr. Chesnut, the reading
of the preamble and resolutions referred to,
was postponed for the present, and the com
munication was refered to the Committee on
Territories.
Mr. Ochiltree, of Texas, requested to pre
sent to Congress a communication from the
Governor of the Territory ot Arizona, trans
mitting a copy of the Provisional Constitu
tion, with the request that it be presented to
Congress. The communication was receiv
ed, and referred to the Territorial Commit
tee.
Mr. Joselyn, the President’s Private Sec
retary, then appeared in the Hall, and stated
that he had a message from the President,
with accompanying documents.
Mr. Withers asked the question whether
there was anything in the message that
would prevent its being read in public ses
sion.
Mr. Toombs replied that there waß not.
The message was then read in a very dis
tiuet tone by Mr. Dickson.
Advice to Volunteers —llovv to Pre
pare fer the Campaign.— A writer, who
signs himself “An Old Soldier,” gives the
following advice to young soldiers :
1. Remember that in a campaign more
men die from sickness than by the bullet.
2. Line your blanket wifch one thickness
of brown drilling. This adds but four
ounces in weight, and doubles the warmth.
3. Buy a small India rubber blanket
(only 81.50) to lay on the ground or to
throw over your shoulders when on guard
duty during a rain storm. Most of the East
ern troops arc provided with these. Straw
to lie on is not always to be had.
4. The best military hat in use is the
light colored soft felt : the crown being suf
ficiently high to allow space for air over the
brain. You can fasten it up as a continent
al in fair weather or turn it down when it is
wet or very sunny.
5. Let your beard grow, so as to protect
the throat and lungs.
6. Keep your entire person clean; this
prevents fevers and bowel complaints in
warm climates Wash your body each day,
if possible. Avoid strong coffee and oily
meet. Gen. Scott said that the two free
use of these (together with neglect in keep
ing the skin clean) cost many a soldier his
life in Mexico.
7. A sudden check of perspiration by
chilly or night air, often causes fever and
death. When thus exposed do not forget
your blauket.
Military Service Preferred. — We
are informed that Gov. N. P. Banks, who
has recently located in Chicago as resident
vice president of the Illiaois Central Rail
way, has gone back to Massachusetts, and
i„ expected to command the regiment of
that State. We do not know of a man bet
ter qualified for a commander in this war. —
He is personally known to most of the Mas
sacusetts volunteers, and only a year ago he
was commander-in-chief of the military
foiratf that Statfc-*C*w<*ss
luterroiii’sc of Nations in tinio of
War.
In relation to these rights and duties,
which arc not sufficiently generally under
stood, we find in an exchange, ready to hand,
some appropriate extracts from Kent’s Com
mentaries, a standard authority on interna
tional law, for which we bespeak an atten
tive perusal :
INTERDICTION OF COMMERCIAL” INTER
COURSE.
“One of the immediate and important
consequences of the declaration of war, is the
absolute interruption and interdiction of all
commercial correspondence, intercourse, and
dealing between the subjects of the two
countries. The idea that any commercial
intercourse or pacific dealing can lawfully
subsist between the people of the powers at
war, except under the clear and express
sanction of the Governments, and without a
special license, is utterly inconsistent with
the new class of duties growing out of a
state of war. The interdiction flows, nec
essarily, from the principle already stated,
that a state of war puts all the members of
the two nations respectively in hostility to
each other ; and to suffer individuals to I
carry on a friendly or commercial intercourse,!
while the two Governments were at war,!
would he placing the act of Government and :
the acts of individuals in contradiction to!
each other. It would counteract the opera
tions of war and throw obstacles in the way
of public efforts, and lead to disorder, im
becility and treason. Trading supposes the
existence of civil contracts and relations,
and reference to the courts of justice ; and
it is, therefore, necessarily, contradictory to
a state of war. It affords to the enemy in an j
effectual manner, by enabling the merchants
of the enemy’s country to support their Gov
ernment, and it facilitates the means of con
veying intelligence and carrying on a trait
orous correspondence with the enemy—
These considerations apply with peculiar
force to maritime States, where the principal
object is to destroy the marine and com-|
merce of the enemy in order to force them
to peace. It is a well settled doctrine in
die English jurists, that there cannot exist,
at the time, of war for arms and a peace for
commerce. The war puts an end at once to
all dealing and all communication with each
other, and places every individual of the
respective Governments, as well as the Gov
ernments themselves, in a state of hostility.
This is equally the doctrine of all the au
thoritative writers on the law of nations, and
of the maratime ordinance of all the great
powers of Europe. It is equally the receiv
ed law of this country, and was so decided
frequently by the Congress of the United
States during the Revolutionary war, and
again by the Supreme Court of the United
States, during the course of the last war ;
and it is difficult to conceive of a point of
doctrine more deeply or extensively rooted
in the general maritime law of Europe; and
of the universal and immemorial usage of
the whole community of the civilized world. !
“It follows, as a necessary consequence
of the doctrine of the illegality of all inter
course or traffic, without express permission,
that all contracts with the enemy, made
during the war, are utterly void. The in
surance of an enemy’s property is an illegal
contract, because it is a species of trade and
intercourse with the enemy. The drawing
of a bill of exchange, by an alien enemy, on
the subject of the adverse country, is an
illegal and void contract, because it is a com
munication and contract. The purchase of
bills on the enemy’s country, or the remis
sion and deposit of funds there, is a danger
ous and illegal act, because it may be cher
ishing the resources and relieving the wants
of the enemy. The remission of funds, in
money or bibs, to subjects of the enemy is
unlawful. The inhibition reaches to every
communication, direct or circuitous. All
endeavors to trade with the enemy, by the
intervention of third persons, or by partner
ships, have equally failed, and no artifice
has succeeded to legalize the trade, without
the express permission of the Government.
Every relaxation of the rule tends to corrupt
the allegiance of the subject, and prevents
the war from fulfilling its end. The only
exception to this strict and rigorous rule of
international jurisprudence, is the case of
ransom hills, and they are contracts of ne-|
cessity, founded on a state of war, and en
gendered by its violence. It is also a fur- (
thcr consequence of the inability of thc i
subjects of the two States to commune or j
carry on any correspondence or business to- (
gether, that all commercial partnerships
existing between the subjects of the two (
parties prior to the war are dissolved by the
mere force and act oftho war itself; though
other contracts existing prior to the war arc
not extinguished, but the remedy is only
suspended, and this from the inability of an
alien enemy to soe, or to sustain, in the
language of the civilians, a personi standi
in Judicio. The whole of this doctrine res
pecting the illegality of any commercial in
tercourse between the inhabitants of two
nations at war was extensively reviewed,
and the principal authorities, ancient and
modern, foreign and domestic, were accu
rately examined, and the positions which
have been laid down established in the case
of Griswold vs. Waddington, decided in the
Supreme Court of this State, and afterwards
affirmed on error.”
Rev. Dr. Adam* on the tVar.
The Rev. Neheruiah Adams, of Boston,
so well known as a conservative constitu
tional man, and author of the “South Side
View,” and who within a month has pub
lished a volume favoring the South, called
“The Sable Cloud,” preached a sermon on
Sunday, the 21st ult., in which he said:
The commander of the Massachusetts
troops was the candidate for Governor, at
the last election, of the party who represent
ed the southernmost ideas; but he and his
command have forgotten this in the vital
struggle to maintain government. He is
mistaken who sees in this popular excite
ment only a war spirit. Blind passions
and impulses, of course, mingle but you can
not fiud the man who does not feel that gov
ernment must be maintained at all hazards
and at whatever cost. It is a question of
civil life or death. Shall mobs rule us or
constitutional authorities ? They in whose
hands the National and State governments
are reposed, are, while they abide, by the
Constitution and execute the laws, as though
the very angels of God were over us in His
stead.
A people may change their government,
hut ii to it and frify
they are guilty of treason. Honesty of pur
pose does not save them. They should have
been certain that the people were prepared
for the change, and now they must die, and
deter others from disturbing an ordinance
of God—which disturbance in a country
may be as harmful as though one should
tamp r with the seasons of the year.
Nothing would gratify me more, as your
minister, than to have you make a subscrip
tion, to he transmitted by bur Treasurer to
the Treasurer of the Commonwealth, for the
use of necessitous families in Massachusetts,
from whom a member or members have gone
or shall go into the military or naval ser
vice of the United States at the present time.
This \*ill be virtually in the cause of gov
ernment, though its immediate objects are
the families of soldiers. Our name is “U n
ion Church,” and this is Essex street, of
which Lafayette said in Boston, in 1525,
“The world should never forget the spot
where once stood “Liberty Tree/’ so famous
in your annals.” lam not seeking to ex
cite a war spirit, for a formidable demonstra
tion of Union feeling at the present time,
with arms, is a necessary means of peace and
reconstruction.
If we are to negotiate, all must under
stand that we are not a •conquered people,
treating for their lives and liberties, but that
we are able to defend and maintain them.
The emblems and inscriptions on the Mas
sachusetts coat of arms are appropriate now :
A sword is lifted up—“ Ease petite plaeidam,
sub libertafe quietem ,” —Sword in hand he
seeks peace, iu liberty. Let that hand al
ways be lifted, but only as an emblem, till
the angels’ song at Bethlehem shall still the
drum and fife with “peace on earth, good
will towards men.”
At the close of the services, the congre
gation were requested by the pastor to re
main, and consider the proposition, which
was with great enthusiasm adopted. Twen
ty-three hundred and twenty-five dollars
were subscribed. No subscription was over
one hundred dollars.
Fortress Houroe.
This stronghold of the Federal Govern
ment, commanding Hampton Road and con
troling the mouth of James river aud the
entrance to Norfolk, and Portsmouth, is
doubtless destined to be the locality of an
exciting struggle and a protracted seige. It
is described as the most complete and ex
tensive military work in the country, with
walls more than a mile in circuit, very thick
and high, surrounded by a moat from fifty
to one bundled feet wide, with eight feet of
water, draw-bridges and outer batteries. It
mounts some four hundred heavy guns, in
cluding, of course, mortars for throwing shells,
and ordinance of the heaviest and most ef
fective kind. The walls enclose about twen
ty five acres, which will give the readers an
idea of the extent of this fortress. In the
centre is the parade ground, and all around
are the quarters for the troops. Its cost was
about $2,500,000.
A correspondent of the Savannah Repub
lican explains why it is that this place is
called a “fortress,” while the other defensive
works commanding the harbors of the coun
try are styled forts. The latter are simply
defensive works, with accomodations for only
their working and active force, while a for
tress is a stronghold arranged for the accom
modation and protection of a large garrison,
and whence they may issue for offensive as
well as defensive operations. Monroe is the
ouly “ fortress” in the country, and it was
designed chiefly for the protection of the
United States Navy Yard, nearer Norfolk
and Potrsmouth, which is now partially des
troyed and in possession of the Virginians.
Fortress Monroe is too far from those cities
for its guns to menace them with shot or
shell. Fort Norfolk is much nearer to them.
It is announced that the Federal Govern
ment has succeeded in throwing 2,400
troops into Fortress Monroe (nearly its full
complement,) and with this number of healthy
and resolute men, amply provisioned, it may
be expected to bid defiance for a long time
to a seige by the Confederate or Virginia
forces, even if all reinforcements are cut off.
We presume that it will be the present aim
of the South to invest it completely, cutting
off all succor and reducing it rather by the
slow but sure process of privation and anx
ious vigilance than by assault. I lie latter
mode of attack would involve an immense
loss of life, and the advantages secured by
the quicker release of the commerce of Nor
folk and Portsmouth from its surveillance
would hardly compensate for such a cost. —
It is too far removed to bring its guns to bear
on the Navy Yard, but its control of the en
trance to that establishment, as well as the
mouth of James river and the approach to
Norfolk and Portsmouth, will be very au
noying and hurtful.— Columbus Enquirer.
major General Beauregard.
Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard was born near
New Orleans, and is now about forty-three
years of age. lie graduated at West Point
in 18118, taking the second honor in a class
of forty-live, was appointed 2d Lieutenant
iu the first Artillery, and, a week afterwards,
was transferred to the corps of Engineers.—
lie was promoted to the tirst Lieutenancy,
June, 1839, and in that capacity served dur
ing the Mexican War. He was twice bre
vettcd for “gallant and meritorious conduct
in the field” —first as Captain for the battle
of Contreras and Churubusco ; and again as
Major for the battle of Chepultepec. —
He was wounded in the assault upon the
Garita de Belen in the city of Mexico. On
his return home he was elegantly sworded,
and appointed master of the Mint and Cus
tom House at New Orleans, as well as of
the fortifications on or near the mouth of the
Mississippi. About two months since he
was ordered to West Point as Superintend
ent of the Military Academy, but was re
lieved by President Buchanan, within forty
eight hours, as a it is alleged, to
the secession speech of Senator Slidell, who
is a brother in law of Gen. Beauregard.
Gen. B. is in the prime of life and vigor
ous health, erect as a soldier, well made and.
remarkably active. There is great spirit
and determination in his look, and he evi
dently possesses great muscular power.—
The great characteristic of the General is a
perfect method in all his plans. He is re
garded as one of the best officers that was
ever in the American Army. Brave, up
right and of incorruptible integrity, he is
one of those few characters that circumstan
ces could never change. Eminently social,
simple and affable in bis manners, it js, in
deed, a great eulogium that can bo passed
upon him, when it is said that he J^e<|uallj
lik'd tttd rented hy &U wh f > fcyro hist,
PRESIDENT// MESSAGE.
To the Special Session of the Congress, Convened
at ty&inery, April 1861.
Gentlemen of the Congress:
It is my leaning duty to announce to you that
the Constitution framed for the estahlishment of a
government for the Confederate States has been
ratified by each of those States to which it was
referred. To inaugurate the government in its
full proportions and upon its own sub-ÜBtitial basis
of the popular will it only remains tlut flections
should he held for the designation ol the officers
to administer it.
There u every reason to believe that at no distant
dav, other States identified in political principles
and community of interests with those w hich you
represent .vili join this Confederacy ; giving to its
typical -cot.stelbition increased splendor— to its
government of free, equal and sovereign States a
wider spheri* of usefulness—and to the friends of
constitutional liberty a greater security for its
harmonious and perpetual existence.
It was not, however, for the purpose of making
this announcement that I have deemed it my duty
ot convoke you at an earlier day than that fixed by
yourselves lor your meeting. The declaration of
war made against this Confederac” bv Abraham
Lincoln, President of the United States, in Ins
proclamation issued on the fifteenth day of the
present month, rendered it necessary, is my judg
ment, that you should convene at the earliest prac
ticable moment, to devise the measures necessary
lor the defence of the country.
The occasion is indeed an extraordinary one.—
It justifies me in a brief review of the relations
heretofore existing between us and the States
which now unite in a warfare against us, aud in a.
succinct statement of the events which have result
ed in this warfare ; to the end that mankind may
pass intelligent and practical judgment on its mo
tives and objects.
During the war waged against Great P.ritian by
her colonies and this continent, a common danger
impelled them to a close alliance, and to the forma
tion of a Confederation, by the terms of which tho
colonies, styling themselves States, entered “sever
ally into a firm league of friendship wiili each other
for their common defence, the security of their
liberties, and their mutual and general welfare,
binding themselves to assist each other against all
force offered to, or attacks made upon, them or
any of them, on account of religion, sovereignty,
trade or any other pretense whatever.”
In order to guard against any misconstruction
of their compact, the several Suites made explicit
declaration, in a distinct article, that “each State
retains its sovereignty, freedom and independence,
and every power, jurisdiction and right which is
not by this Confederaion expressly delegated t<>
the U. States in Congress assembled.”
Under th : s contract of alliance, the war of tlm
revolution was successfully waged, and resulted in
the treaty of peace with Great Ltritian in 1783, bv
the terms of which the several States were, eßcii
by name, recoguized to be independent.
The articles of Confederation contained a clause
whereby all alterations were prohibited, unless
confirmed by the Legislatures of every Stale, after
being agreed to by the Congress; and in obedience
to this provision under the resolution of the Con
gress the several States appointed delegates who
attended a convention “for the sole and express
purpose of revising the articles of confederation ,
and reporting to Congress and the several Legisla- |
lures such alterations and provisions therein as shall
when agreed to in Congress, and confirmed by the
States, lender the Federal Constitution adequate
to the exigencies of Government and the preserva
tion of the Union.”
It was, by the delegates clioscd, by the several
States under the resolution just quoted, that the
Constitution of the United States was framed in
1787, and submitted to the several States for rati
fication, as shown by the 7th article, which is in
these words:
“The ratification of the Conventions of nine States
shall be sufficient for the establishment of this
Cons'.itution between the States so ratifying the
same.”
I have italicised certaiu words in the quotations
just made, for the purpose of attracting attention
to the singular and marked caution witn which the
States endeavored, in every possible form, to ex
clude the idea that the separate and independent
sovereignty of cacli State was merged into our
common government aud nation ; and the earnest
desire they evinced to impress on. the Constitution
its true character—that of a compact between in
dependent States.
The Constitution in 1787 having however, omit
ted the clause just recited from the articles of
Confederation, which provided in explicit terms,
that each State retained its sovereignty and inde
pendence, some alarm was felt in the States when
invited to ratify the Constitution, lest this omission
should be construed into an abandonment of their
cherished principle, and they refused to be eatified
until amendments were added to the Constitution,
placing beyond any pretence doubt, the reserva
tion by the States, of all their sovereign rights and
powers —not expressly delegated to the United
States by the Constitution.
Strange indeed must it appear to the impartial
observer, but it is none the less true, that all these
carefully worded clauses proved unavailable to
prevent the rise and growth in the Northern States
of a political school which has persistently claimed
that the government thus formed w*as not a com
pact between States, but was in effect a national
government, set up above and over the States.
An organization created by the States to secure
the blessings of liberty and independence against
foreign aggression, has been gradually perverted
into a machine for their control in their domestic
affairs; the creature hr s been exalted above its
creators ; the principles have been made subordi
nate to the agent appointed by themselves.
The people of the Southern States, whose al
most exclusive occupation was agriculture, early
perceived a tendency in the Northern States to
render the common government subservient to
their own purposes, by imposing burthens ou
commerce as a protection ho their manufacturing
and shipping interests, tfluig and angry contro
versy grew out of these attempts, often successful,
to benefit one section of the country at the ex
pense of the other ; and tbe danger of disruption
arising from this cause was •enhanced by the fact
that the Northern population was increasing by im
migration and other causes in agreater ratio than
the population of toe South, fey degrees, as the I
Northern States gained preponderance in the Na
tional Cor.grees, selffinterest uugirt their people
to yield assent-to any plausib e atkmeacy of their
right! as a majority to govern the uDHiority with
out control; they learned to listen .with impa
tience to the suggestion of any constitutional im
pediment to the exercise of their will;; and so
utterly have the principles of the Constitution
been corrapted in the Northern miod, that in the
inaugural address delivered by President Lincoln
in March last, he asserts as an axiom which he
plainly deems to be undeniable, that tbe theory
of the Constitution requires that in all cases the
majority shall govern ; and in another memorable
instance, the same Chief Magistrate did not hesi
tate to liken the relations between a Slate and the
United States to those which exist between a
county and tbe State in which it ia situated and by
which it was created. This is the lamentable and
fundamental error on which rests the policy that
has culminated in his declaration of war against
tbeae Confederate States.
In addition to the long continued and deep
Seated resentment felt by the Southern States at
the persistent abuse of the powers they bad dele
gated to tbe dbngress, lor the purpose of enrich
ing the ■manufacturing and shipping classes of the
No. that the expense of the Soutit, there has exist
ed f-n nearly half a century another subject of
disomd, involving interests of such transcendent
magnitude, as at all times to create the apprehen
sion in the minds of many devoted lovers of the
Union, that its permanence was impossible.
When the several States delegated certain pow
ers to the United States Congress, a large portion
of the labo ring population consisted of African
slaves iin pc ‘ted into the colonies by the mother
country. In twelve out of thirteen Sfcites, negro
slavery exiaad, and the right of property in slaves
was protected by law. This property was recog
nized in lha Constitution, and provision was made
agair.st its loss by the escape of the slave. The
iucieaae in the number of the slaves by further
impoitotion from Africa wa9 also secured by a
clause forbidding Congress to prohibit the slave
trade anterior to a certaiu d*t ; and in no clause
can tjbere be found any delegation of power to
the Congress authorizing it in any manner to eg
islaue to the ptkiadioe, detriment or discourage
ment of the ovuiera specie* P ro P^‘^
it frya \k%
VOLUME XXXIX—NO. 7.
The climate and soil of the Northern States soon
proved unpropitious to the continuance of slave
SoutVi >, kil9t''’lh e converse was the case at the
‘ n 1 ‘ ‘ nder the unrestricted interconrse be
seydons, the Northern States con
,j c-. , c ” ° w ,” * nter est by selling their slaves to
MTi*lig a *2‘*sr’ ’t“ ,Wr .
!a stsvs
[ i.w ol tbe acquisition .K„
cion that their quiet possession was to be disturbed
by those who were inhibited, uot only by want ot
constitutional authority, but by good faith as Teo
dors, from disquieting a title emanating from
themselves.
As soon, however, as the Northern States,
that prohibited African slavery within their limits,
had reached a number sufficient to give their rep
resentation a controlling voice in the Congress, a
persistent and organized system of hostile meas
ures against the rights of the owners of slaves in
the Southern States was inaugurated, and gradu
ally extended. A continuous series of measures
were deviled and prosecuted for the purpose of
rendering insecure the tenure of property ia slaves;
fanatical organizations, supplied with money bv
voluntary subsciiptions, were assiduously engaged
in exciting amongst the slaves a spirit of discon
tent and revolt; means were furnished for thefr
escape from their owners, aud agents secretly em
! ployed to entice them to abscond ; tbe constUu
i tional provision for their rendition was first evad ‘d,
then openly denounced as a violation of the con
scientious obligation and religious duty; men
were taught that it was a merit to elude, disobey
and violently oppose the execution of the laws
enacted to secure the performance of the promise
contained in the constitutional compact; owners
of slaves were mobbed and even murdered in
open day, solely for applying to a magistrate for
the arrest of a fugitive slave; the dogmas of
these voluntary organizations soon obtained con
trol of the legislatures of many of the Northern
States, and laws were passed providing for the
punishment by ruinous fines and long continued
imprisonments in jails and penitentiaries, of citi
zens of the Southern States, who would dare to ask
aid of the officers of the law for the recovery .of
their property. Emboldened by success, the the
atre of agitation and aggression against the clearly
expressed constitutional rights of the Souther it
States was transferred to the Congress ; Senators
ami Representatives were sent to the common
councils of the nation, whose chief title to this dis
tinction consisted in the display of ultra fanaticism,
and whose business was, not “to promote the gen
eral welfare or ensurp domestic tranquility,” but
to awaken die bitterest hatred against the citizens
of sister States, by violent denunciation of their
institutions; the u&ysaction of public affairs was
impeded by repeated e/orts to usurp powers not
delegated by the Constitution, for the purpose of
impairing the security ,tifproperty in slaves, and
reducing those States which held slaves to a con
dition of inferiority. Finally, a great party was
organized for the purpose of obtaining the admin
istration of the government, with the avowed ob
ject of using its power to the total exclusion of the
Slave States from all participation in the benefits
of the public domain, acquired by all tbe States in
common, wiLexuer by conquest or purchase; of
surrounding itbow entirely by States in which
si verv should be (prohibited ; of thus rendering
the property in slaves $y insecure as to be com
paratively worthless, and thereby annihilating, in
effect, property worth thousand of millions of
! dollars. This party succeeded in ,the month of
November last, in the election of its candidate for
the Presidency of the United Scates.
In the mean time, under the mild and genial
climate of the Southern States, and the increasing
care and attention for the well lieing and comfort
of the laboring class, dictated alike by interest and
, humanity, the African slaves had augmented iff
number- from about 600,000, at the date of the
adoption of the constitutional compact, to up
wards of 4,<iGO,QOO. In moral and social condi
tion, they had been .elevated from brutal savages
into docile, intelligent £nd civilized agricultural
1 laborers, and supplied not oqly with bodily com
forts but with careful religious instruction. Un
der the supervision of a superior race, their labor
had been so directed as not only to allow
I ual and marked amelioration of their own condi
tion, but to convert the hundreds of thousands of
I square miles of the wilderness into cultivated
lands, covered with a prosperous people ; towns
and cities had sprung into existence, and bad rap
idly increased in wealth and population under the
social system of the South ; the white population
of the Southern slaveholding States bad augment
<l from about 1,250,000 at tbe date of the adop
of the Constitution, to more than 8,600,000
>mj SS6O; and the productions of the South in cot
ton, rice, sugar, and tobacco, for the full develop
ment and continuance of wbic/i, the labor of the
; African slave was, and is, indispensable, had swo)-
: ln to an amount which formed nearly three
fourths of the exports of the whole United State*,
and had become absolutely necessary for the
■wants at.civilized man.
With interests of such overwhelming magnitude
imperilled, tbe people of the Southern States were
driven by the oeiwiuet of the North to the adop
tion of some course action to avert the danger.
With this view, the Legislatures of the Severn
States invited the people to select delegates to
fkmventions to be held for the purpose of determ
ining for themselves what measures were best
adapted to meet so alarming a crisis in their hjs
tory.
Here it may be proper to observe that from a
period as early as 1798, there had existed in all
of the States of the Union a party almost uninter
ruptedly io the majority, based upon the creed
that each State was in the last resort, the sole
judge as well of its wrongs, as of the mode aud
measure of redress. Indeed, it is obvious, that
under the law of nations, this principle is an ax
iom as applied to the relations of independent
sovereign States, such as those which had united
themselves under the constitutional compact.—
The Democratic party of the United States, repeat
ed in its successful canvass in 1866, the declara
tion made in numerous previous political contests,
that it would “faithfully abide and uphold the
principles laid down in the Virginia resolutions of
1798, and in the report of Mr. Madison to tbe Vir
ginia Legislature of J 799; and that itadoptetho.se
principles as constituting one of the main founda
tions of its political creed.”
The principles thus emphatically announced,
embrace that to which I have already adverted,
the right of each State to judge of and redress the
wrongs of which it complains. These principles
were maintained by overwhelming majorities of
the people of all the States of the Union at differ
ent elections, especially in the elections of Mr.
Jefferson n 1805, Mr. Madison in 1809, and Mr.
Fierce in 1852.
In the exercise of a right so ancient, so well
established, and so necessary for self-preservation,
the people of the Confederate States, in their Con
ventions, determined that the wrongs which they
had suffered, and the evils with which they were
menaced, required that they should revoke the
delegation of the powers to the Federal (foverc
meut which they had ratified in their several Con
ventions. They consequently passed ordinances
resuming all their rights as sovereign and inde
pendent States, aud dissolved their connection
with the other States of the Union.
Having done this, they proceeded to form anew
compact amongst themselves, by new articles of
Confederation, which have also been ratified by
the conventions of the several States with an ap
proach to unanimity far exceeding that of tbe
conventions which adopted the Constitution of
1787. Ttiey have organized their new govern
ment in all iW departments ; the functions of the
Executive, Legislative and Judicial Magistrates
are performed in accordance with the will of the
people as displayed, not merely in a cbeerfol ac
quiescence; but in the enthusiastic support ot the
government thus established by themselves; and
but for the interference of the government ol t >
United States in this legitimate exercise 0 t io
tight of the people to self government, peace,
happiness and prosperity would now smile on our
kU That oeacc is ardently desired by this govern
ment and has been manlfeßted m ever y
i,o-dt>]e way/ Ee4.rce.ly had you assembled in Feb
ruary last, when, even prior to the inauguration
0 t the Chief Magistrute you had elected, you
passed a resolution expressive,of your desire for
tbe appointment of coinmissiouers to be sent to
the government of the United States, “for the
purpose of negotiating friendly relations between
tnat government and the Confederate States of
America, aDd for the settlement of all questions
lof disagreement between the two government
upon principle# of right, justice, equality, ana
good faith.”
Iv wm my * w