Newspaper Page Text
BY S. ROSE & CO.
lilt Georgia journal & Messenger
I- /*. i <• vstyWe-inea-lay aiortiag at f‘2 'Opcr ariaum.
aij> nc th» rfßular charge wWI be One Dollar
.r u ,.r« vtoia mumhCD rouio« for the first inssr
;! ,!■ aui i'ii-rt oh<T3 for cacti aubsequent iMertwn.All
j. rtuemcQt* not *jx>eit)«d a* to Uiae, »lii be pubiu-hed
B . il tot oi l hul charged nccordfagiy * iiberal d ‘ icodnt
aiton Ito ttioae who advertiae bj tee ye:.r . ,
O-.fCARr Su-HOB. of ofM • *’* *•*■’**• ">*l be Charged at
t:,e u-u U rates. ctfi> e, to be paid for at
the j- : 0 ratß3. when fnaer-cJ. officers, Drug
glm! AultSC^?^« d others, who cnay wish to
ti.ak.t-llurite t contracts. „ r - t ir.inktn.t-rt
-..v.0. Livmsß.'f»«3» byE .^ut„r=. A dmlntstrators
, t j t>-Jt are required by la* to t>e adrertiaed in a
u rtte forty day* previous to the day of sate.
pl *fnejc .ial-3niu.:t b« held on the first Tuesday In the month,
the hour* of ten In the forenoon and three In the
"[i ni n at the Court house In the county in which the
Pkrjonal Property must b* advertised in like
\ r fort} daj3.
L T. £ i o Debtor3 and PhedalOXs ©t au &3tats mutt be
[ 1 j that application will be made to the Ordinary for
I ~.ve t. J h hind and Negroes, must be published weekly for
I Letters of Administrations, thirty days ; for
;.' U j on from Administration, monthly, six months ; for
r,w-u*H.on from Guardianship, weekly, forty days.
t> CLK ; fCjR FoBKOnoaiNG of Mort.iaok, monthly, four
u Mht" for establishing lost papers, for the full space of
tl* ree* months; for compeUlng titles from executors or ad
uiioi jerators where a bond has been given bj the deceased,
(».> tun of three m mths.
F#”* betters addressed to S. ROSF i CO.
Professional and Business ftleu-
Profc-hiovii. iND BosiNJWfi Cards will be Inserted uudet
hls heai, at ihe following rates, viz :
F u r ibrea lines, per annum, $5 00
•• SiVen lines, do }® 0®
“ T-n lines, do 00
“ Twelve lines, do l. r > 00
Nu i tvertliementß of this class will be admitted, unles'
paid lor In advance, uor for a less term than twelve months-
Advertisements of over twelve lines will be charged pro Rita-
Advertisements not paid for In advance will be charged at
he regular rates.
REGHJHAH MEETINGS
OF MASONS, KNIGHT TEMPLARS, ODD FEL
LOWS AND SONS OF TEMPERANCE,
HELD IN THE CITY OF MACON.
MASONS.
Grand Lodge es Georgia for 1860, October Slat.
Macon Lodge, No. 5, first and third Monday nights in each
month.
Oonsiantlne Chapter, No. 4, second Monday night m e-ach
month. .... ,
Washington Council, No. C, fourth Monday night In each
month. . „ . .
fit Omer’s Encampment. Knights Templar, No. 2, Meetings
every Amt Tuesday night in each month.
ODD FELLO WS.
Grand Lodge, first Wednesday In June.
Grand Encampment, Tuesday previoaa.
Franklin Lodge, No. 2, every Thursday evening.
United Brothers, No. 5, every Tuesday evening.
Ma- on Union Encampment, No. 2, second and fourth Mon
day evenings In each month.
SONS OF TEMPERANCE.
Grand Division, fourth Wednesday In October, annually.
PROFESSIONAL CARPST
CULVKitHOfTSE A ANSLEY,
ATTORNEYS AT LAW,
KNOXVILLE AND FORT VALI-EY, GA.
G. P. OULVERHOUBE, F. A. ANSLEY,
Knoxville, Ga. Fort Valley, Ga.
octßl-’6O-ly
1.. N. WHITTLE,
ATTORNEY AT LAW,
MACON, GEORGIA .
JFITCE next to CONCERT HALL, over Payne’s Drug Store
lan. 6, [4l-ly.]‘
TIIO?IAS H. CABAN ISS,
ATTORNEY AT LAW,
Porsytli,
AIT ILL attend promptly to all business entrusted to his
W care In tbeCountiesof Monroe, Bibb, butts, Crawford,
nes, Pike, Spalding and Up3on. [may 12 ’sß]
REMOVAL,
Bill 1,1. Ins removed his Law Office to Cherry street
, up stairs of building next below B. A. Wise’s furnish
ing store. Hi will attend the Courts as heretofore.
Macon, Oct. 1,1861. oct 9-ts
Millinery!
PARIS *wj[ STYLES
V ia. New Orleans.
SsPRIING OF l«ai.
Mrs. HOWLAND
HAN opened a fine assortment of the newest Paris
Styles of
Ladles’ Hats and Milliner} Goods,
Os recent and Direct Importation to Ntw Orleixs.
Her customers and others are Invited to call, and she Is
satirfittd that they will be pleased.
Milliners from a distance can be accommodated
with PATTERN HATS and any style of MILLINERY
GOODS. apr 8
~~THE GEORGIA
HOTIE INSURANCE LOMPAVV,
OP
COLUMBUS, GEO.
CHARTERED CAPITAL - - $250,000
DIRECTORS.
John M. SlcGough, W. H. Young,l
Rob’t. M. Qunby, J. G. Strupper,
C. C. Cody, J. P. Illges,
Daniel Griffin, W. 11. Hughes,
James T. Bozeman, James Ennis,
L. T. Downing.
JNO. McGOUOH, President.
D. F. Willcox, Secretary.
Insures dwellings, stores,merchandize, cotton and othei
all kinds of Insurable property, against loss
or damage by fire. Applications received and policies is
sued by JOSEPH M. BOAIIDMAN,
feb 20—yt Agent for Macon and vicinity.
Hardware
Home made Smiths Bellows
Portable Forage,
Cast Steel, >
Block Tins,
Tin Plate,
Bolt Copper,
Glue, Rubber and Hemp Packing,
Brass Wire,
Sheet Brass,
German Silver,
Babbit Metal,
Horse and Mule’Shoe,
Shoe Nails, for sale by
i u, y 10 NATHAN WEED.
McCallie & Jones,
the recent fire, have located nearly opposite
hJ their old stand on Cotton Avenue, where they are pre
pared to supply all customers with
Bacon, Lard, Flour, Corn, &c., &c.,
GIVE US A CALL. jul y 8
GEORGIA MANUFACTURE
\V MEAT FAVS, a superior home made article
v v warranted to vrork well.
Straw Cutters,
for * 6ltb 7
•*** lß Nathan weed.
RAILROAD SCHEDULES, &x
MACON & WESTERN KAIL HOAD.
ON ana after Mur.day, May 12th, P »*.■>«• nger Train:
will be mn as follows :
Leave Macon 9 30 a. a
Arrive at Atlanta 4.00 p. k
Leave Atlanta li.on a! *
Arrive at Marcn 4.55 a.*
The 10.00 a rn. i ram from Macon connect* with the \V
s A K B si 6.00 p in. and Georgia R. R at 8.00 p rn.
ALFRED L. TYLER,
Saptrintendent Macon s Western R. R. Cos.
may 14
Central Tiail Road.
Change of Schedule.
ON and after Sunday, October 27th, 1861, the Trains on
this Road will be run as follows ;
DAILY DAY TRAIN.
Leave Savannah 2.30 p. m. Arrive In Macon 12.40 a. m
Leave Macon 12.80 p. m. Arrive in Savannah 11. If. p. ru
DAILY NIGHT TRAIN.
Leave Savannah 950 p. m. Arrive in Macon 9oOa. m
Leave Macon 850 p. m. Arrive in Savannah 7.40 a. m
Savakmah, May 21,15C ! 2.
On and after Sunday, June Ist, 1862, the Passenger Trail
between Gordon, Milledgevllie and Eatonton, will run a.
follows :
Leave Eatonton 4.50 a. u
Arrive at Gordon 7.89 a. u
Leave Milledgevilie 6.27 a. m
Connecting at Gordon with Up Night Train to Macon, At
lanta, and 8. W. R. R.
Leave Gordou 1.40 P. M.; arrive at Milledgeville 2.52
Eatonton 4.81 p. M., connecting at Gordon with Down Daj
Train from Macon aud Up Night Train from Savannah,
may 28 GEO. W. ADAMS, Gen’i Sup’t.
MACON k BRUNSWICK RAIL ROAD.
CIIAX6GOP 8-(’HEDVTLE,
The t rains on this Road, will leave Macon daily
(Sundays excepted,) at I*' A. M., returning at 4 P. M
Daily connection made with Hawkinsville by line ot
Stages. A. E. COCHRAN,
Macon, Nov. 26,1861. Prest. and Sup’t.
UPSON COUNTY RAIL. HOAD.
THE daily train on the road connects with the train oi
the Macon & Western Railroad from Macon to Atlanta:
Fare from Thomaston to Macon $2 85.
“ “ “ “ Atlanta 8 85.
Through tickets can be had at the office of this company
n Thomaston; anil at the general ticket office of the MaooL
A Western Rail Road, at Macon and Atlanta.
Passengers wishing to go to Chalybeate Springs, Warn
Springs, or White Sulphur Springs, will find this route verj
pleasant. Fine Stage Coaches will leave Thomaston dallj
on the arrival of the train, and connect at the Chalybeat*
Springs with coaches to the Warm and White Sulphui
•Springs, returning daily to connect with the train from
Thomaston to Barnesville. A. J. WHITE,
july 25-ts Sup’t.
Change of Schedule.
SOUTH-WESTERN RAIL ROAD
ON and after this date Passenger Trains will run as fol
lows—
UETWKKV MACON 3XI) COLUMBUS t
Leave Macon at 1.80 a. m
Arrive at Columbus at 7.18 a. m
Leave Columbus at 2.25 p. m
Arrive at Macon at 7.56 p. u
BETWEEN MACON ASD CAATTAIIOOCHKE ;
Leave Macon 9.80 A. m
Arrive at Chattahoochee 6.44 p. y
Leave Chattahoochee 9.55 a. m
Arrive at Macon 7.18 p. 11
The Mail and Passenger Trains from Albany connect
daily at SmithviUe, No. lo S. W.R.R.,and from Fort (Mine
dally at Cuthbert, with Chattahoochee Mail Tra(n.
Leave SmithvUle at 2.45 r. m
Arrive at Albany 4 20 p. m
Leave Albany at 12.45 p. m
Arrive at Smlthvtlle 2.16 p. k
Leave Cuthbert at 5.05 p. m
Arrive at Fort Gaines 6.40 p. m
Leave Fort Gaines at 10.06 a. m
Arrive at Cuthbert at 11.65 p. m
Making the connection with the up aud down Chatta
hoochee Mail Train.
Trains tu Columbus form a through connection to Mont
goiaery, Ala., and Augusta, Kingston, Wilmington, Savan
nah, Biiliedgevllle and Eatonton.
Post Coaches run from Albany to Tallahassee, Baintrldge
Thomasvllic, Ac.
Passengers for points below Port Valley, should take the
Night Tiain from Augusta and Savannah to avoid detention ,
at Macon. F'or Columbus take the Day Train.
VIRGIL POWERS, Eng’r A Sup’t. ,
Macon, Nov. 8,1861.
IVpsit’iii A: Ailautif Railroad.
Atlanta to Chattanooga, 188 Mile» —Fare, .. 6 Ot> 1
JOHN S ROWLAND, Superintendent.
PUS3BNGBB TE4IS.
Leaves Atlanta, dally, at 7.80 p. v,
Arrives at Chattanooga, at 4.67 a. m
Leaves Atlanta, at 2 80 a. m
Arrive® at Chattanooga, »t ,6.15 p. m
ACCOMODATION PASSENGER TRAIN.
Leaves Atlanta, dally, at.... 2.40 p. m
Arrives at Kingston, at 6.67 p. m
Leaves Kingston daily,at 4 80 a. it
Arrives at Atlanta at 8.45 a. as
This Road connects, each way, wdth the Rome Branch
Railroad at Kingston, the East Tennesssee and Georgia
Railroad at Dalton, and the Nashville A Chattanooga Rail
road at Chattanooga. aug 6
Change of Schedule
G EORGIA R AILROAD.
ON AND AFTER SUNDAY, JULY 27T11,
Sunday Da.v Train resumed on main line, also Trains
on Athens and Warrington Branches will run to connect
until further notiee.
Leave Atlanta 6:10 a. m.
“ “ 7:15 p.m.
Leave Augusta 6:45 a. m.
“ “ .... 4:00 a. hi.
Arrive at Augusta 5:04 p. m.
“ “ “ 5:80 a.m.
Arrive at Atlanta 5:82 p. m.
“ “ “ 2:05 a.m.
Trains connecting with Washington and Athens Branches
leave Augusta at 6:45 a. m. and Atlanta at 6:10 a. m. No
connection with Warrenton on Sunday. Bel-Air Train
leaves Augusta 5:15 p. m. GEO.’ YONGE, Sup’t.
Georgia Railroad, Augusta, July 24,1862. aug 6
Atlanta & West Point Rail Road.
To tal:c Effect an and after Sunday , Oct. 27, 1861.
MAIL TRAIN.
Leave Atlanta 2.15 A. m
Arrive W T est Point 7.09 a. m
Leave West Point 1.80 p. m
Arrive Atlanta 6 IS f. m
FREIGHT TRAIN.
Leave Atlanta 7.15 a. m
Arrive West Point 5 00 p. m
Leave West Point 7.10 a. m
1 Arrive Atlanta 4.52 p. m
oct 80 1861
Macon & Western Rail Road Cos,
MACON, GA., Acgcbt, 2nd, 1562.
THE present high and daily advancing prices- of all
Rail Road Supplies, and the consequent necessity for
increasing the pay of operatives, obliges this Company to
advance its rates of Freight and Fare.
Notice is ltaseby given, that on and after Wednesday,
the 6th Instant, tlnyates on ail Freight, both through and
local, except Coal and Live Stock by the Car Load, will be
advanced fifty per cent, on the old rates as published Octo
ber 15th, 1857. And Live Stock by the Car Load will be
charged from
Atlanta to Jone boro’, 121.00')
“ “ Griffin, 25 00 1 Double these rates
44 44 Barnesville, 81.00 )-will be charged by
44 44 Fopsyth, 84.00 I Passenger Trains.
44 “ Macon, 87 00)
And the rates of Passenger Fares will be Scents per mile
for Whites, and about 81$ cts ’ P er for Blacks
«tg 6 AjuFREL L. JYLER, Sup't,
MACON, GEORGIA, WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 28,1863.
BUSINESS CARDS.
«oa. nipn.l, ;;; ;»»■
HARSiMAN At SPARKS^
WARE-HOUSE
AND
Commission Merchants.
jUgg MACON, OA„
WILL give prompt attention to the selling and ri,,i-;r„
of Cotton, and to the filling of orders for oUmatj.-u
md family supplies. With many years ew*'-*']ei.oc- ,i u |
sith their best efforts to serve their ffi« u is, they hop! L
Tsve a continuance of the liberal patronage fcsrotoforp
•steaded to tham. Liberal advance:.'m,i i vrh.m : , , tlu red
August 15fh 1860. (ly )
DGATES & WOOLFOLK,
Ay COTTON FACTORS.
Ware Ifotiuc ou Tiiir«l Sltph.
Wli-E continue to give prompt attention to buffness
entrusted to tlieir care. Advances made on Cotton
-a Store. Sept. 25,1681—tt
IRON WORKS,
M ACON, Ui:ORUI t.
T. O. N I S li ET,
HAVNIG removed his FOUNDRY AND MACHINE
WORKS to the line of the Rail Road near the Macon
t Western Shops, he is now prepared to manufacture all
MACHINERY AND CASTINGS,
ALSO
Steam Engines & Boilers,
)n terms as favorable as anv Establishment either North ox
louth. (mar 18) T. C. NISBET.
OHN SCHOFIELD, JOSHUA SCHOFIELD
Schofield. & JBro.,
FOUNDERS AND MACHINISTS
MACON, GEORGIA.
WE are prepared to Manufacture Stt*a in Engines
CIRCULAR SAW MILLS, MILL and GIN GEAP'-
iNG, SUGAR MILLS,
BRASS AND IRON CASTINGS
Jf every description IHOIN HAII.INti and VEK
INDAIIM. Having the most complete assortment of
iron Railing in the State, which for elegance, neatness,du
rability and design, cannot be surpassed, aud are suitable
or the fronts of Dwellings, Cemetery Le ts, Public Squares,
Jhurch Fences and Balconies.
Persons desirous of purchasing Railings will do well to
{ive a call, as we are determined to offer as good bargains
is any Northern Establishment.
Specimens of our Work can be seen at Rose Hill
Jemetery, and at various private residence* in this city,
jan 1-1861
D. C. HODGKINS &, SON,
niSALERS IN ASD ItANUFACTERERS OF
GUNS,
RIFLES,
PIBTOLS,
MSHING kjlggjtepisL
TACKLES.
And Sporting Apparatus»
OF E V KRV DKSOAIFTIOM, 'yQ
V FEW DOORS RKI.IIW TH E
Lanier House,
Macon, Ga.
Jan. 1,1660. ts
F. H. BURGHARD,
'WATCHMAKER, JEWELLER, AND DEALER IN FANCY
WARES, DIAMONDS AND PRECIOUS STONES, IN
GENKRA L, AR'l’IC LEfl OF V ERTU, AN l) MUSICAL
INSTRUMENTS, CUTLERY, FINEST IMPORT
ED AND AMERICAN WATCHES, TIME
PIECES, CLOCKS, CHRONOMETERS,
CHIROGRAPHIC IMPLEMENTS,
Ac., Ac.,
Ghottry St., Macon, Second door below tbs Telegraph
Feinting House*
mH AN KFi L forpasttavora reminds SSL
1 the public that all the most fashionable,
elegant and desirable goods in this line will I
continue to be found at this elegant stand % -
in the greatest variety.
No trouble to show Goods. feb 29-*6i>- y
For Sale Cheap *
CARHIAIiES, HOI'KAWAVS & BLGtiIES,
JIAKNKSS AN D WH IPS.
Bra 11 lcbovo 13 u ess,
(MiDE BY ASA MILDER.)
NEXT DOOR TO THE BAPTIST CHURCH,
jan 1 1862 *J. DeLOAPIIE.
GRANITE HALL.
IWOn.D respectfully inform my OLD FRIENDS and
PATRONS, that since the fire, I have obtained the Rooms
i in the building NEXT ABOVE the ‘‘Granite Hall,” and over
i the store of R. P. McEvoy and Messrs. Bostick A Lamar,
: where I have opened, and will be pleased to see my friends
I and customers, and will do my best for their comfort and
‘ pleasure. Very Respectfully,
! ma y l BF.NJ. t. DENSE.
BHOWX HOUSE,
Opposite the Passenger Depot,
Macon, (xii.
THE undersigned take charge of this establishment
from the Ist November, 1562.
oct 22 GEORGE B. WELSH A CO.
! THE STUBELEFIELD UIOUSU
“ Like the Phcenix from its Ashes.”
ITH IT large, new and elegant House, recently erected
. on the ruins of my old establishment. Mulberry street,
j Macon, Ga., is now open for the reception and aecommda
: tion of Boarders and transient guests.
I The House has been newly furnished throughout, in the
; best manner, and the Proprietor will endeavor to make it a
FIRST CLASS HOTEL.
Its situation Is eligible, a little below the Methodist and
. opposite the Presbyterian Church, and near the Banks and
i places of business.
Connected with the House is a large
Livery and Sale Stable,
where Drovers and others can find accommodations for
! their stock.
The patronage of his old friends and of tbe traveling
public generally, is respectfully solicited.
V nov i- ts M. STUBBLEFIELD.
Washington Hall
IS STILL OPEN TO THE PUBLIC.
SASSEENE, Proprietor.
Atlanta, Ga.. December. 1861.
Pure Corn and Rectified Whiskey
■y i"k/A BBLS. Whiskey, consisting of “ Ward A Carey
6 Extra Rectified,” 44 Kentucky Pure White,’’Ten
nesseeCorn, ’’Georgia Planters,” 44 Pike’s Magnolia, ’ an
other Brands, all received direct from the Distillers,an
to tale low by MoCALLIF, A JONKB
tnar 7
~IIOnE MAMUFACTIKE.
WE are prepared to make to order and repair, at shor
notice, MATHEMATICAL INSTRUMENTS, Ac., Ac
Alio,Sewing Machinesrepalred, and new parts made, and
machines adjusted ,by a practical and ex pe r ienced workman
Public patronage respectfully solicited.
jaa 13 S. j. JOHN6TON k CO.
OF
PRESIDENT JEFFERSON DIYIS.
1 U ihc Sen at. and
fj. use 0/ Representatives
of the Confederate States :
At the date ol your last adjournment the
preparations of the enemy for further hostili
ties had assumed so menacing an aspect as
to excite in some minds apprehensions of
our ability to meet them with sufficient
: promptness to avoid serious reverses. These
i preparations were completed shortly after
i your departure from the seat of Government
and tiie armies of the t'nited States made
1- ni’Rtaneous advance on our frontiers, en
j the western rivers and on the Atlantic coast
i iii ntasses so great as to evince their hope of
overheating all resistance by mere weight of
numbers. This hope, however, like those
previously entertained by our foes, hi? van
ished. in Virginia, their fourth attempt at
invasion by armies whose assured success
was confidently predicted, has met with de
cisive repulse. Our noble defenders, under
: the consumate leadership of their General,
j have again, at Fredericksburg, inflicted on
j the forces under General Burnside the like
j overthrow as had been previously suffered
! by the successive invading armies comman
ded by Generals McDowell, McClellan and
1 P°Pe
iu the West obstinate battles have been
j fought with varying fortunes, marked by
j frightful carnage on both sides, but the ene
i my’s hopes ot decisive results have again
j been baffled, while at Vicksburg another for
midable expedition has beeu repulsed with
inconsiderable loss ou our side and severe
damage to the assailing forces. Ou the At
lantic coast the enemy has been unable to
\ gain a footing beyond the protecting shelter
I of his fleets, and the city of Galveston has
just been recovered by our forces, which
I succeeded not only iu the capture of the
; garrison, but of one of the enemy’s vessels
; ol war, which was carried by boarding par
j ties from merchant river steamers. Our
i fortified positions have everywhere beeu
j much strengthened and improved, affording
{ assurance of our ability to meet, with suc
| cess, the utmost cflorts of our enemies, in
| spite of the magnitude of their preparations
j for attack.
A review of our history of the two years
i of our national existence affords ample cause
for congratulation and demands the most
fervent expression of our thankfulness to the
Almighty Father who has blessed our cause.
W c are justified iu asserting, with a pride,
f surely .loounbecom&g, that these Uonfeciei'-
ate States have added another to the lessens
taught by history for the instruction of man;
that they Lave afforded another example of
the impossibility of subjugating a people
determined to be free ; and have demonstra
ted that no superiority of numbers or avail
able resources euu overcome the resistance
offered by such valor in combat, such con
stancy under suffering, and such cheeiful
endurance of privalion, as have been con
spicuously displayed by this people in the
defense of their rights and liberties. The
anticipations with which we entered into the
contest have now ripened into a conviction
which is not only shared with us by the
common opinion of neutral nations, but is
evidently forcing itself upon our enemies
themselves. If we but mark the history
of the present year by resolute preaervanee
lin the path we have hitherto pursued; by
| vigorous effort in the development of all our
resouioes for defence; aud by the continued
exhibition of the same unfaltering courage
in our soldiers aud able conduct in their
leaders as have distinguished the past we
have every reason to expect that this will
be the closing year of the war. The war
which is its inception, was waged for forcing
us beck into the Fnioo, having failed to ac
complish that purpose, passed into a second
stage in which it was attempted to conquer
aud rule these States as dependent provinces.
Defeated iu this second design, our enemies
have evidently entered upon another, which
can have no other purpose than revenge and
thirst for blood and plunder of private pro
perty. But however implacable they may
be, they can have neither the spirit nor the
resouices required for a fourth year of a
struggle uncheered by any hope of success,
kept alive solely for the indulgence of mer
cenary aud wicked passions, and demanding
so exhaustive an expenditure of blood and
money as has hitherto been imposed on
their people. The advent of peace will be
hailed with joy. Our desire for it has never
been concealed. Our efforts to avoid the
war, forced on us, as it was by the lust of
conquest and the insane passions of our foes,
are known to mankind. But earnest as has
been our wish for peace and great as have
been our sacrifices and sufferings during the
war, the determination of this people has
with each succeeding month become more
unalterably fixed, to endure any sufferings
and continue any sacrifices, however pro
longed, until their right to self-government
and the sovereignty and independence of
these States shall have been triumphantly
vindicated and firmly established.
In this connection, the occasiou seems not
unsuitable for some reference to the relations
between the Confederacy and the neutral
powers of Europe since the separation of
these States from the former Union.
Four of the States now members of this
Confederacy, were recognized by names as
independent sovereignties in a treaty of
peace, concluded in the year 1783, with one
of the tw r o great maratirae powers of Wes
tern Europe, and had been prior to that pe
riod, allies in the war of the other. In the
year 1778 they formed a Union with nine
other States under articles of Confederation.
Dissatisfied with that Union, three of them,
\ irginia, South Carolina and Georgia, to
gether with eight of the States now mem
bers cf the L n.te-i btates, seceded from it in
U 89, and these eleven Receding States form
ed a second l mon, although b) term* of
the Articles ol Confederation express provi
sions was made that the first unioD should
be perpetual. Their right to secede, not
withstanding this provision, was neither c.in
fested by the States from which they separ
ated, nor made the subject of dUcu?-ion with
aay third power. Whoa, at a later period,
North Carolina Gcc&ded to that second union,
and wheu, still later, the other seven States,
noTr member* of the Confederacy, became
also members of the same t uion, it was up
on the recognized footing of equal and inde
pendent sovereignties, nor had it then en
tered into the minds of men that sovereign
States could be compelled, by force, to re
main members of a Confederation into which
they had entered cf their own free will, if
at a subsequent period, tlu* defense of their
safety aud honor should, in their judgement,
justiiy withdrawal The experience of the
past had evinced the futility of any renun
ciation of such inherent rights, and accord
ingly the provision for perpetuity contained
in the Articles pf Confederation of 177* was
omitted in the Constitution of 1789. When,
therefore, in 18G1 eleven of the State* again
thought proper, for reasons satisfactary to
themselves, to secede from the second Inion,
and to form a third one under an amended
Constitution, they exercised a right which,
being inherent, required no justification to
foreign nations, and which international
law did not permit them to question. The
usages ot intercourse between nations do,
however, require that official communication
be made to friendly powers of all organic
changes in the constitution of States, aud
there was obvious propriety in giving prompt
assurance of our desire to continue amicable
relations with all mankind. It w r as under
the influence of these considerations that
your predecessors, the provisional Govern
ment, took early measures for sendiug to
Europe Commissioners charged with the
duty of visiting the capitals of the different
powers aud making arrangements for the
opening of more formal diplomatic inter
course.
Prior, however, to the arrival abroad of
j those Commissioners, the United States bad
j commenced hostilities against the Confeder
j acy by despatching a secret expedition for
' the reinforcement of Fort Sumter, after an
express promise to the contrary, and with a
j duplicity which has oeeu fully unveiled in
i a former message. They had also addressed
! communications to the different Cabinets of
Europe, in which they assumed the attitude
lof being sovereign over this Confederacy,
alleging that these independent States were
in rebellion against the remaining States of
the Union, and treating Europe with mani
festations of their displeasure if it should
treat the Confederate States as having an
independent existence. It soon becan e
known that these pretensions were not con
sidered abroad to be as absurd as they were
known to be at home, nor had Europe yet
learned what reliance was to be placed on
the official statements of the Cabinet, at
Washington. The delegation of power
granted by these States to the Fedeiai Gov
ernment to represent them in foreign inter- j
course, had led Europe into the grave error |
of supposing that their separate sovereignty
and independence had been merged into one
common sovereignty, and had ceased to have j
a distinct existence, t nder the influence of J
this error, which all appeals to reason and |
historical fact were vaiuiy used to dispell
oar Commissioners were met by the declara
tion that foreign governments could not as
sume to judge between the conflicting rep
resentations of the two parties as to the true
uature of their previous mutual relations.—
The governments of Great Britain and France
accordingly signified their determination to
confine themselves to recognizing the self
evident fact of the existence of a war, and
to maintain a strict neutrality during its :
progress. Some of the other powers of
Europe pursued the same course of policy,
and it became apparent that by some under
standing express or tacit, Europe had deci
ded to leave the initiative in ail action
touching the contest on this continent to the
two powers just named, who wore recognized
to have the largest interests involved, both
by reason of proximity and of the extent
and intimacy of their commercial relations
with the States engaged in war.
It is manifest that the course of action
adopted by Europe, while based on an appar
ent refusal to determine the question, or to
side with either party, was iu point of fact
an actual decision against our rights and in
favor of the groundless pretensions of the
United States. It was a refusal to treat us
as an independent government. If we were
independent States, the refusal to entertain
with us the same international intercourse
as was maintained with our enemy was un
just, and was injurious in its effects, what
ever may have been the motive which
prompted it. Neither was it in accordance
with the high moral obligations of that in
ternational code whose chief sanction is the
conscience of sovereign and the public opin
ion of mankind, that those eminent pow
ers should decline the performance of a
duty peculiarly incumbent on them, from
any apprehension of the consequences to
themselves. One immediate and necessary
result of their declining the responsibility
of a decision which must have been adverse
to the extravagant pretensions of the United
States, was the j rolongation of hostilities to
which our enemies were thereby encouraged,
and which have resulted in nothing but
VOLUME XL-NO 45
: scenes or carnage and devastation on :l i
| continent, ami ot misery and suffering es
I the other, such as have scarcely a para. 1
in history Had thci 3 powers promptiy ad
mitted our light to be treated a- ether Inde
pendent oatiGD*, none can doubt that t:. e
moral effects of such action would h "e 1 tL
to dispel the delusion under which h T
ted states have persisted iu r f hei. r rl: to
accomplish cur subjugation To the
tinued hesitation of iho same power* ir. r » •
dering this act ol *implp iu~ti?° tow u it
Lonicderacy, is still due the cor tf’
! r^,e calamities which mankir 1 *i'f. r
the interruption oi its peaceful pu
the old and the new worlds
There are other matter in which less the.
justice ha* been rendered to thi
neutral Europe, and undue adverts*'
ferred on the aggressor- in a wi< c- ’ \
At ihe inception of hostilities th >
tauts of the Confederacy were aim v ■
lively agraulturalists; ’tho-" of the L a t
States to a great extent, mechanics :i U j nwi
chants. \\e had no commercial i v
while their l ,
°°**» « were f
thoy had powerful Meets. The advaut.u -
which they p mew and i i infl
our coasts and harbors was thus couu' . . ! j!
aneed iu some measure by the exp -uic ;
their commerce to attack by private arm .1
vessels. It was known to Europe that k .;h -
in a very few years past the 1 nited S: i
had peremptorily refused to accede to pi.■ >.
sals for abolishing privatering, on th. .1
as allcdged by them, that nation* wb
| powerful fleets would thereby obtain in. it
! advantage over those possessing inf,a > r
naval forces. Yet no sooner was w.tr flagrant
between the Confederacy and the knifed
States than the maritime powers of Eu
issued orders prohibiting either par? , ti i .
bringing prizes into their ports. To . ,
hibition, drected with apparent impai
against both belligerents, was in real it',
effective against the Confederate State.- al m*.
for they alone, could find a hostile comu ■
on the ocean. Merely nominal against the
United States, the prohibition operated v, .
intense severity on the Confederacy, by de
priving it of the only means of maint inin ;
with some approach to equality, its stru _!< n
the ocean against the crushing superior* v .f
naval force possessed by its enemies, iho
value and efficiency of the weapon which was
thus wrested from our grasp by the combined
action of neutral European powers iu favor
oi a nation which professes openly iis iute:.
tion oi ravaging their commerce h' pn a
ieers in any future was, is BtrikingTy ilk.
trated by the terror inspired among the
commercial classes of the United States by
by a single cruiser of the Confederacy.—
One national steamer, commanded by oilicei
and manned by a crew who are debarred,
by the closure of neutral ports, from the
opportunity of causing captured ve- els to
be condemned in their favor as prizes, La
sufficed to double the rates of marine in u
rance iu Northern ports and consign to forced
inaction numbers of Northern vessel . in ad
dition to the direct damage inflicted by cap
tures at sea. How difficult, then, to over
estimate the effects that musi have been
produced by the hundreds of private armed
vessels that would have swept the -ta.
pursuit of the commerce of our enemv, if
the means of disposing of their prizes bai
not beel! withheld by the action of neutr*;
Europe!
But it is especially in relation to the so
called blockade of our coast that the y
of European powers has teeu 30 shaped ■ s
to cause the greatest injury to the COl fc- *
eracy and to confer single advantages on ti t
United States The importance of this .uin
ject requires dome development.
Prior to the year 1856, the principle* rn>
ulatiug this subject were to be cratne; *1
from the writings of eminent publiciitj, tk
decisions of admiralty courts, internauonil
treaties, and the usageo of nations r iLa
uncertainty and doubt which prevailed in
reference to the true rules of maritime law
iu time of war, resulting from the discordant
and often conflicting principles announ. i
from such vaiicd and independent tjjice
had become a grievous evil to mankind
Whether a blockade was allowable ngaii;
a port not invested by land as weii u l
sea if the investigating fleet was in i,..
ficieut to render ingress to the blockaded
port “ evidently dangerous,” or whether it
was further required for its legality that
should be sufficient “really to prevent a
-and numerous other similar question ,
had rendered doubtful and undecided.
Animated by the highly honorable dt-.- i>
to put an end “to difference of opinion be
tween neutrals and belligerents, which mu\
occasion serious difficulties and even c i:
flicts,” (I quote the official language,) the
five great powers of Europe, together w.th
Sardinia and Turkey, adopted, in 185 ;, ti. •
following “solemn declaration” of princip. -
1. Privateering is, and remains abolished.
2. The neutral flag covers enemy’-
with the exception of contraband of war.
3. Neutral goods, with the exception of
contraband of war, are not liable to capture
under enemy’s flag.
4. Blockades, in order to be binding, in i t
be effective ; that is to say, maintaim 1 f u
force sufficient really to prevent acces- to the
coast of the enemy.
Not only did this solemn declaration an
nounce to the world the principle to which
the signing powers agreed to conform in tu
ture wars, but it contained a clause to which
those powers gave immediate effect, and
which provided that the States, r.ot parties
to the Congress of Paris, should bo invited
to accede to the declaration. Under this
invitation every independent State in Europe