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1VIIZiXjEDGEVZI:LE :
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1
THURSDAY, APRIL 21, 1831.
’ f l_J° Wf give ti>e opinion of the Supreme • :ourt on the
Cheroket Injunction, believing that it will be more accep
table than our own lucubrations on any subject at this
lime.
mty, without distinction of party, sect, or clan, would
have gathered around him the esteem of the wise and the
goeftfy end reflected lustre upon his political career. Un
fortunately however some malignant star presided over
his councils, and tevtrsingthe principles publicly avowed
at his inauguration, be became in practice the Governor
of a party, and not of the State. Under such circumstan
ces is it alt wonderful that his disappointed fellow-citizens
should seek elsewhere that justice he too has failed todis*
pense?^ The effect *o dolefully complained of by hia pane-
pyrest “Baldwin,” may be readily traced to Ibis, among
other causes.
But weighty ns these are, they do not constitute the
® n 'yjost grounds for dissatisfaction with the present in-
p ,.„ 3 ,. v co in bent. Evils of great magnitude to the State general-
are happy to say, that among its other advantages it will j a ”. lo a nt, n»eroiis class of her citizens in particular,
soon command ihe services of a newspaper, to be called : s, S na ‘ uc the policy ef his administration. The unncces
the Gainesville Advertiser. We can bear .unpie leslimo- ' 8 <* r y convention of the Legislature two weeks earlier than
ny to the talents of Mr. Juhan. who will be the editor; the l,me P res cribed by law for its annual Session, by which
and recommend him most cordially to the patronage of our J u * t ‘* e8B expenditure of nearly or quite twenty thousand
f. i- nds. We are glad to find that lie has made so judi i v* ar ?j W j** ‘ nc,Jrrc d» an d the deprivation of the rights of
cious a se!*ction for his press, behave generally been ■ *” e “ diggers, are among the fruits of the symtem per-
high'y pleasid with the conduct of Hall county. But as ' 81 *?. . ^7hj s Excellency and his immediate advisers and
ihe Athenian -eems to think some little reform necessary, P°” tu j a! friends. For the former, the premature calling
we hope tin- Gainesville Advertiser will have no little in-1 the Legislature, and the useless expense inci-
fi i ncc in correcting any evils that m iy now exist, in ! J* ent l * lCre ^°« n,an y excuses have been devised; but the
bringing about that state of things which generally follows ° ,ire ®^ at<5 ®c*it of the case is sufficient to show that the
the adoption of a orrect cri ed. Prosperity to the Adver- er f°r» s inexcusable. His Excellency convened the Gene
Gainesville.—In our last paper we published from the
Athenian a flittering noiice of this growing village. We
User, to Gainesville, and to IIM county.
ra! Assembly to inform them that ibe State had a ‘‘So
vereign Bight” to survey and lake possession of the Indi
an Land, and that the situation of things in that region
Forkign News.—Never did the continent of Europe 1 demanded their decided interposition.—Notwithstanding
Pr esent a scene so full of expectation as at the present 1 all this, he advised them not to do what he asserted in the
time. Lean hardly be doubted, that a mighty contest be-, previous breath, they had a “sovereign right” to do.
tvvi vn tin people and their king* and nobles is at hand, j This course trigged up under the specious guise of *‘for-
To ns, the prospect although overhung with clouds and j bearance” was urged by every art and influence ingenuity
obscur dby uncertainty is full of animating circumstan- j could devise; and the “sovereign rights” of the State
ces. Trm, 'he holy alliance has thrown back (lie powerful: lately the subject of so much parade and vaporing, were
tide ot the French revolution: they have for fifteen years permitted quietly to siuk into the tomb of the capulets, or
said to the nations, be still and they have been still! But 1 ......
their d iys are numbered. If they govern longer, it is by
the sword. Public opinion has put them down, or driven
them to the point at which an appeal to arms is the only
alternative. And where and with whom are they to con
tend? a'home and with their own people. The glorious
example of France, followed by Belgium, and Poland, is
like Cato’s ghost, to “walk unavenged among us.” By this
manceuvering the will of the people, clearly and loudly ex
pressed, was defeated, and the State choused out of twen
ty thousand dollars.
By whose mismanagement and intrigues were free citi
zens of Georgia disfranchised—let the records of the last
, session answer—The political friends of Mr. Gilmer.—
r.uw imitated by oppressed Italy. The Poles have all along ; They posted themselves in the van of this iniquitous
itasure of our sympathies, but lb« delightful j transaction, and the abuse so profusely showered upon
had ihe fall measure
and once glorious country of Italy, equally oppressed has
been scarcely regarded. The remains of her ancient gran
deur, still the wonder and admiration of the curious of all
i.alions, are visited with reverence, while her people are
groaning under the most intolerable burthens. But we are
assured by our lateadvioes that she lias determined to take
her destines in her own hand. All the northern portion
of that country is in a full insurrection. Indeed it seems
that the government lie prostrate ot the foot of the peo
ple. The slate of tilings which will follow can be only
guessed at. The Emperor of Austria will probably not
find lime to unite in the destruction of the people of Po
land. His Italian possessions will afford him blood
enough to sited. In the mean time the Russian army has
invaded Poland in four or five places, and it seems that a
great ba:tie is to be expected near Warsaw. The Poles
are represented as fall of animation and resolutely deter
mined on success. Our readers will recollect that they are
a people celebrated fur their bravery. In the time of Pe
ter the Great he could no more have forced bis slaves to
have invaded Poland than to face certain death. And now
we pi'veive that the Cossacks are mode to lead the way in
ihe present unboiy contest. Yet we are not without hope
iliatthe ancient renown of Poland may animate her sons
to deeds unsurpassed in glory; while in the bosoms of the
invadersi» inav infuse a fear equally powerful in its ef
fect. But the point of greatest interest, is the beginning
and the end of Ihese great events in Fiance. That coun
■*ry in all the interesting attitudes she has occupied in our
tup, presents now perhaps the most interesting of all. A
”Vowerful tendency to republican institutions is obvious in
i very thing ne see from there. Paris has again b.-en ihe
scene of a great excitement and deeds of violence have
been done. A deluge of bh>od seems to have been scarce
ly prevented. The occasion of these scenes, which lasted
two days, 14th and 15th February, was a celebration in
Memory of the Duke of Berri, got up by the Carlist fac
tion, no doubt, for political effect. During the ceremony
I the church in which it was performed was attacked by a
' mob. Great destruction of all that was valuable about
tlie church followed, but no lives were lost. We observe
that the cross was torn down and every fleurs-de lie, that
could be found destroyed. Indignation against the Jesuits
»nd against the Carlist fiction, seemed equally powerful.
Rut sumo of these acts seem equally at war with religion
und monarchy; and it is unfortunately obvious that in Eu
rope people some how seem to think them inseparable
What appears mo -it strange, is that the National Guard, al-
t'.iough organised and present in sufficient fcce. suffered
tlitt useless destruction to proceed. To us it does not up-
pear that this could have beendonein good frith to the ex
isting government, for the successful accomplishment of
these objects must greatly endanger the throne of Louit.
l’hi ip as well as others. The new Government of France,
the offspring of public opinion, lias from the first appeared
to us to have one fatil defect. The powers on which this
government seemed to rest were incomparably wider bas
ed than that it had succeeded. It rested not o/ilj on all
the other had rested on, (always excepting the Church)
but brought in the National Guard u powerful body of
in< but yet far short of the whole French nation. A g»-
v-rument must be one tiling or another, it must be based
eti public opinion or be strong in other resources. The
★^■resent government based on opinion must let in the rc-
Knuindcr of the people, or the day of its revolutions is not
over. Time will shew, and perhaps devclopc the causes of
things notv hidden.
profusely
the gold diggers, proceeded from their lips. But it may
be said the Governor did not originate this procedure, or
aid and abet its execution. Still he is left without excuse
or justification, for it could not have become a law without
Iii3 sanction and this unconstitutional feature imposed up
on him the obligation to affix his disapprobation upon it in
the constitutional form of a veto 1 say this uncoustitu-
tional feature, for that the section imposing the disability
upon gold diggers is clearly so, every tyro in law must
know and believe. It is unconstitutional because in tf-
feet and design an ex post ficto law. It was designed as
a punishment for acts not unlawful when performed—and
no system of legislation is so repugnant to every principle
of natural justice; none so abhorrent to the feelings of a
fre.; people, or so subversive of liberty itself, as this of
infl.cling punishment upon the citizen for sets previously
committed, and not at the time of a violation ofany known
law. This is among the firsi principles of impartial jus-
iice—moreover the enactment of ex post facto laws is ex
pressly prohibited oy our constitution; and as bis Ex
cellency is supposed to be qualified for a seat upon the
bench, to which be has received a recent invitation, all
litis must have been known to him. Wherefore then did
he neglect to arrest the act of oppression in its incipient
slate by vetoing the Biil? Shall we be charged ag tin with
deciding upon uieasqi LS before they have been fairly de
veloped? A GEORGIAN.
[you THE FEDERAL UNION.]
Mr. EpiTan—I must ask pardon for again troubling
vou with my strictures upon a certain article over the
signature of “Baldwin” published in a late Journal. I
uni aware that to notice such scribblers may attach to
iheit essays nn importance wholly unmerited by intrinsic
worth- but as l suspect the production in question to have
originated from one of the pensioned, I have thought it
, n j,Ti,t contain sentiments that the writer has heard cun-
■vasM d and approbated by some whose opinions and views
ivay be regirded as uut-iority in such matters.
“Baldwin” writes as a man may be supposed to speak
ivki'ii labouring under a fit of the nightmare, or suflering
from the undispelled terrors of some fearful dream. Un- j
dcr this infl lenee the whole composition is thrown into a j
i.tate of ‘ huge rmugg n” whereby common sense is j
appalled and utterly fltbbsrgasltd. I confess, t .ken as a j
xvbole, I am in a stale of almost hopeless perplexity to un
derstand the drift of his remarks. The “aim of the j
UlurU men” seems like some mysterious invisible goblin
»nay be gleaned bearing something Ide a
questionable” than its neighbors, from
i. na >.s ovg-ipImiI thft that 4 Baldwin is
meaning
lorn one of these 1 j
Lave extracted the idea, that “Baldwin” is greatly distres- j
.sed at a report which lie affirms to be current, that the
T,resent incumbent of the Gubc rnatori <1 Chair is violently
inspected of suflering under a decrease of the popularity
*h tt elected and inducted him into office. This idea of the
vast personal popularity cf his Excellency is not singular
to “Baldwin.” Many others of his adulatory train have
vised it to sustain what looks very like a crumbling fabric.
Jt is true Mr. Gilmer was ushered into office by an over-
vrlulmiog majority of votes over his competitor Mr. Cra -
ford—but it is likewise a truth that among these were.ne-
ry few warm friends. The Clark party took him up from
u conviction that a period had arrived in the history of our
State, when by putting into office a inan professing liberal
principles, they stood a chance of finding relief from the
ban of proscription under which they had suffered from his
predecessors; and this, tlie peculiar situation in which he
then stood before the people, justified them in expecting.
It was expected by them that he would indeed be the
“Governor of tbc Stale and not of a par/y.” In conse
quence of these expectations artfully excited, he received
near or quite eighteen thousand Chirk votes. Whether
«.r not he hasdepatled from the principle above described,
Jet the history of his administration decide. These facts
develop the reasons of his receiving so large a majority of
votes over his opponent, Mr. Crawford—reasons not
growing out of regard for his person, or veneration for bis
political principles; but belonging exclusively to the cir
cumstances under which he was placed; “adventitious”
they may be called, and perhaps were—but which certain
ly placed within his reach a destiny more cnv.^le than
any his predecessors enjoyed, and which the opportunity
of obtaining can never again be presented him. Had his
Excellency possessed tbe^qualities attributed to him by
some of the pensioned tribe, he might have been wafted
b? the “flood tide” upon which accident had thrown him,
to an eminence in public estimation far beyond the mid
dle ground he now occupies. But he had not the sagaci y
to perceive, or the magnanimity to adopt such a course as
whilst it hid for its object the good of the whole cornmu-
FROM THE PH<£N~IX.
THE CHEROKEE NATION,
vs
THE STATE OF GEORGIA.
Iancary Term, 1831.
Opinion of the Supreme Court of the United States deliv
ered by J\lr. Chief Justice Marshall, on a motion of Ike
Cherokee Nation for a writ of injunction and subpoena
against the State of Georgia
The bill is brough! by the Cherokee Nation, praying an
injunction ;o restrain the State of Georgia from the exe
cution of certain laws of that State, vvhicb, as alleged, go
directly to annihilate the Cherokces as a political society,
and to seize, for the use of Georgia, the lands of the na
tion which have been assured to them by the United States
in solemn treatUs repeatedly made and still in force.
It Courts were permitted to indulge their 6ympalhits, a
case belter calculated to excite them can scarcely be ima
gined. A people once numerous, powerful, andtrjily in
dependent; found by our ancestors in the quiet and un
controlled possession of an ample domain, gradually sink
ing beneath our superior policy, our arts and our arms,
have yielded their lauds by successive treaties, each of
which contains a solemn guarantee of the residue, until
they retain no more of their former extensive territory
than is necessary to their comfortable subsistence. To
preserve this remnant the present application is made.
Before we can look into the merits of the case, a pre
liminary inquiry presents itself. Has this Court'jurisdic-
tion of tiie cause?
The third article of the constitution describes the ex
tent of the judicial power. The second section closes an
euomeraiion of the casts to which it is extended, with
“controversies,” “between a State or the citizens thereof,
and foreign States, citizens, or subjects.” A subsequent
clause of the same sectiongives the Supreme Court origin
al jurisdiction in all cases in which a State shall be a par
ty. The party defendant may then unquestionably be su
cd in this Court. May the plaintiff sue in il? Is the
Cherokee Nation a foreign State in the sense in which
that term is used in the Constitution?
The council for the pluintiffs have maintained the affir
mative of this proposition with great earnestness and a
bility. So much of the argument as was intended to
prove the character of the Cberokees as a State, as a dis
tinct political society, separated from others, capable of
managing its own affairs and governing itself, has, in‘he
opinion of a majority of ihe judges, been completely suc
cessful. They have bien uniformly treated as a State
from the settlement of our country. The numerous trea
ties made with them by the United States recognize them
as a peoph capable of inaintainisg the relations of peace
and war, of being responsible in their political character
for any violation of their engagements, or for any aggres
sion committed on the citizens of the United Slates by
any individual of their communitj. Laws have been en
acted iq the spiri. of these treaties. The acts of our go
vernment plainly recognize Ihe Cherokee natiou as a
State, ami the Courts are bound by ihrse acts.
A question of much more difficulty remains. Do the
foreign State in the sense of the
hewn conclusively that they arp
and have instate* that individu-
ng allegiance to the U. States
An aggregate of aliens composing a State must, they say,
be a foreign State Each individual being foreign, tin-
whole must be foreign.
This aig imect is imposing, but we must examine il
more closely bifore wejithl to it. The condition of the
luuians in relation to the United States is perhaps unlike
that of any other tap people in existence. In the general,
nations not owing a common allegiance ate foreign to
each other. The term foreign natr.n is, »*itb strict pro
priety, applicable by either to the other. But the relation
of theiouiun8 to the United States is marked by peculiar
and cardinal distinctions, which exist no where else.
The Indian territory is admitted to compose a part of the
United Stales. In all our maps, geographical treaties,
history, and laws, it is so considered. In all oar inler-
cc.-se with foreign nations in om comraeiciai regulations,
in ary attempt at intercourse between Indiana and for
eign nations, they are considered as wi:hin the jurisdic
tional limits of lht> United States, subject to many of those
restraints which are imposed upon our o>vri eit'zenS.—
They acknowledge themselves in their treaties to be un
der the protection of the U. States; they admit that the
United States have the sole and exclusive right of regula
ting the trade with them, and of managing all their aft'airs,
as they think proper, and the Chcrokees ii: particular were
allowed by the treaty of Hopewell, which preceded the
Constitution, “to send a deputy of their choice, whenever
they think fit, to Congress.” Treaties were made with
so ne tribes by the State of New Yoik, under a then un
settled construction of the confederation, by which they
ceded all their lands to that State, taking back a limited
grant to themselves, in which they admit their depen-
de Though the Indians are acknowledged to have an un
questionable and heretofore unquestioned right to the
lands they occupy until that right shall be extinguished
by a voluntary cession to our government, yet it may
well be doubted whether tfiose tribes which reside within
the acknowledged boundaries of the United States can
with strict accuracy be denominated foreign nations.—
They may more correctly perhaps be denominated do
mestic dependent nations. They CCCUpy a territory to
which we assert a title independent of their will, which
must take effect in poiut of possession wlien tbeir right
of possession ceases. Meanwhile they are in a state or
pupilage. Their relation to the United Slates resembles
that of a ward to bis guardian- They look to our gov
ernment for protection, rely upon it* kindness and its
power, appeared to it for relief to their wauls, and ad
dress the President as their great Father. They and
their country are considered by foreign nations as well by
ourselves, as being so completely under Ibe sovereignty
and common of the United Stales that any attempt to ac
quire tlieir lands, r? to form a political connegion with
them, would be considered by all as an invasion of our
territory, and an act of hostility.
These considerations go far to support Ihe opin'S^l that
the framers of our Constitution bad not the Indian tribes
in view, when they opened the Courts of thv Union to
controversies between a Mate or the citizens thereof, and
foreign States.
In considering the subject the habits and usages of the
Indians, in tbeir intercourse with their white neighbors,
ought not to be entirely disregarded. At the time the
Constitution was framed, the idea of appealing to an \-
mefican Court of justice for an assertion of right or a re
dress of wrongs had perhaps never entered the mind of an
Indian or of his tribe. Their appeal was to the toma
hawk, or to the government. This was well understood
by tlie statesmen who framed the Constitution of the U-
nited States, and might furnish some reason for omitting
to enumerate them among the parties who might sue in
the Courts of the Union. Be this as it may, the peculiar
relations between the United States and the Indians oc
cupying our territory are such that we should feel much
difficulty in considering them as designated by the term
fore ign State were there no other part of the Constitution
which might shed light on tlie meaning of these words.
But we think thut in constructing them, considerable aid
is lurnishtd by thatclause in the eighth section ol'the tliiwt
article which empowers Congress to “regulate commerce
with foreign nations, among the several States, and with
the Indian tribes.”
In this clause they are as clearly eontra-dislinguisbert
by a name appropriate to themselves, from foreign na
tions, as from llal several States composing the Union.—
They are designated by a distinct appellation, and as this
appellation can be applied to neither of the others, neither
can the appellation distinguishing eitier of the others be
in fair construction applied to then. The objects to
which the power of regulating comme-ce might be direct
ed, are divided into three distinct classis—foreign nations,
the several States, and lodian tribes. When framing this'
article the convention considered them ts entirely distinct.
\V e cannot assume that the distinction vas lost in frartiieg
a subsequent article, unless there be stmeihing in its lau-
giittge to authorize the assumption.
i be counsel for the plaintiffs contend that the words
Iifliar. Tribes” were introduced into tlie article empow
ering Congress to regulate commerce for the purpose of
removing those doubts in which the management of Indi
an affairs, was involved by the language cf the ninth arti
cle of fhe confederation. Intending to give the whole
power of managing those affairs to the Government about
to be instituted, the convention confined it explicitly, and
omitted those qualifications which embarrassed the exer
cise of it as granted in the confederation. This maybe
'•dmitted without weakening the construction whickhas
been intimated. Had the Indian tribes beenforeign na
tions in the view of the convention, this exclusive power
of regulating intercourse with them mi^ht have been and
most probably would have been specifically gi v tn in bin-,
guage contra distinguishing them from foreign tations.—
Congress might have been empowered “to regilate com
merce with foreign nations including fhe Indim tribes,
und among the several States.” This language would
have suggested itself to statesmen who consider'd the In
dian tribes as foreign nations, and were yet tbsirous of
tn-ntioning them particularly.
It has been also said that the same words hac not ne
cessarily the same meaning attached to them wlen found
in different parts of the suni; instrument. Theiimeaning
is controlled by tiie context. This is undoubted|r true.—
In common language the same words have variatsmean
ings and the peculiar sense in which it is used inany sen
tence is to be determined by the context. Thismay not
be equally true with respect to proper names. Foreign
nations are a general term, the application of whtli to In
dian tribes when used in the American Constituion is at
best extremely questionable. In one article in which a
power is given to be exercised in regard to foreign nations
generally, and to the Indian tribes particularly,they are
mentioned as separate in terms clearly •antra-UiSbrs u i n< i -
ing them from each other. We perceive plainly iliatthe
constitution iu this article does not comprehend Indian
tribes in the general term foreign nations, not we^resume
because a tribe may not be a nation, but becauseit is not
foreign to the United States. When af erwardslhe term
foreign State is introduced, we cannot impute to the con
vention the intention to desert its former meaning and to
comprehend Indian tribes within it, uuless the context
force that construction on us. We fiid nothing in the
context, and nothing in the subject of foe article which
leads to it.
The Court has bestowed its best attention on this ques
tion, and after mature deliberation, lie majority is of
opinion, that an Indian tribe or nation within the United
States is not a foreign State in the sente of the Constitu
tion, and cannot maintain an action it the Courts of the
United States.
A serious additional objection cxiststo the jurisdiction
of the Court. Is the matter of the b lithe proper subject
for judieiul inquiry and decision? It seeks to restrain a
forcible exercise of legislative power over u neighboring
people asserting tlieir independence, their right to which
the State denies. On several of the matters alleged in the
bill, fur example on the laws making it crimiual to exer
cise the usual powers of self-government in their own coun
try by the Cherokee Nation, this Court cannot interpose,
at least in tbc form in which (hose matters are present'd.
That part of the bill which respects the lands occupied ky
tbc Indians, and prajs the aid of the Court to protect tbes-
possessions may be more doubtful. The mere question ol
right might perhaps be decided by this Court in a proper
case with proper parties. But the Court is asked to do
more than decide on the title. Tbc bill requires us to
control the legislation of Georgia, and to restrain the exe
cution of its physical force. The propriety of such an in
terposition by the Court may w ell be questioned. It sa
vours too much of the exercise of polhica! power to be
within the proper province of the judicial department.—
But the opinion on the point respecting parties makes it
unnecessary to decide this question.
If it be true that the Cherokee nation have rights, this
is not the tribunal in which those rights are lobe asserted.
If it be true that wrongs have been inflicted tnd that still
greater are to be apprehended, this is not the tribunal
which can redress the past or prevent the future.
The motion for an injunction is denied.
Hudson, (N. Y.) March 29.
Great Voyage.—It gives us pleasuieto announce to our
readers the arrival nt this port, on Sunday evening last of
the ship Alexander Mansfield, Captain Bennett, frain the
South Atlantic Ocean, with a full cargo, having on board
20*20 barrels right whale and ISO do. sperm oil, and about
30,000 lbs. wh ilebone She was towed up from N. York
by the steamboat Swiftsure, and arrived here about S o’
clock in the evening, under the discharge of cannon and
the cheers of the citizens, who had assembled on the docks
in great numbers to witness her arrival.
This ship (the first fitted out by our enterprising citizen*
for wnating,) sailed from Ibis place on the first of June
last, & in less than t< n months returns with u lull cargo—
being one of the most successful voyages ever performed.
The crew are in fine health and spirits.
Newspapers in the State of New York.—An extract
from Mr. William’s State Register for 1931, gives the
number of newspapers in the Slate at 234, of which a-
bout 70 are favorable to the present administration and
80 against it; 46 of tlie l itter number are anti-masoni<.
Jn Putman and Rockland counties only, no papers are
puldisfied. In the city of New-York, there are 51 papers
of all kinds; daily 11, semi-weekly 10, weekly 24, semi
monthly 5, monthly 1. There are supposed to be 16,000
daily sheets published, 18,000 semi-weekly, and 50,000
weekly. The whole number of papers printed in the city
in a vear, is supposed to be 9,536,000. The paper con-
suoied by ihe journals of tlie State, in a year, is estimated
at above 33,000 reams, and tlie cost of it, at |4 a ream,
is $132,000.—Jour, of Commerce.
A work, very truly described as a “typographical won
der ” was presented to their Majesties on Monday last at
tiie Pavilion. It is tlie New Testament printed in gold
oo porcelain paper; and it is the first instance where such
printing has been successfully executed oa both sides.-
Two years were employed in perfecting this work, of the
costly nature of which an idea may be formed from the
fact that the gold it contains is of no less value than five
guineas. Only 100 copies are printed—Brighton Gas.
Franklin College.—The fiolrfl offrnsiete ot this in-
stitution, having been able to form a quorum by the arri
val of Messrs. Harden, Paine, Watson and Wood, in addi
tion to the number before assembled proceeded to busi
ness on Tuesday. On tbe subject of rebuilding th® Col
iege, a variety of plans were introduced; but after consid
erable discussion, it was agreed that ihe new edifice should
be erected on the foundations of the old—to be bufti of
brick, three stories high, with passages running from Cud
to end. The whole buildings is to be rough-cast, and the
front and one end marbled. On Wednesday, the plan be
ing made known to contractors,new proposals were receive
ed, and a contract entered into with Mr. Crain of Augus
ta, »bo is to have the buii&pg completed on or before the
first of January next, for the sum P< twelve ihr«*
hundred and forty-nine dollar t.
The vacancy in the Professorship of Ethics SJtd Belles
Lptins watrSUcd by the appointment of the Rev. Slepi'cn
Olin. it was understood '{though froth what source fhe in
formation came we are unable to say,) that the health ol
this valuable and talented man is so far restored, as to en
able bim to fulfil the duties required. Subsequently to
his appointment, a resolution was adopted, authorising thf
President of the University, in case Mr. Olin should de
cline its acceptance, to institute & correspondence with
gentlemen of literary attainment;, who would become
candidates for a seal in the vacant chair, and commuoi-
cate the result ol his inquiries at the next meeting of the
Board. The College sustained a great loss, when the ill
health of Mr. Olin obliged him to withdraw from it; and
if that objection is now, as his friends anticipate, remov
ed, the institution will have secured the services of one of
the ablest men in the country.
At this session two Professorships, one of Natural His
tory, and the other of Modern Languages, were establish
ed, M no officers were elected to fi.l them. The election
w«l probably take place in August. The President was
authoris-d lo correspond, ns in the case above. For the
latter, the requisite qualifications are a knowledge of the
French, Italian, Spanish and German languages—salary
$1000. No connexion a iih the police of the College will
be required. Tlie salary of the Professor of Natural His
tory will be the same as that of the other Professors—
$ 140ft. 'Fhe duties of this Professorship will embrace
Geology and Botany, in connexion with the other branch
es usually appertaining thereto.— Athenian.
THE CAUSE OF INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT.
Say what you will of the rejection of the Loan Bill: de
scribe as forcibly as you please the gloom which hung
over the cause of Internal Improvement aO£ne Jew weeks
ago, we are now prepared to do justice lo theGiibours of
the present Legislature in that behalf. They have done,
« e humbly think, for that worthy cause, more than any
of their predecessors for years past. They have contribu
ted $125,u00 to a road from Winchester to the Ohio—
given an efficient aid to the Petersburg Rail Road. They
have appropriated $9000 “to the construction of a road
for the purpose ef carriages and heavy loaded wagons,
from a suitable point at or near the lower end cf the James
River Canal, at the mountain section, to a point at or
near the North River, at the upper end of said Canal.”—
“The importance of this road (says a correspondent ol
the Lynchburg Virginian,) to the trade of Lynchburg, and
to the accommodation of travellers to the Springs, and to
the Western country, make it desirable that the entire
road from Lynchburg to the North River should be com
pleted as early as possible. Bills are now in progress In
the House of Delegates to incorporate two companies to
extend this road from the Wcstirn base of the Blue Ridge;
one north westwardly to Lexington, and the other south
weslwarJly to the Natural Bridge and Pattonsburg.”—
They are ubuul to throw open tlie field lo private enter-
prize in various directions—by rail-roads or turnpike*—
from New River to Lynchburg—rand it is hoped from
New River to East Tennessee—from Fincastle to Pat
tonsburg—from Winchester to Harper’s Ferry—from
Staunton to the Potomac—from Suffolk to the Roanoke—
from Fredericksburg to the mouth of Potoqiac Creek—and
in various other parts. We shall publish a coup ’dail of
all such works as may be authorised by the Legislature,
when the scene shuts upon them. They are about to di
rect a survey of the Shenandoah—a re-survey of the
James River, for the purpose of preparing plans and esti
mates for the next General Assembly. We hail these ef
forts with great satisfaction We announce them as the
signs of a new era in Internal Improvement. It is now
for tlie people to determine whether they will second by
tbeir own enterprize and funds tlie acts of their Represen
tatives—whether they will subscribe liberally towards
these «orks—whether they will come prepared before
the dbk». Genera! Assembly, not only with the voices, but
with the purse, or mu U a,.„a. of the people, to apply for
such aid m the prosecution of those extensive works as
may be necessary to accomplish Uic Xhe more aclWty
the people show upon this occasion, to venture lhei , n '
funds, fo put their own shoulders to the wheel; the ».ic
effective will be their appeal to the patronage of the State.
But many of these works may probably be carried through
by individual enterprize alone. We shall take up the
cause in the course of the year—and give it all the bum
ble aid, and all tlie little light, which it may be in our pow
er to impart. We were forcibly struck the other day with
the remark of a worthy Senator of Virginia. He was
asked, if he was a friend to the New River Rail Road? —
“1 have not considered it,”—“But will you?” “Certain
ly I will—it is enough for vneto know that it is the cause
of Internal Improvement—for me to take a dei p interest
in it.” Such a spirit as this i* to redeem Virginia. It
uiay produce prodigies.—Richmond Enquirer.
We understand says the Banner of the Constitution,
that large quantities of Calcutta cotton goods are import
ed into this city from England, where they are purebas d
at the sales of the East India Company. Being subject to
a prohibitory duty in this cojuntry a; to consumption, they
are exported to South America and the West Indies. A
gentleman acquainted with this trade, who lately left
England assures us that be has seen some of these goods
sold at 11 shilling.! sterling per piece of 40 yards, which
is equal to about 6 1-10 ceuts per yard, at what is called
par. This, then, is the price at which India goods can be
purchased in London, after being burdened with the ex
pense of insurance, commissions, and other charges, and
the freight of a voyage from the East Indies. And yet we
are told thut our cotton manufactures can be .hipped to
Calcutta and sold at a profit I
Important Invention for Manufactures.—Pro
vidence, (R. I) March 21.—Napoleon Bonaparte offered
a premium of three millions of francs to the person who
should discover som* material the production of France,
that should in all respects answ er as a substitute for indi-
digo. In consequence of this stimulus, M. Souchon, a
practical chemist and dyer, expended a fortune in experi
ments, which finally resulted in the discovery of a method
for fixing Ihe colour ofPrussiate of Iron, even more per
manently than indigo blue. With this preparation be has
succeeded in dying green, blue blacks and black, at an
expense of little more than one third that of indigo co
lors, and said to be in every respect equally fine und per
manent.
We learn that Mr. Arnold Buffum, of this State during
bis residence at Pari., effected a contract with M. Souch
on, for the comminunication of the process to him to be
introduced into the United States, and that he has recent
ly received a full explanation of the method, by which this
iuiportan 1 desideratum is effected.
The colours are said to resist the aetion of both acids
and alkalis, and when worn for \esrs (as we have seen
stated by a merebantile house of high standing in Paris,)
will present no whitened appearance on the seams, or at
the pockets and button holes of garments; the colour there
remaining unchanged.
The fact that this substance, if found successful will not
anly diminish the expense and increase the permanency
of the best colours id cloths, but that the preparation-of
the material will give rise to a valuable branch of the
manufacture in our own country, shows the importance of
the discovery, if it will be really what it is represented.
We lament to say, on the authority of accounts which
we ha«e recently received from Ireland, that the most se
rious apprehensions for the peace of that country are to
be entertained. We were disposed to receive such ac
counts with mistrust; but we have arrived at the painful
conviction that they are only too well founded. The
most vigorous measures are evidently called for, both of
conciliation and coercion.—Mom. Chron.
We are told—though we can hardly vouch for the cor
rectness of our authority—that Lord Grey had refused to
advance Mr. Baring to the Peerage; and that in retaliation
for this disappointment, the whole clique have declared
their intention of systematically opposing the Govern
ment. Notwithstanding the way in which this has reach
ed us, we would fain hope, for the sake of Mr. Baring,
himself, that tlie report may be untrue.—Brighton Gazette.
The Poles.—In Sir Walter Scott'a Life of Napoleon is
the following passage:—“The Poles awaited with hope
and exultation the approach of the French armies; and
candor most allow that, unlawfully subjected to a foreign
yote, they had a right to avail them selves of tho osotstance
not only of Napoleon, but of Mahomet, or uf Satan him*
self, and he proposed to aid them in regaining the n.im
pendence of which they had beeu oppressively and unjust-
fy deprived.”
The demand for weavers at Bolton continues so great,
that many of our manufacturers are obliged lo open con
nections in country places, in or order to procure certain
descriptions of low goods, which are much wauled atpre-
sent The spinners and their workmen, we are gk d to
say, are upon the best terms with each other.—Manchester
Guardian.
MARRIED—In Gainesville, Hall county, on the
Ttl
FOOT
MENTS
DIED—In i, i; place, on Monday 4ib April, oi con*
sunyituti, Mr-1 homas C. Clay of Bourdon county, Ky,
aged shout 25 yCats.
On the 18th instant, after a short illness, VsaciKis, tho
youngest daughter of A. B. and June Fannin of Savan
nah. agcfl 19 month* nd five days.
COMAjaD’S OFFICE.
AUGUSTA, GEORGIA
MOST SPLENDID SCHEME.
N EW YORK CONSOLIDATED LOT I ERY, Ex
tra Class, No. 9, for 1931. To be draAii rn the ci
ty of New York, on Thursday the qisi of April, 1831.—
Thirty-ail Number Lottery—By Ternary Permutation—
6 drawn ballots.
— •
SCHEME.
1 Prize of 30,000 DOLLARS,
1 do. 20,000 DOLLARS,
1 do. 10,000 DOLLARS,
I do. 5,000 DOLLARS,
1 do. 4,000 DOLLARS,
1
PRIZE OF
$2,500
48 FRIZES UF $100
6
rntzES “
2,000
180
do.
50
6
do.
1,500
180
do.
40
12
do.
1,000
160
do.
30
12
do*
500
2160
do.
20
30
- d&.
200
15660
do.
10
PRICE OF TICKETS,
Wholes f 10—Halves $5—Quarters $2 50.
D RAWN numbers of the Union Canal Lottery,
Class No 7, viz:
6, 43, 44, 39, GO, 29, 41, 24, 50, 47.
THE NEXT OX.ASS, (No. 8.)
IJ ill be drawn at Philmte/phia, on Saturday, the
23d April
CAPITAL prize
30,000 Dollars!
SCHEME.
1 PRIZE or
$30,000
5 PRIZES OF $1000
2
do.
10,000
5
do.
500
1
do.
4 000
42
do.
100
1
do.
2 6-28
-42
do.
6ft
2 PRIZES
2,500
42
do.
50
2
do.
2,000
•84
do.
40
2
do.
1,500
420
do.
20
5(66
do.
10
price of
TICKETS.
Wholes $10~Halv<-* $5—Quarters $2 50.
fill/*' Only 17,293 Tickets in this Scheme! «d!
ORDt RS from auy part of the State enclosingcu^h or
prize Tickets, will meet with .ft-nM -n if -' 'ress-
cd io H. COSXTA&D,
AUGUSTA, GEORGIA.
Xj* The Drawing of the JV*. York Con
solidated Lottery, Extra Class No 8, will be ree- iv> u here
on the 30th April—that of the Union Cancl, No. 8, wJt
be received on the 1st of May.
Augusta, 18th April, 1831. ,
LAW
T HE subscriber has obtained from sonic or *k« Judge?,
and others, a number of DECISIONS matte ; u
important law ca**#. He -xpectsto enlarge hi; collcc-
i, 0 „, rtiiu so soon a» iu* ‘subscription will authorize, to
l<uuH.h them in a plain, cheap style, in pamphlet fcrro.
The object of this und r rtaking is to awaken fhe
people a sense e.f the importance of a COURT FOR
THE CORRECTION OF ERRORS.
The Judges, Solicitors, and Members of the^ Bnr
throughout the State are respectfully requested ni«h
authentic reports. To those who may do so, a reasonable
allowance in the price of the work u f.) be made.
Utility alone, and not profit is ‘he object of the under
taking. And with this view he solicitK warmly the co-op-
o ration of the Bur and Bench. His situation as an editor
will enable him to print the work more cheaply rbati oth
er persons. JOHN G. POLL ILL.
P. S.— A prospectus will soon be out.
Milledgeville, Ann I 2], 1831 4!
Town Lots.
On Friday, the 20th day of JWay next,
W ILL bt ' Franklin »!• nty, m-
ber of FHOtfT & BACK XaCTS in
said town—it being the Cite for the public builoings cf
Heard count).
This village is situated on the Eastern bank of the Chnt-
ahooebie river, on a place that possesses flittering prr-
pects for health and many other advantages which few vil
lages in the up-country aflbrds. Terms made known on
tiie dav of sale.
JOHN IE4N. a. i c.
CHRISTOPHER B. BROWN, 3. i. c.
JOHN VI. WARE, 3 i. c.
April 81 41 4t
GEORGIA—Wilkinson county.
R obert White of Captain Grif
fin's District, tolls before Robert Ro
aur, E:-q. one
YELLOW BAY MARE,
about 14 hands high, 12 or 13 years oft},
s ar in her forehead, snip on her nose, a few s..dille spoic
on her back, low in order, left eye out*—Appraised by Ro
bert R z.tr and James Thompson, to be worth Twenty-,
five dollars, March 28 1831.
A true extract from the Minutes,
VALENTINE A. BRAZZILL, e x. c.
April 21. 4l 3t
Postponed Sale.
O N Monday, tbc 3fth day ol May next, between
the usual hours of sal<‘, will be sold, at the late res:
dcnceof V1»»rin Rucker, deceased, in Jasper county, t'jo
PERSONAL PROPERTY
of said deceased—consisting of a Horse, Cattle and Hog«,
Corn, Fodder, Oats, Bacon, Yoke of Oxen and Cart, &c.
Terms of sale made known on the dajr.
JAMES NEAL, ) ...
AARON SMITH, 5 Ad
April 21 4l St
N OTICE.- Wi(lbtt sold at the court-house in Troup
county, or. the first Tuesday in July next, Ihe one
half of LOT No- 293, in the 5th district of Troup coun
ty—Sold for division.
FRANKLIN ADAMS, Guardian.
April 21 41 jOt
F OUR months afterdate application will be made to
the honorable the Inferior Court of Docly county,
when sitting as a court of ordinary, for leave to sell lot of
Land. No. 133, in the l8;h district of formerly Lee coun
ty—For the benefit of John M. Hilliard’s orphan^.
WILLIAM HILLIARD, Guardian.
April 8, 1831 41 4u>
F OUR months after date application will be mode to
the honorable the Inferior Court of Jasper county,
when sitting for Ordinary purposes for leave iq sell the
real estate of Mastiu Rucker, deceased.
JAMES NEAI^J^,
AARON SMITH,
37
4m
March 24
F OUR months after date application wilt be made to
the honorable Interior Court of Pulaski county,
when sitting for ordinary purposes, for leave to sell tbc
real and personal Estate of Samuel King, deceased.
ELIPHLET KING, Adm’r.
February 15 32 4m