Newspaper Page Text
FEDERAL UNTON 7 .
•S were intended to per:
i’ubiic tiie id«.a that l \v
(rsanale roe, or to convey to the either directly or indirectly, in the management of a more perfect union, t establish justice, ensure dc^neslic
as its author.” this paper. This charge, the pronmtinf’S otmuiig- '.ranqiaiiiy, provide lor the covovon deftnee, promote tne
& * 1 r ~ ■ senetai-.veha.-e, and secure tne bicssings of Liberty tnewr-
stlvts and .our posterity, do ordain and establish this Consti
tution for the• United stales of America.''' 1 Permit rue, Sir,
distinctly to say, that 1 do not quote these words, to
tha it ivas originally intended to lay the foundation
consolidated Government for the United States, nor
in “sovereign” m the Federal
.it to prove that, in the first
msnuict, it emanated.frnrp a majority of ihe people of
the several State?: v.liile through the whole tenor of it,
its Federative character in the admi.iist ran on, is clearly
To this demand, although allowed two days to mty, lias upon this v r erv point, often outraged the
iiiruishan answer, wlien we were to be held indi- truth, and defied the honest and sober uJniohi-
vrdual-jy responsible, we returned on the evening of j tions of reason.
the same dav, alter conferring with the friend of j We leave Mr. Thomas Haynes, of Gainesville,' s q e
Mr. Thomas Haynes of Gainesville, the following 1 as we lt-el assured he will do, the task of satisfying: ofia
note.. On looking lbrour friends at the expiration of the pul.lie, hv a second circular, that it was himself: that the omission of rhe ten;
ihe time Sjiecified, we learned to our regret, that' and not Mr. Thomas Haynes, of Sparta, who de- Constitution, was designed;
l3iey were “out and gone like Grainger’s eye,” and i clined being considered a candidate for Govornor.
had declined another interview with us: j ■«»«——i i ■ —
1331.
'.‘likens, Tuesday Evening, August
Than ids Heynes, Esq.—Sat: Your note oi this mornin;:
D03!ESTI€.
was handed me by your friend, Mr. Terrance, in which I ; *
you say: j SPEECH OF MR. WOOD,
“II is due to raj f, .ends and tomyseIC to demand of you j On the Resolutions offered by him in the Senate.
the author and iobject of this publication”!the reference is _, .. ~ ... , • ,
understood) ‘i to ask you whether in the editorial re-' RKSmje.s r:—Itay mg offered lor die cons, deration
■ ol tne Senate, tne Resolutions that are now caned up,
marks which precede it, you intended to personate me,
the duty devolves on me of giving toy reasons for so do
l'd le delicacy of my situation—
in addition to the long period
have mingled in the councils
any outer circumstances, inl
ine alarming opinions which are
Haynes of Gainesville, in which he distinctly stat ^
motive f »r, Cit'd the object of its publication. Mr. Haynes i f n '_esnence.
being
at large
of
tied. — —... i 1C** j iijuo tvi LI,V I'l-.JlIVf v-fllltv. I . ' . 1 T T
With Propriety be questioned. ’I hat the edit .rial rematks 1 government: on such an occasion therefore I cannot but
which prefaced if, cWl not without a forced construction I ? at tad so immeasureaoly short, of my
be applied to yourself, should to you ha ve appeared evi- ! jncuuatio.ipTust from tne walks of agricultural life, 1
dent, as it is distinctly stated, that my acquaintance with I t . rus ‘. -. . a ‘ rece,ve th « ln . dul - enc .e oi t his honorable bo-
Mr. Kiivnes of Gtoinasviile, enabled me to vouch for his d >Y fI ^ not x trea } ,he interesting suoject before you,
sincerity. With your-'•<* I b we » - v-r to the be«t of my I wul * a masters hand, and as its own important character
recollect ion exchanged a word, and cannot he considered i me ? ts: n, y object however shall be, to go directly
an acquaintance. The remark t‘ erefore, could not be j t0 llie understanding, and to introduce no matter, not eon-
in.ended to convoy the idea or carry the opinion, tha; ! " ah the. investigation _ I proproseto make ; being
were the author. If such an inference has l>e<
itisiled that, when it.e mind is convinced, the dictates of
| pan iotism wilt lead to a fair and just result—Willi a frank
disclaimer of any intention to mislead, 1 will conscienti
ously add my own firm confidence of die view I shall take;
tyd in doing so I shall be as brief, as is consistent with
perspicuity. That I may fit}'a solid foundation for the
superstructure I propose to erect, replete I trust with ben
efit to the cause of our common country, I hall, in the
first instance, approach the great question of State Sove
reignty—and next trace the origin, and some of die pow
ers delegated to the present. Federal Government: being
convinced that a foil and deliberate investigation of dis
puted powers will ,Jo more good, and produce happier re
sults, than keeping the subject involved in mystery, and
only to he viewed through the medium of party prc jr.di-
. . . | , ■- ,■ • , ,.r. | cos. That I r.av not be misunderstood, ai<d to make my
inspection, and bvln.ii, ins I fiend, ‘hot- : lrp ; niom less ]ia f, le to nfi^eption, or perversion, I at
to nu* JUKI loat ij i^hcv gcvtiif. iiian ci- j <he very threshold of 11 * i >d./Mission, clearly, distinctly and
• Haynes or my sell was “ sought, ft must ■ empha'icatjy, s*ate, that I am a warm and sincere advocate
I elsewhere.” This should have satisfied j for the sovereignty of the States, and trust, as far as r
ruble abilities extend, ever shall sustain then
■essary and esses; ial par 1 of our present system.
VO
ii by the pubi c, 1 shall with pleasure at your request,
rv d as an act of justice to yourselfi correct an impression
su obviously false. This explanation wilt I trust., Le deni
ed satisfactory.
Very R espectfuily,
O. P. EH AW.
The above note signed by the editor of this pa
per, was handed to Mr. Thomas Hay nap ef Spar
ta by a friend, and with it, one to Mr. Torrance of
Mffiedgevilie, which Mr. Haynes of Sparta must
have seen, in which if was distinctly stated that the
circular “was written by a friend of Mr Haynes”
of Gainesville, “at his particular request, and un
der las
Warier
ther M
be f> iid elsewhere.” This should !
Mr. T iomas Haynes ot Sparta. Our objection lo|
£%:unfitting the circular to the inspection of Mr.
Torrance, arose entirely from the peremptory and
.unjust nature of the demand, and the suspicion up
on mir intentions, which seen a delimit ! continued
to imply; after assuring him, that if Mr. Thomas
Haynes, of Gainesville, denied the authenticity of
th$ circular, we would assume the responsibility of
publication.—Mr. Haynes again remarks:
“It can hardly be nece-oary to advance any argument
to show the dishonorable intention of the parties to this
transaction. A paper is published purporting to beat
my name, and announcing- fiat ti c authf r is not a can
didate for die office, for which I have ‘ een several months
an avowed. Candida-f — when hie pu’Fsiier is cal ted up
on, be says it comes from Thomas liayne- , oft Gaines
ville.”
Mr. Haynes does us an injustice, not warranted
fcy our treatment towards him, either in the publi
cation of the circular, or in the letter which he re
ceived from us, in imputing to us the term “dis
honorable intention.” What are the facts con
nected with the case? Mr. Thomas Haynes, of
Gainesville,, net Mr. Thomas Haynes, of Sparta,
under date of July 29th, forwarded us a circular
for publication, which we prefaced with the follow
ing paragraph:
“Eb« ; { \ny of pur readers' be disposed t® quest ion the
autheuLch/ f this Circular—we can assure them, from
our personal knowledge arid acquaintance with Mr
Haynes, of his sincerity. We cannot therefore wi-Lhold
from correcting any wrong impression which may prevail
in - 'ation to himself.”
and distinctly preserved: I consider it3 origin as one thing: the States, to let the money not actually required to (.
Us means and -mode if operation another. In the formation fray the expenses of the government, remain in the pe
of this instrument there was no analogy, by winch its pies’ pockets, who will, while it is their will, make it pr
_ .by
framers mtglit have been guided; I therefore coincide
with Mr. Madison, that h must be “its own interpreter
according to the intent and facts of the case.” Fir, T have
to beg the Senate to keep m mind tin - branen of my ar-
gument, as 1 shall hereafter, have occasion to refer to it:
braced in it must, I conceive, be obvious to every one that
hears me. Money has always been said to be the root
of all evil: tins truth, I should not have adverted to, but
to illustrate the assertion, that so soon as the National
Debt is extinguished, all call for revenue, beyond the or
dinary expenses of the Government, must cease; and
consequently, Congress will have no justifiable cause for
laving duties or imposts—hence this fruitful source ot
discontent and excitement, will be removed. An empty
Treasury has no charms for greedy aspirants, nor will U.
reouire the profound ingenuity of great politicians to de-
vist ways and means to disburse the excess ot revenue.
Sir, I aril convinced that it will be more to the interests oi
ptn >-
>ro-
ductive, and thereby enrich the country. 1 do not hesi
tate to enter my dissent to the political axiom, that a na
tional debt is a national blessing. 1 again reiterate, that
the national debt being paid, will be one of the surest
means of bunging the General Government back to its
nor do 1 now hesitate to rc-eeho the sentiment, which I j first principles—to the great end for which it was insuti
I have already advanced, that all the sovereignty that
ihe Fta.cs once possessed, arid have not expressly dtlega
ted to the Federal Gove,ninety, is indubitably retained;
and that. I shall be amongst the first to protect and sustain
the same: though far be it liom me, sir, to assume the
responsibility of settling the line between right retained,
or those yielded up, or the quantum of sovereignty that
belongs to each State. By a reference however to the
Const!! ution, we find in tire §4 of the 4th Article : That
“flic United Mates guarantee to every Slate in this Un
ion, a republican form of Government;” p.-;d further, that
by the 12,1) amendment to the Constitution, “The pow
ers noi delegated to the United States by this Constitu
tion, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the
Stales respectively, or the people."' I would invite the at
tention of the Senate to this studied phraseology. The
wort! Sovereign, is emitted and that of State, substituted.
I feel the further justified by the impression made on ray
ni.i ct by die words, “or to the people," indicating thereby,
that the “Stotts," in their Federative capacity and “The
People," in a popular sense, were considered by the
amendment, as each having under the Constitution, ap-
s a dr junctive lias been used: far had
ted. To manage our relations with foreign nations, and
sustain the character of the United States for equity and
justice, and tints lay a solid foundation, which all govern
ments ought to possess, but more especially our own.
4th. On the 4th Resolution, I shall in my remarks, be
very concise. Sir, on this subject there has been .a di
versity of opinion: our ablest Statesmen could not agree:
my own reflections coincide with Mr. Jefferson’s views.
If there is any doubt, whether the power claimed, is giv
en or not, it is best to go back to the proper source for an
amendment of the Constitution: the exercise of this pow
also in her sovereign capacity, a right to form foreign al
liances; because no one member of the present Lmi« as
strong enough to maintain a government with her' n-na
resources. If her relations with her siUer States, hav«
become unfriendly, she must uncurady look abroad. R*.
fore this point is yielded, let vie conjure my countrymen to
reflect maturely on the consequences; and that they may
qo so, jiermii me to illustrate mo subject, by puuing a
case more plainly before the American people, i w „u, ;P
instance, begin with one of the small States, say Ri nds
Island, 'lias is a great manufacturing State, ami persona
engaged in those pursuits are chargeu, 1 donot say justly,
with being more suscepiabie to pecuniary influence, tha i
agrlcuhiu isls. i ake Great Biit&in, 1- ranee or Russia tt.a
three great pow ers in Europe; suppose either of them, to
form ambitious designs c-n tne United States, standing as
we uo as the chief head of principles, adverse to monar
chy; and such a conjecture is within die reach of Liui-aa
probability, if not now, yet at some future day. T! 3;
the intrigue and gold of either of those foreign power--,
might create such divisions and jealousies m that Stum
and in a majority of her citizens, as jo induce her to wuj>
uraw, without, any violation bv the General GovernmcnL
of her Coii-ututioiial right. Must not consequence: of a
more fatal nature grow out of such a declension. Let me
ask Sir, if it would comport with the safety of the rest of
the republican Stales, generally under tins new system,
to admit a great foreign power into their very bosem: to
allow tiie seceding Ffate to become an arsenal for tlm
munitions of war: a receptical of afmtes, from whenc®
designs might he executed at leisure, for the future c. ii-
quest of the other Stales. Is there any tne wi.'.}.iars
er lias been much objected to, and I think with great jus- | this; for the honor of my countrymen, l hope not.
tice. If the principle is admitted, that Congress lias the the power of seceding evidently includes iiul!:fica;iori,
y
as a
Gui-
Jie F/ecIar-
1776, heine-rur
, I hope; impe:-
mem, .‘t is de.-.la ed ‘ T‘ rd these united e.d -
vies (Georr.ia in'" idcd) are and of rig 1 mi gin to be, fr •
and independent Stales: Cey have fat rover to levy v y,
rcc, tn ■
ded »>y this declaration, I shat! first ach
at ion-nf Independence, dated 4:h Juv
firs' ac of m fiia! sovr re if. ntv. Bv
:r.s!
conclude peace, contract alliances, establish comm
Ot ■•er a
if dr”
on
th
right do." Tins glorious doc.un
ihis part of the new woil.fi, fr< rn
must lake a- the ha-is of F ta'e >S
Fi derafve Ac. Each State s
end independent''—n d the great a tributes r f sovereim-
x, are expressly a>. uoed, as ru ■ er-aining tlierc o: 1 c-i
we are to look for the oriirin of ‘S a •* f ive»T : cri ! y,” and
o if, the jieople of our own Plate, expressly referred,
when t’ cv formed !; e’r own Constitution in 1777. As
the reve-a! States hy their representatives inCcng"e*s,
fh-c'a -ed die seve eignty < f 'Le whole, so the pecj.le of
this Stn‘e cxerc'sed a similar power, by er.redng- a Cor-
: s ir : 1 c
St
mis men i
n dependent
r-«: wV.i-.-h ernanei’-afoi’
Fur rean dominion we
•vereignty: as well a
1 ere declared to. ! « “fret
Knowing the cx'-Mence of another gentleman of
the same name, O'vit: Mr. Thomas Ha \nes of
Sparta, who m a canidate for Governor, and to
prevent the impression being made upon the public
mind, (and thereby a wrong one) that Mr. Thom
as Haynefi ol Gainsvilie, v.lio is net a candidate,
Was not Mr. Thomas Haynes, of Sparta, v.To is a
Ogn U.late, vre assured the public, that Mr. Thomas
fia no-, of Gainesville, was sincere in the devia
tion wlficn he had made, ami that it was not him-
si'f, Mr. TltoraasHav
stitution tor f emselyes: the preamble *0 ti a constitu
tion Sj-caks'f'r itself: “Whereas the independence of
he United S'atesof America has lieert also declared on
the 4th July 1776, by the said honorable Congress, and
nil p' 1 trial connection beticcen them and the crown of
Great Britain, is in consequence thereof dhvolyed—Yfe
therefore, the Represent at iv*s c-f the people, from whom
oil power originates ar il ffirw! se benefit au Governnient
is intended, 1 v virtue of the power de'-gated to us, do or
dain and declare, and it is hereby ordained and declared,
that the following- rules and regulations l*e adopted for
be future gi vcrfuienr of this f ‘a'e,’\*.c. By 'bisact the
ehizens of our 01- n State exercised scv< reign power wifi -
‘n the’- own ter-,-' ry, unfit established a form of govern
ment. whieJi prevaik •:! unt’I it was superseded by 'ho pre
sent Constitution of 1758. But the period of vriuch I
peak, was iiorfentous : ti e future safety and happiness
of the new f. ares were at stake: the aspect of rhe rimesim-
■ eriously dictivcd *0 the good sense of the country, a no-
1
blessings, c.er.veu fr
sui'jec s, that ihe
g of Gamsvfille, as many
believed, lr.it Mr. Thomas Haynes, of Sparta, who
was the candidate, and tor this we are charged with
conveying the impression, that not only Mir. .
Thomas llanos, of Gainesville, hut Mr. Thomas -
Havr.es, ol'Sparta, arc m it her of them candidates Cmteci-
Jhr Governor.—Again. For saying that wo could 'VJ’ ’ •
no!, withhold from ilr. Thomas Haynes of Gains- j e,! V
•'deal ccm’- nn.rin of tlieieveral E ares not only for com
mon defence, but pre..erv&:idn: and some system, hy
which res stance might be carried on agains' Great Br -
■ i n, in a war, by her stiled, a war of rebellion, fn -ins
c i rial situaii' a of‘he conn'ry, pressed anti er. barno red
by a powerful enemy, the great quesiit n was, wha*
I should be the form of gnvernrceni, under wbicli we wen
to be defended: jealous of relinquishing righ's ! ;
•enriy acquired, each Sia e on entering into th< C. efnl-
a 1 ' in of i776, yielded a few ?.> ].os •b. t; , and gv urh •;
acb righ‘ <rivcn nr. w! 1. -neb restriction's as nr.- only •<
.•log, ’ ’ ‘ ' ' “
n
dele.-;
1 »’
Here
u:ed
ween save eirin Etales
actor,
ttni
runs, tliro! cr
mos, prominent feature
Etate reserved *1 e right
General Government l.r
for its fiscal res< urcc .
yillu the right of correcting ihe error which pre
vailed in relation to himself, and (if assuring the
public that he Me. Thomas Haynes of Gainesville,
was not a candidate, when Mr. Thomas Hnvnes,
of Sparta, and not Mr. Thomas Haynes of Gnines-
**iir-e, was; we are ago n charged with saving, that
Sieitheir Mr. Thomas Haynes, of Sparta who is a
candidate, nor Mr. Thomas Haynes of Gainesville,
who is not a candidate, Are either of them candid
ates for Governor. Such a perversion of the true
object and intent of our remarks, with a view to
oar injury, is enough to put folly to the blush, and
honesty to shame.—Mr. Haynes further observes :
“B U there is another consideration which goes to shew
tjie intention of the parties to this dark transaction.—
Tae name of the citizen ofGamesvilie, which is assumed
its the basis of the vilest subterfuge, is not. written as
mine. That name is known to be written Haneand is
as essentially different from the name attached to the . .
A he-man Circular, as was the name of its unprincipled ar "'- separate sovereignties,
fa /ficator.” • j 1783: wherein Great Brit <
wreak n
r. there
off--n- y.
In this ins*
remen*, rin
'a'ion, i
ve a-
a "n fin.l
r Le sovereig
! y < f ea<*
st ricrij-
reoreg;
• ■ ed: ":
: rer ! > si tie retains its sever-
■'redcm c
ml iv
pen den<<
r, every p-- <
::r, jnrHTur-
right, v.
hicl ■
; not h x f
ids i-m.; r!( rat
:nn uA'pruE --
ed to
the TJ
need Q: ;
a;e; ; n Congress a-recar-
a e.'-mpact entered
c< -nst quently, die fc
the. whole of it. <
ri : s com] act, wa
ne • !!!.(
a • av
to rave ns own reven e. lind iln
d re. look to thg inckvidual S'a <-s,
Tie's reservation a 1 -me, vvithoiv
ntiy jerpard z- ii
libe'-ties of Ann -
there were, nv'iiy
us. 1st. Ti e ex-
jspec to a projier
; riy* of raisui£
a recurrence tn o.uy orher course, freq
durin.tr our revolutionary s ruggie the
ca. In the tbrniairin of tlfis compact,
defects, but 'wo o’vious ones 'snake
trente jealousy of the E'ates wall 1
gi ant of powers. 2dly. Reserving -1
revenue hy each State, for ti - necessary wan s of the
Gene’-a’ Gevernrrciv.; aw. 4 er, enu j-eriiaps a more sol-
stantia’ reason might he added, the vrar.tfof x: r : encc in
tlie s'-'ence of practical government, and which was af
terwards learned at great ca- .-.fires. The lai airriiority
Isshall q'*o»e, as finally cotift-rri-ig c-n the Staies, distimt
he '! rc a: y (f Pai is, 3d Eej".
tain a knowledge the’thirteen
.... 1 1 ... 1 . 1 North American Cr.irnies, f which Georgia was one.
T:ic onirtnal circular was RU tmi et o e in- ^ up ree ^ Sovereign and Independent Slates." Tins foreign
fipection ot a number ot ltuhvuiuals (lUrmg Goni- recoymtion, forever sealed .lie liber 1 ie-s of our country,
mencument week, after learning that a suspicion and finally vested a d'stinc*. s-.vrere'gnty in each ■ ate in
existed in the minds of some two or three perons,! the Union. It. becomes tho. e who discuss this gre at
that the name of Mr. Haynes had been changed question, to keep in mind, 1 hat av such, each Stale had a
bv us. To correct, any error which might, through ’c : ght, to enter into any new comped, t abject to such mod-
••• * ‘ ' ‘ * afeiv and I101*-
perma-
tiieir instrumentallity he made upon litis point, it ifications of power, as suited Rs interest, safey a;
*— - — • (T an( j £ 0 | r p_ p J or, and m the way best adapted to ensure their
The many and tryine p
vnaiy war, gruff:n.
ds which occurred durim
ut of the inedic.acris
was shewn to Col. Y. P. King -- -• ,
Foster of Greenesboro; lo Hr. Notion H. Beall j
of Putnam, and others. To prevent any doubt of j the rfcVO j ut
thia assertion, we have given a (-.ire ct reflerence to 1 theo’d confedeia i >n, the pen < f the historian has airea-
any enquiries winch Mr. Haynes ol gparta, may he dy recorded. Anti it has been shewn, as inghly honora-
disposed to make- The gentlemen will, we trust J ble to the American cl>araeter, that the coniest fia
excuse the liberty we iiavo taken in using their. Freedom, was carrit d on aga r-si the mother counn-y,
aamCS more by the patriotism of the people, than through >l.e
To the charge of “equivocation” which Mr. i *£***? f the confedcrared government. By a rii n. m -
Tlmmas Haynes, of Sparta, has preferred against j f f ; ie ] f ™ ^ b ”V ! '- e
x uuuiao j.v j . 1 . > f . cxnecta'ions tounded on a r a;e of peace, a very few v.-
U-i, we Will substantiate i y proo., s.. u i cncuni ( j la j disjaolled, while an awful crisis seemed approa -»•.».«.
stances require it. Mr. Haynes must have been (j es t ril ctive of the rest hopes of the country: and ih
iuceorrectly, hut we believe, innocently misinform- solely proceeding f:->>n> the irribeHlity (<f the then exiotii-
ed, or sucii an accusation would not have been 1 government; now clearly Seen to be inadequate topresesvc
laade. I the Union;' and that obviously, fir. want of greater j-ivv -
The reader of the circular ot Mr. Thomas er. That this gloomy and appalling aspect, in our na-
Kavnes, of Sparta, will perceive that he lias evin- t;onal affivirs, was averted-, I can al- ne impute to the tier -
ord a more than feverisli solicitude to see the manu- e ^ lCent . car ! 1 e ot l * iaL }. rc ) '' !lce > w hc seemed to nave.
script of the circular Of Mr. Thomas Haynes of patrojnzedoiu-struggle for liberty, ar everyre-aye oi i
, 1 ! i , , * . -The light of the exnerience of the past, and the stimuli
UamowiU*. 1 hereby hang, a tale; the mystery ;„ flhe j,. liriotio nn , it ; patinns „f,| :e fuinre, gave rise ...
ot winch may he solveu bv the simple fact being j convention, composed of delegates from all die Elate
known, that Mr. Haynes ol Sparta, had cougnt the i assembled to cons-der and prepare a more perfect form
“subtle idea by the tail,” subtle indeed it proved toj Government: the present Federal Constitution was t!
him, that Judge Clayton was its autlior. This
was the. “higher game” alluded to—a game pur-
sued with much steadiness of purpose, l ot finally
abandoned with hopeless and unavailing regret.—
We embrace in conclusion, this opportunity, in
justice to the character of that gentleman, of pub
licly acquitting him of any knowledge, either oi* the
circular, or of Mr. Havnes’ intentions, and we as
public)yiB'niU to ul’auy past or present agency
result of its deliberation
U is a fad, and one to which I shall attach a soler
character, that this constitution, was adopt td 1 y the p<
pic of the several States, in their supreme and severe b
character, by convention, as well as in a Federative one.
hat it is from this popular imd vivifying; principle, it
■Ives its existence. 'To be able to decide correctly a
■'■s nature, the peculiar mode of its origin must be k<
e-.ustanUy in view. The r..-earnHe furnishfs us will
Ley to'itet gi'eat tun?*©. “ We the f*vpi$ * ©jcl»r to tem
propnate rights;
the amendment intended words, “States, and People” as
synonymous, then a conjunctive term would have been
used: f am bound therefore to receive the amendment in
! lie sense in v inch it is expressed, and in the common ac
ceptation of the language selected by its framers. I have
been the more particuir in expressing my impressions cn
tins point, to show, that though, the States went into the
old confederation, as sovereigns, it was from this very
source, tha' all the misfortunes that attended us through
lire Revolution, were derived; because some of the main
consrituents of an efficient government were withheld,
and 1 appeal to the experience of that day, to bear me
out in this assertion. The defects so conspicuous in the
old form (four National Government, were the true rea
sons for giving the present Federal Constitution a moire
onv'x-reiie c!ia;uclec. Allow me, Eir, for a few momen's
bivne lire attention of the Senate, to a more cheering
{). sjrecr. Look a-, l-ial Picture, ofl.be father of his coun-
r. j : see him placed at llie head of llie new Government,
surrounded hy :hc pa'riots of llie Revolution, a"d slatet-
men of‘he day:, sec them moulding older out, of chaos,
i.'id giving to our institutions such a forpn, as to malic
hem ihe admiration of the world.—Raising our charac-
er as a iia'i ii, abroad:—instil wing order at home, and
d ffnsing haj piness amongst ail classes of or.r citizens.
'JL rained ai .u familia; as v. e now aie, in the practical
mode of our vunnrar, v.earenot aware of the difficul-
.jfcs li.eybaJ to tucoun'er; anti I often reflect with the
inchest giaiincatiui a tire pe d-ckon wiiii w hich o 1 •
new sys em • as organized. Each department under rbr
yiofouiwi outline of .he Federal Cvnati ution, has lead,
but to -ire common end, ‘.he good of the jeople. Oui
s'atesmen by their distinguished taan;*, have obtained
from orher nanons, cn che bread ha .s of equ ty and jus
tice, tha; which bloody w ars, have failed U> exact: a
hi i re we nave .bad a legisia:ion, with but few exet; • on:.
which has i aceu in ire enjoyment of most of px
mavii s-.-cietv. Anions a variety -.1
pa'ilt i' ir?y exult in wl ile contempla
ting our happy f.rm of Government, is tliat, it Las iietn
found adequate to a state cl war, as well as of per- :
Thegad'cai defects of our first expicrirnent, tire Confede
ration, have been remedied by die present Consrituti«»n.
Ini* espec ally ti. ••«e ol a nature, (.hr rcvoluriona-
ry war-deb: lias beenne -,iiy \ aid, and that* fan interven
ing one, entirely so: two mu: e- se acquisitions cf territo
ry, essential to our geographical megrity, l ave been
jjurchased and paid for. Ti e Ire« ry of Govc'-nmen; 1 a
*>een admitted lobe practical in peace, but was believed
madequare. four vvar: but, Eir, experience has proved i:s
capacity for both. The land as vef as the water, ho
furnished an ample field on wltich ihe ac ions of our coun
trymen have been displayed. The gaikuil Hull, by tin-
captu • g- fht frigate Guemore, 1 c 1 e the charm ■ f Brer-
is!i invincibility on ihe ocean, ar.fi ‘inu-fe-ovd the triden;
of Neptune from the old, to :!io n-.w ; ah The value f
iliis viotery was immense: it struck lion a into rhe v: -
jiarl of our enemy s ji-.v er, and ulrimalelv laid - he corn -i
c reme of Peace. Fre >m the blue expanse of fin Atlaotio,
lei nsca.ii a hasty glance to the iimp'd waters of t!■■
I.ake.', where Perry and McDonough won wreatlis «-i
in el, which sheds a durable lustre over the l.aire <>f ou<
is.ny, (']) die land, Eir, look io the p'?.iris of Chip}*-
wa and Bridgewater, where trophies were gamed :*y
!•<• ISortliem Army, vvl rih will ever liane :ii: h in ih<
?ni]jie of fame—Boili elements in that section of the Bo
on, have lrecn crimsoned lit ihe blood of our .b«oiili- v
•ni I«i • hers—.: >:«.iuscly shed to raise a nariona' cha -
• r. m which as >v.e peopie, we all proundiy paitici-
•v.c.— And ye Ev, v itli deep regie!, am I l ompelled to
•uiuMt', vc are too much in the habit of .sptakij::. of tbem
a ;be mom in'emperaie manne:—Would - lieavti !ia
nr.se things were no'.—SF n xfeeling's and predih J ■ vs
a. <• too det: ly mtere s : ed in dt- glory, t flic Herd ofi N * n -
■ • leans anu his I• avr cdnypatriuis, to pa.-s them wm
m pale; he halo « figre-ry sets icraeefully "ii the i.row
t riie hardy sons of the W est, and th* brave ones . f tic
o -h, ■< iio on the banks of the Mississippi, met ;u d i-on-
que; ed Bri'airi* schoice veteran-.—Bay, are we not all on>
people ! and do v c not rejoice, when victory perches <»n
any s.e-cfr« n o{ • x ;i.* l.elove I country !—Or shall we suftcr
ajrse-.pes'iobe led away by sectional jerdoresies, when
c<diectiv ; !\ we are tire happiest people on earth, and bin
t". flicse party strifes, might be amon<_ ’hegreatest. Eir,
.shot, re I a.-k lire indulgence of the Ecnutc,fi i this digres
sion, I .ms. they wilt see, tha' its object is to conciliate;
as weii a ,^ to prove lha more parts of tire Union, have
drought some material, with which to raise the glory of
•ur common country. Eir, while the dissatisfied were
whispering their baneful poison in'o the < a s of our felh *w
citizens, a cams' the Creneral Government, and deep de
sign and biack arnbire >n lurking about to take advantage
"f public drecontent, I feel it a solemn duty to come out
at o coon this grave quesiionand solemnly to admon
ish : nose who administer the General Government strictly
to adjure to the-iettcr and spirit of the Constitution, and
ilie.reby a and on constructive powers: these are my mo
tives for pressing; on your attention and patriotism, the
first v, >lution ol those on your ta* le. I >fl the second
llesoJuti'-n, my lemafks shall be brief. The Tariff lire-
(ii ready been a wide and fruitful somce of discussion; nay
a hobby, *n which some politiciai s Iiave attempted, and
o.hers actually have ridden into power: my dUappruba-
;on of this measui't, I irurt Sir, is here plainly and dis-
.nelly expressed. As}*eihy of language never produce-
invierion; sol shall leave toothers the exj>ression of
such opinions as comport with either their passions, or
merests. Bui Sir, there are other causes which have
.ed to the embaiTassmcms of which we complain in die
- ' ufhern Elates. They have grown out of circumstan-
.•es beyond our control. r ifire general peace which has
• m; existed in Europe, must naturally lead to ffimuni-
iorj in rhe price of our bread stuff.-. The closing of the
'h.e.s! India parts fi-i years, has also operated very ma-
t -aily against us; but Llie m< si. important item, re tr ai
re' .elation to our great staple, Cottor.. Li i. a notorious
iuc. that the accumulation of product, beyond the con-
• >!';■• i ion, is one strong operating cause, in producing tire
..re-dual tri cT'oratim of price. Eir, ten years ago, 80
mdboii poiindc weigh; of cotton sold m the European
viai'kc--, foi as u.ucn a- 200 millions do now: 1 speal;
■•"'in memory, re 1 re. ii.-ve ! suhstantialiy .-tatc the fact.
A hen ,lire Sea Island C< non is grown, riu- Tariff is al-
an alitdged cause in the diminution of 'Le price; but
lu re are other prominent one besides: one of ihemn
substitution of siik in ! e place of Cotton, both a.
".-re fashionable and dmab-le, but especially mere ccc-
m.cal. r l hat the 1 drift has u«>ne much i arm, I admi*
".I evil sometimes produces go .-d: if. Las ;aught us ft „-
ns of economy, which will be hereafter adhered to—
bile those who expected in draw great fires from riu.-
••asure, have met wi ll itodjre bi fiisappointnieni
•any ruined, and an immense capital si nL; orrpetiti .t
onong themselves has given rise to ci.-ntu-qin nces litfh
n.ticipated, and retributive jusrice has foreov re'd the cu-
^•dity of fie author of the >y.-n-r i, v e here e'en unce.
dU. As fo the 3d ilesciuuion, the tviS evideut uxuh ejjt.
o devoid of prudence and patriotism, as to admit of
' ' ’ ‘ As
pnncipie is admit ted, tnat congress lias tne j me jx»iveror seceding eviuenuy utctm.es uouuucauvr,, die
power to legislate on Internal Improvement, there can J greater liglit. always embracing the lesser, we willl Li •< fly
be no limitation to the extension of that power: if gene- j advert to the latter. The question Eh-, of nulhikaaoi;.
ral, no one can say where they* will stop—If the exercise j has within rlie present year been most elaborately discus-
is to be special, may if not be partial: certain it is, that it j sed, and unfb. iunately, with the discussion, many peini-*
will ever be a steady and never ending drain and pres- j cious doctrines have been endeavored to bd taught- th*
sure on the pecuniary resources of the country. If inter- people, all tending to lessen their attachment to rim Uin-.ix
nal improvement, is necessai-y, let those most interested, i Among them, dire chimerical idea oi dividing the Lni*wl
be its promoters. Some States have carried it on effi- j States into three great Republics, Southern, -'Orth.ern,
ciently; I may say, gloriously for themselves, and with j and Western, lias so fascinated some visionary politi-
iheir own resources—let all do tha same. It is certain j cians, that the docirinelie* been taught earnestly, though
and of tliat there is no question, that each Etate has, a
right to do so, within her own limits, the constitutionality
ol which lias never been denied; and if constitutional,
may it not b: a reserved right. The power given to
Congress by the Constitution, 1st art. Sth sec. to estab
lish “Post Offices and Pest Reads," is too limited to cover
the right claimed: as well as that cf the “general welfare"
too indefinite to justify the expenditure cf immense sums
of money for the internal improvement of one part of the
Union, to the exclusion and neglect cf the rest. The
money in the Treasury, is the common property of the
whole; and where there is noi a distinct .constitutional
designation, how and where it shall be disbursed, it ought
not to be diverted, more to one part cf the country, than
another. 1; will not be contended that it ever was con-
• emplaned, that Congress should make “post reads" to fol
low “post offices-." the impossibility of so doing is obvious.
Among the silent, tranquil, and inoffensive operations
if ihe general government, 1 view the Post Office De
partment with deep interest, as it furnishes the means of
spreading through the country, all the social relations of
lit'. ; information, moral, philosophical, and political.—
To a mind that can | arreeipate in, and feel the various
relations in society, as vrA as the many sources from
whence they flow, it is a subject of more than ordinary-
solicitude. In it we find a tilent agent, that modestly
brings glad tidings fr..man absent husband, to an anxious
and d<r. oted wile: by i> the { au nt bowed down by years,
hears mom an only, beloved, and for distant child, who for
the joyful news, raises to heaven an uplifted eye, from
whence escapes a tear, that moistens the seal, which it
x.-rists rhe tremulous hand of age to break. The gloomy
pHkician, who lias oft trirpmed his midnight lamp “Lo
covertly. But before I advance further into tins Mibjtef,
let me entreat political men of this stamp to reflect ma
turely, whether the same causes which will have lead to
the dissolution of our present Union, v/ill not soon be
found to operate in her new created Republics. But Sir,
to reassume the enquiry, whether a Stale lias a right to
nullify a law of Congress: I cannot find from whence it
is derived. Certainly not from the Constitution, either
express, or implied, certainly not from any reserved
rights, either of the people or the States- but more especial
ly, not from anv inherent right, before there Las been
some demonstrative evidence of a wrong committed, and
a palpable violation of the rights of the States. Allu
sions have been frequently made, in support of this (ire-
trine to the Virginia Resolutions of 1798; but Eir, i
am happy to find that the support endeavored to be
drawn from them, has been amply explained away.—
It is denied by that great and good man, Mr. Madison,
that Virginia ever intended to nullity a Law ot Congress-,
that she only denied on paper, the constitutionality ol th*
alien and sedition laws, and made an appeal to the other
states, with a view to having them repealed. And fi j
not her reasoning produce that effect, in the U. States;
And were not those laws repealed by the proper auth< -
Uy, without any overt act of JN ullifica 1 ion on her pdfo
Let me ask, Sir, if the nature and censequences ofi ireire
filiation are w ell understood? 1 take it to Lie neither nor-
nor less, than a* incipient act progressing to a wir. .
drawal from the Union. If a Etate lias a right to nu . . >
one law, whether it be offensive or not, she makes ho-
seif die only judge of the constitutionality of die laws en
acted by Congress: and if one State p< s^es.-e.- tu s right, •
every other State has an equal right—To what a state .
things will such a conclusion bring us? For rnvsf.fi, I
calculate the value of the. Union," thus sends his poisonou
iuciabatiom abroad, and sets, anxiously w aiting the re- ! can never assent to tliis doctrine; and I have the fim :••*.
ream of the Post man’s horn, w hich instead of approha- i reliance on die sound sense of the people genera v,
fion, brings back the fearers of a patriotic people, on all ! that they will condemn it; and will when the queTrei
his fond hopes, disunion and its courier, nv.llifice.den. j comes before them, hold hereafter as an anchor “TI • re.
Sth. i now- Sir, come to the otli Resolution, ami I ap- ! there is no authority or richt vested in any me St a e a
! loach die matter that it coniains, with profound and the Union, to abrogate or nullity a law ol Congress which
Las been made agreeably to the Federal Cons; ltv.iion.”
my oui t Eir, until extreme cases occur, 1 do not deem it necessary
lo infer consequences, which may arBo from them: my
view throughout, has been founded on the belief, that ri u
laws complained of, have been constitutionally marie;
while I am free to confess, that their operation has pro S;
ed harder on us, than they ought. On questions grow e g
out of an undue exercise of power, pr the quantum wretch
has been delegated to the Federal Govtinnan , mat not
the Judiciary of tire United States, have been consuiund
Ly the framers of the Constitution, a tribunal, siuv .1 g
l>etween the acts of the General Government ana the
right of the States, and by which a prudence, jus red
equitable construction of the constitution should be mod'.?
The right iff making a State the sole judge in her * v. n
cause, and if one, then each of die States, 1 cannot h *
lieve, was ever contemplated by the fran- - f ne Con-,
stitution. Such a portentous power, every one must
see, would carry the elements of dissolut . i. »tn» mom
on the face of it. Much Sir, might still be urged, and
this subject treated in a variety of aspects; but I si all
appeal to the good sense and patriotism of nty fie how-
citizens as the best and strongest of arguments, to su.vain
the views I have presented for the consideration • f Lis
honorable body.
—a—hb—eac—Mawimni i war
... op concern. Would to heaven that tnere was no
• ause for the alarm which pervades not on 1
mind, but that of the community generally! But
iie subject is uninvited by me; it has its origin beyond
my control, and 'die a devouring flame, calls lor an op-
posni.m ton, v. th ail the energies of those most deeply
affected, and that, before it is too late. Eir, there are
periods m human affairs, which, if not breasted at the
“u-ot, may lead to fatal results. Of this nature, I con
sider the course .pursued by gentlemen of high character,
on, m,., aken zoah nor should 1 now have ventured the
xpression of my own opinions, if sent in, en's of a most
dangerous nature had no! come so glaringly before the
American public. The peculiar doctrines avowed at a
Slate Rights Dinner-—cu on t place, and those of a moral
on. > ■ it g, and sedate character, ct another, cannot possi-
'■>} leave ai.y doubt of the ulnmate objects comer,ij-lated.
E:r, my humble voice should not have been heard within
■ hese walk, but tor the fatal and disastrous consequences,
mticqoaud, as-iii.e’y to grow out of these proceedings, it
not arrested at the threshold. Throwing behind me the
■Tt; anu tranquil habits of private life, I was led here by
.he more profound and ardent attachment to our institu-
u ns. and here in my place, 1 avow my deep and eternal
.-onviewon, that on me existence < four present Union, de
pends the future prosperity, nay, the safety ofour com
mon country: and for that solemn purpose, I conjure die
members of this honorable body to mingle their voices,
witli mine, in calming the rising and portentous storm,
oai speaking peace, good order, and adhesion to our tales, to
la; citizens, a! least of our own State. 1 now beg leave
'■ rc'calltht attention of the Senate,to that branch of my
i guinent, winch lluded to the manner in which the Fede-
a! Constitution wras formed. 1 then .contended, as I now
do, iha: i r va > derived from the people in a pojmlar sense
i> a ec-i-tare: extent and for a partiddar purpose; it was
pre: really an united act partly Federative.—Let me not
ne nusunuersrood on this head. 1 only mean to say,
that so long as die terms and spirit of that instrument
ne arifo red to, we ought to be considered as one
people, in the manner therein designated. My conclu
sions from these premises, are those of a plain man:
t’-i it is a mathematical truth, that all the parts
are "only equal i > the whole. Now, Sir, all the parts
ff the fAeri United States, by which I mean the ma
jorities in the. States, adopted the present Constitution:
hey entered into it., as a contract, where mutual conees-
»:mis were made t« effect a great object; and therefore,
as a compact, so long as ire. terms are performed, it is
binding on all; and if on ihe whole, certainly, on the
parts. In this view of the subject, I am sustained by an
act .»f the Legislature of our own State passed in 1796,
which declares that “the Constitution of the U. States ex-
press!y acknowledges a republican democracy, or the foun-
d at ion oj the people: in receiving cdl its force and pcicer from
their hands, as their gift, which is manifest ft omits context
“we the people of the United Elates,” (Prince’s Digest,
•<1G) so long therefore as the contract is substantially ami
intirealty adhered to. 1 humbly conceive it is not in-the
"owei of a solitary part, to absolve itself from it: and
certainly, not until it becomes notorious, that the original
guaranteed rights have been palpably violated: nor un
til such a case oecurs, can the reserved and inherent pow
ers (if the several States, be called out, and reassigned.—
It i> for ibis particular purpose, that 1 have endeavored,
plainly to demonstrate the popular agency of the people,
ire forming the Federal Constitution, and I am thoroughly
convinced, tliat the more the subject is maturely inves
tigated, li ce of party and passion, every patriotic citizen
w ill j. tin in the reason and justice of the thing. I have,
w ith deep regret felt, and long ago expressed that feeling,
Sir, that the sanctity of our Constitutional Charter, the
Union, should have been so frequently and lightly discus
sed: as the most sacred things ios: their value in the es-
iimation of mankind, when unnecessarily bandied about.
The Union ot these States I consider, the ark of our safe
ty: the rock on which the liberiies not only of tiie pre
sent, but future generations, are based: the last, hope and
day -tar, if not of the old, certainly of the new world.—
Under the imperious force of this conviction, I am bound
to resist every attack on if, whether open, or insidious;
whether it comes in the shape of nullification or disunion.
The reasons by which I Lave come to this conclusion,-1
iiave in part offered, and there are some others which 1
-halt now beg leave to add. I hope that I iiave satisfac-
orily shown, that under the present Constitution, we
have risen to a high and imposing attidude, as a nation:
nd let me put the question to every member of tliis Sen-
at°, if there is a people on earth, that enjoys as much in-
lividual happiness as ourselves. Now Sir, so long as
he Federal #overnment is administered in the letter and
spin! of tne Constitution, I must hesitate in giving my
onsent to a State, lor imaginary causes, disturbing the
larmony of the whole. This principle once admitted,
et me ask, where does it lead? Why Sir, to anarchy,
itivil tear, and foreign subjugation. If a State, for the sake
of jpgumeut, has & right to wtihdrm at pltt^urc f sha kg$
AUGUSTA, GEORGIA.
The Mammoth Lottery.
T TIiS IA >11 LRA , advertised some weeks since to
have been drawn on die 13l1i instant, has been prot*
poned by the Managers, to the 21st of September next,
at which time it will positively be drawn.
NEW-YORK CONSOLIDATED LOTTERY,
Extra Class No. IS, for
£HXXiXcIAST? gcnunvrq
36 Number Lottery—by Ternary PernuUalimi—g dreisr.
Ballots.
\ or
11 * 40,000.
00,000,
1
1
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1
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12 PRIZES OF 51,600
12 do. “ 500
21 do. “ 300
60 do. “ 200
b«
£0.000*
10,000.
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ISO PRIZES OF JSO
180 do. “ 50
2,340 do. “ 3d
15,660 ao» l * 16
PRICE or TICKETS,
draw half
any of the Capitals—Each package contains 12 Ticket;,
or share?.
PACKAGES of wholes $1S2 d
do _ do halves i*6 j Which are warranted
do do quarters 48 f to draw haifi
do do eights 24 J
Adventurers, who wish to invest in the above rep.’erri'd j
Scheme, w ill do w-ell to send their orde» soon,"as 'he
Tickets will l>e very scarce towards the time of draw ing.
Orders enclosing cash or prize tickets, (in any Loua y/
will be promptly attended to, if addressed to
ft H. COSNARD, Augusta, Ga.
N. B—A printed Scheme, explanatory cf this- Lotte
ry, will lie sent to each adventurer, with the ticket or tick
ets ordered. July 28 3 ;f
^plEORGIA, HENRY COUNTY. Whereas
Marian Terrill applies to me for letters of Admire-
i st ration, with the will annexed, cn the estate of Jot a
Terr ill, deceased:
These are therefore to cite and admonish all and singu
lar the kindred and creditors of said deceased, to be and
apneor at my office, within the time prescribed by law,
to shew cause, if any they have, why said letters shqul'l -
not be granted. Given under my hand tliis 16th August
1831. GUY W. SMITH, c. c. c.
August 25 7 7t
\
C GEORGIA, WARE COUNTY.—'Whereas1 :>
lislia Wilkinson, applies to me for letters of Ad- >
ministration on the estate Anna Sauls, late of said coua- 1
ty, deceased :
These are therefore to cite and admonish all and sin- ,
gular, the kindred and creditors of said deceased, fo b* |
and appear at my office, within the time prescribed by ■
aw, to shew cause, if any they have, why said letter '.,
should not be granted. Given under my hand this 6fo
uav of August., 1331.
'7 it DAMP J. ttl c ‘ c - °*