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’V & REID, Proprietors.
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The Family Journal.—News—Politics—Literature—Agriculture—Domestic Affairs.
GEORGIA TELEGRAPH BUILDING.
.»• .• i
/ •» .*.
iBLISHED 1826.}
MACON, FRIDAY,
6, 1868.
TOL. XLII.--N0. 51.
, leather—.How it is AKade.
|,>- INTERESTING ACCOUNT.
Ante of the Chicago Republican.]
Lost Audemer, Sept. 10,1868.
of the leather by resting in the vats up to
four years, after which time there is no
further motive for letting it . remain, as it
has absorbed all it can contain of the
Yudemer is watered by no less properties of the ten. After coming out
ht little rivers, all of which unite | ° f . th , e va s > the leather is scraped, rolled,
dried and curried;. but all these are op
erations that have no influence on the du
rability of the leather, being simply mat
ters of ornamentation and finish. The
secret of
Ijiisle, within the limits of the town.
[>tle streams are carried zig-zag
the town, stopped here and
|j V locks, aud turned aside into
JsJ ditches, run through scores of
I wheels, carried one over the
|is acqueduets, and so generally
J sbout every street and alley, that
[•everybody in town can fish'out.of
aber window. It is impossible to
vue french tanneries.
a « is not lor the benefit of th
et-tomen that all these streams hav
flawed and brought to town. I
,tC tanneries. French leather is
jjjt in the world, beyond question,
lather of Pont Audemer is the best
•ince, and sells for from three to
ruts more per pound than any other.
tact is all the more worthy of atten-
for the reason that no remarkable
t proceeding or chemical process is
but the leather is simply tanned in
-x)d old way. Your correspondent
e the Republican, Radical, believes
e latest invention and the newest
,fprogress, hut for once be feels ob-
to change his colors, and these
i? reasons: Upon his feet at this
rat are a pair of boots, bought ten
ago at Pont Audemer at the cost
They have been worn constantly
since, and have done hard work, and
very long walks. Yet there is not
red spot, nor anything to indicate
tith prudent half-soling in the future
the past, they will not last for-
They are made of calf, tanned ac-
j to the old-fashioned principles,
s, by all means, have some conserv-
in leather—the more the better,
tides used here come very largely
Buenos Ayres, the more so that the
ihy of the town is rather in the sole
eavy harness leathers than calf,
all comes largely from the United
l having been already tanned there,
it is tanned all over again, and
out the very best hoot leather in the
details of a great tanyard are hardly
able to see and recount as some
of pictures, or fantastic old
of castle or abbey; hut, after all,
>t so bad in the artistic point of
The long, low sheds, where the
is stored; the yard-stream, with
brown tan, almost red in the sun-
: the vats half-filled with inky-hlack
t; the little stream that bubbles
igh among the strangely shaped
|iugs, where, through open doors, are
the bare-armed workmen bending
their task, made up a picture which
sot lack in charm to the eye. T°
>se it is a different affair.
TAN-BARK.
commence at the beginning of the
ss, we first pay attention to the tan-
• It is, of course, oak bntit is not,
America, taken from large trees, for
simple reason that the larger the
the weaker the ten. ■ The bark is as-
*i according to the size or age of the
from which it is taken. The small-
•s very strong, and used for the very
viest sole leather, and saddle leather
ticularly. A coarser grade of bark
es for common cow hides, strop leath-
tc., and a still coarser for sheep, calf,
the light hides that are used for
®g glazed leathers. The way of
ling the bark is an item of more im-
Mce than it would seem at first
vht. The mills consist of a long
t;h in which to put the hark, and a
iber of perpendicular wooden beams,
h the machinery raise and let fall on
hark by means of an eccentric wheel,
beams are shod with an iron plate,
h terminates in a number of teeth
ides. The bark is thus half broken
half-chopped in pieces, and is not re
td so finely as in the ordinary iron
* but the inner portion of the hark,
the greater part of the tannin
educed to apowder almost impalpable,
hat the solution of the salt it contains
atly facilitated. For heavy leath-
iis method of grinding is of prime
■irtance, giving advantages both in
“and quality of leather.
ihe french system of tanning.
°e hides are first thrown into a vat of
water, where they remain until the
h loosened, then they are taken out,
hair removed, and the hides put to
’ in the river to remove the lime.
this they are scraped and carried
a ts, where they are covered with“juice
M”—that is, water in which tan-bark
hec-n soaked until the solution is as
as possible. After three or four
the hides are again removed and
fi d, and put into vats, where the
'-tss is achieved. Here we find the
fcssential difference between the sys-
°f America and-the French. In
i tr ica, the hides are put into the vats
a good deal of water—here they are
'a and packed firmly in the vats, dry.
a, when the vat has been filled up
them with three or four reet of tan,
* feet of “juice of tan” is poured over,
enough io moisten the whole
e hides remain in these vats for at
11 six months—sometimes two or three
lfs --the longer the better. For first-
* leather, a year is required; but such
•* increase of value, of the hides, in
Wrtion to the time they rest in the
taafc they could not find a bettor
■tment for their money. Seven to
i* r cent, a year is added to the value
THE EXCELLENCE OF FRENCH LEATHER
is resumed in these three observations:—
1st Using strong tan, i. e. the bark of
young trees. 2d. Packing the leather in
the vats dry, and wetting the least possi-
time in the vats.
■ij town and go to the principal 3d. Letting the leather stay a long
without crossing at least two'* ' ‘
All along the edges of the
rs may be seen groups of washer-
|, at work from morning till night,
[seeling in a little wooden box, to
| r knees dry, and turning the lin-
Ljj washing on a smooth, flat stone,
fating it with a • wooden paddle.
Lg probably not a wash tub in all
NEW YORK CLERKS.
WHAT THEY ARE REQUIRED TO DO AND
HOW THEY LIVE.
The New York correspondent of the
Providence Press decribes the life of the
clerks in that city:
Some of the establishments have as
many as two hundred clerks in their em
ploy. They are expected to dress well, to
keep up with the fashions, so as to be in
keeping with the general style of things
about them. They must be at business
promptly at 8 o’clock in the morning, a
strict account being kept of any failure to
do so, which is reported by the head of the
department to the general manager. All
the day long they are kept on their feet,
under watchful eyes, and with a multitude
of details to attend to; and at noon they
must Furry out for a hasty lunch and be
back as scon as possible, flying the day
through until seven or eight o’clock at
night. Ia the busy season they are liable
to be worked until eleven or twelve o’clock
at night;: and in the dull season, which
comes on the city often enough, they are
just as liable to be discharged at a week’s
notice, even though they have heeu years
in the house, and been faithful in every
way.
It is a well-known fact that New York
merchants care nothing for the interests
of their clerks; and the largest andjmore
prosperous the house, the more anxious it
is to save a few dollars by cutting down
hands in dull times. The supply of clerks
is always so large that at the approach of
busy days they can easily fill up again.
With the exception of men who bring
trade, and are engaged by contract, no
clerk is sure of bis place beyond the pass
ing week. And for it all what salary is
received ? By careful search through all
branches of trade, it is found the average
is not over fifteen dollars a week, falling
in some, yes in many cases, far below that,
and rising, in a few exceptions, far above.
Thus the head book-keeper of a prominent
Broadway house gets a salary of thirteen
thousand dollars, while under him are no
less than six men, having the brunt of the
work to do, who are paid three dollars a
day. There are men in other houses who
enjoy princely incomes, because they have
drawn one of the prizes of trade; they
have a trade of their own, which bring in
large sums to their employer; they are
paid for their work with unstinted hand.
But all around them are men without this
special advantage, though competent, who
are barely getting a living.
Go into other lines of business. An
entry clerk in a great grocery, or produce,
or tea house, is thought well paid, for the
first few years at least, with five hundred
salary. He must be a crack penman, and
devote himself like a dray horse to busi
ness, even to retain the position, where, in
this overcrowded city, so many are eager
to get it. A young friend of mine worked
six years in one wealthy commission house,
giving night and day to the affairs, hop
ing each season, as lie saw" his services
were worth more than he was getting, that
the firm would raise his salary. At last
his efficient business quality attracted the
attention of a rival company, who offered
him a large advance. He announced his
intention of leaving his employer, who
then woke up to his value, and told him
he could not spare him, and wanted him
to name the salary he wished. And this
is a fair sample of the mercantile style in
New York.
The clerks in the banks are well paid,
well treated, and oftentimes are provided
with dinners free. In fact, some of Ihe
banks get up daily a luxurious dinner for
their clerks, serving it hot and nice in the
back parlor or other room provided for
the purpose. These fortunates also re
ceive a semi-yearly gift from the bank for
faithful service, ranging from fifty to three
hundred dollars. And, as might be sup
posed, there are five hundred applicants
for every vacancy that occurs.
Slivers of 'Wisdom.—Early impressions
are the most lasting. The fust kiss and the
fust licking cum under this bed.
Things lliat are writ for bread are apt tew
taste ov the emptings.
Reputashun iz a good deal like a bonfire,
yu have gut tew keep pileing on the shav
ings, if you don’t the flame will soon sub
dew.
Good wit iz eumthing like good luck, the
more soon and unexpected it iz, the better.
Them who make the most blow have the
least frasranse; it is jess so with the bolier-
bauk. '
The best edukasbun a man receives in this
life be gits just before he dize, and it mostly
consists in forgetting what be baz larnt be
fore.
The world looks with cold respeck upon
an ackt ov justiss, but heave up their hats at
a display ov mersy. Yet the one. is Jhe
strength ov virtue, while the other iz most
often its greatest weakness.
A mind that has more imaginasbun than
sense iz like a goose—fust rate tew fli down
bill.
1 dont think the world baz enny civiliza-
sbun tew 6pare, but i think she haz more than
she kan manage well.
Poetri, to be excellent, wants tew be like
natur, but about four times az big.
I have wated pashuntly for more. than
twenty-fire years for the millennial to com
mence—and jist look at butter fifty cents a
pound.—Jo*h Billing*.
A committee of conference, elected by the
several Democratic clubs of Charleston, S. C.,
have decided by a close vote that it is inex
pedient for the party to nominate a candidate
tor Mayor.
Dipsomania.
ANOTHER ESSAY FROM PABTON—WHY
NICE MEN DRINK—CAN DRUNKENNESS
BECURED?
From the Atlantic Monthly for OctoberJ
WHY DO MEN DRINK ?
Why do" so many persons of cultivated
intellects, wealth and position become in
ebriates? We are more than ever im
pressed to ask this question in all serious
ness, after studying the faces of the
eighty or ninety gentlemen assembled at
the Brigbampton Inebriate Asylum.
There we see representatives from ail the
learned professions, and the mercantile,
mechanical and agricultural interests of
the country from Maine to Florida. So
much intelligence and so muen refine
ment are seldom seen in. so small
an audience. There is everywhere ap
parent the ease and neglige of well bred
men. Some of them have : commanding
wealth, and once held high official sta
tions. What giant arm dragged them
down ? No man became suddenly a drunk
ard. Many of them pass a long season of
education in the primary schools of intem
perance. The first of these is the social,
moderate drinking family, which dwells
in mansions of sweetness, cherishes sympa
thies, dispenses charities, and indulges in
winning smiles and honied accents. Here
the taste is created and the habit confirm
ed. Men and women in high position who
can sip their glass of ale are primary
schools of intemperance. Drunkenness is
always the failure of an attempt to drink
moderately. The interchange of family
courtesies and hospitalities are frequently
schools of intemperance. All holiday
occasions, such as New Year’s and Christ
mas, birthdays, tin, silver, and golden
weddings, Dickens aud literary dinners,
club re-union3, etc., etc., are often schools
of intemperance. The graded schools of
intemperance are our billiard saloons,
tenpin alleys, and fashionable watering
places; the high schools of intemperance
from which the poor drunkard graduates
into the gutter or the grave are our hotel
bars, corner groggeries, and fashionable
“sample rooms.” Men drink because
they acquire the habit, and in the end
cannot control their appetite.
DIPSOMANIA.
The impulse to drink is now held to be
a malady, and the vice stands to it in the
relation of effect instead of cause. Dip
somania is from the Greek “dipso,” thirst
and “mania” madness, or eager desire.—
It denotes an insatiable craving for al-
choholic.drinks. In Germany men get
drunk on wine, and there they have the
term onamania, or wine madness. This
disease is specific and peculiar, uniform
in its symptoms and progress, and is es
sentially a form of nervous poisoning—a
toxocological result from the accumula
tion ofaTchohol in the system. Alchohol
acts on the nervous pulp of the brain,
and produces an exhaustion of the cere
bral and muscular functions. Ere long
it begins to poison- the gray matter of the
brain, so that every additional drop there
after brings it more and more into a pois
oned condition. Persons of nervous and
sanguine temperament and constitution,
and more readily men than women, are
apt to fall victims to this disease. The
number of dispomaniac men in the
United States is alarming. The poor
victim, from too long tampering with this
demon, loses entire command over his
will; has no power to resist the craving
for alchoholic stimuli, and is transformed
nto the involuntary slave of the insane
propensity. Physically he has a lament
ably broken down aspect; his limbs are
feeble and tremulous; visage pale, leaden
colored or sodden; eyes watery and lus
terless. In the manifestations of mind
and heart the change is still sadder and
more awful. As the habit of indulgence
continues, a process of mental deteriora
tion goes on; the chief aim t)f life is now
to obtain liquor, and the poison is swal
lowed, not socially and convivially, but
as a drug. The moral feelings become
more and more perverted, the intellect
weakened, and unless control is obtained
of the unfortunate, he goes on from bad
to worse, and ends his career either as a
homicide or a suicide, or he becomes
hopelessly insane.
CAN THE DRUNKARD BE CURED?
This is the question which the world
asks, and which it is anxious to have an
swered. In most instances he can be.
The experiment is now being tried at
Binghampton and Ward’s Island. The
Washingtonian Home, at Boston, has
had from, two'to three hundred casta an
nually under treatment. What lasting
benefits the confirmed inebriates there
treated have receieved, it is impossible in
the absence of data, to say. Usually, pa
tients do not stay long enough at these
institutions. They seldom go to the asy
lum quite voluntarily, and they make it
a point to leave them as soon as they can
get away. In a few months abstinence
from drink, judicious medical treatment,
good diet, pure air, exercise, occupation
and amusement, so improve the physical
condition, that before a radical change
has been effected the patient demands to
be released. Years, rather than months
of control are necessary to effect a per
manent cure. The fundamental basis of
all hopefiil treatment must lie in the pa
tient’s own desire to get well. The appe
tite ior liquor cannot be removed from
the patient, and there is no specific which
will prevent a further indulgence. A. pa
tient can remain in Binghampton a doz
en years, and entirely recover from the
effects which. all previous alchoholic
drinks had produced upon him; in Bhort,
be as healthy, physically, as men usually
axe, and yet, if he sochoses, uponleaying,
there is nothing to hinder his patronizing
the first dram shop which lita in his path.
A man may be considered cured when
he has a will strong enough to controlhis
desires, and practices total abstinence.
All the hygienic treatment and drugs in
the world will not prevent him from
drinking, although a dear head and
healthy body are great helps to that end.
If a man returns to his cup after treat
ment at Binghampton or Ward’s Island,
he does so knowingly, and no, one but
THE HOME OF WEBSTER.
THE MANSFIELD OF TO-DAY—CHANGES
SINCE THE DEATH OF WEBSTER, IN 1852.
From the New York World.] jic
Mansfield, Mass., Sept. 18.—Sixteen
years ago the next month, the stetfsmjin
of Mansfield departed this life, a»d was
buried in the oldest burial place in this,
town, within a quarter of a milt 1 of his
mansion. The natural scene he^e to-dav
is almost entirely what it was onSabbath
morning, October, 1852, when Hr. Web
ster died. There is to the eastward the
same magnificent ocean, in. full view; the
hills around are the same; the hone farm,
or that belonging to his late residmee, is
nearly the same; the mansion Is un
changed, externally and internally; the
parlors, library and chamber where “the
Defender of the Constitution” died, are
quite unchanged, the furniture, books,
etc., remaining just as when he left them.
It has been said that those who would see
Niagara Falls as they are, and have been,
must go there soon, as the Falls are chang
ing, and likely to change more and more.
So those who would see the home of Web
ster as it is, and was, must hurry hither
soon, as important changes are ukely to
occur here at no distant day.
The changes that have occurred on the
Webster farm, and in the family since his
death are the following: His last surviv
ing child, Col. Fletcher Webster died
while leading on his regiment at the bat
tle of Malvern Hill, in our late civil con
flict. His grand-child, Daniel Webster,
a son of «ol. Fletcher, has also died.
As to the farm, containing nearly 2000
acres when he departed hence, all has
been sold, excepting’some 300 acres, chiel-
ly in the neighborhood of his house. The
garden is much changed, a considerable
portion of it having grown up to grass.
The beautiful summer-house to the east of
the garden on a woody eminence, has gone
to decay. The magnificant elm, whose
lower branches touch the ground all
around it, is only looking so many years
older. The wire fence on the highwaj
has given place to a wooden one. Tht
barn and surrounding out-buildings, tha:
were burned a few years ago, have beef
replaced, chiefly by new ones. A feu
sheds, etc., are being erected this season
The present Webster farm is a large anc
good one. The buildings are spacious
well arranged and in good repair. Stand
ing remote from the public road, and
reached by a fascinating private avenue:
it has more the appearance of the home
of some English lord, or gentleman, thaa
any often seen in this country. This
place is now the home of Mrs. Fletcher
Webster and her two children, Ashburton
and Caroline.
Perhaps, 1000 visitors bavc^a^ed
through the house the present season, pay
ing a fee to the guide for the satisfaction
they have received, and probably as many
more have been content to visit the
[rounds without entering the mansion,
n some past seasons, especially during
those immediately following that in which
Mr. Webster died, the visitors were far
more numerous.
Hygienic Heresies.
From Hall’s Journal of Health.]
First—To think that the more a man eats
the fatter and stronger he will become.
Second—To believe that the more hours
children study at school the taster they learn.
Third—To conclude that if exercise is
good for the health, the more violent and ex
hausting it is ihe more good is done
Fourth—To imagine that every hour taken
from sleep is an hour gained.
Fifth—To act on the presumptionithat the
smallest room in the house is large ctough to
sleep in.
Sixth—To argue that whatever'remedy
causes one to feel immediately betteris “good
for” the system, without regard to more ul
terior effectB. The “soothing syrup,” for ex
ample, does not stop the cough of children,
and doe3 arrest diarrhea, only to cause, a lit
tle later, alarming convulsions, or the more
fatal iefiamation of the brain, or water on the
brain, at least, always portraits the disease.
Seventh—To commit an act which is felt
in itself to be prejudicial, hoping that some
how or other it may be done in your case
with impunity.
Eighth —To advise another to take a rem
edy which you have not tried on yourself, or
without makiug special inquiry vhether all
the conditions are alike.
Ninth—To eat without anappeiite, or con
tinue to eat after it has been satiated, merely
to gratify the taste.
Tenth—To eat a hearty supper for the
pleasure experienced during the brief time it
is passing down the throat, at the expense of
a whole night of disturbed sleep, and a weary
waking in the morniug.
Eleventh—to remove a portion of the
clothing immediately after exercise, when
the most stupid drayman in New York
knows that if he does'uot put cover on his
horse the moment he ceases work in winter,
he will lose him in a few days by pneumonia.
Twelfth—To contend that because the dirt
iest children in the street, or on the high
way, are hearty and healthy, therefore it is
healthy to be dirty, forgetting that continu
ous daily exposure to the pure put-door air
in joyous, unrestrained activities, is such a
powerful agency fot health, that those who
live thus are well, in spite < f rags and filth.
Thirteenth—To presume to repeat later in
life, without Injury, the indiscretions, expos
ures and intemperances which in the flush of
youth were practiced with impunity.
Fourteenth—To believe that warm air is
necessarily impure, or that pure, cold air is
necessarily more healthy than the confined
air of close and crowded vehicles; tbei latter,
at the most, can only canse fainting and nau
sea, while entering a conveyance after walk
ing briskly, lowering a window, liras while
still exposed to a draft will give a cold in
fallibly, or an attack of pleurisy or pneumo
nia. which will cause weeks and months of
suffering, if not actual death, within four
days.
"Fifteenth—To “remeipber the Sabbath
day” by working harder and later on Satur
day than on any other day in the week, with
a view to sleep late next morning, and stay
ing at home all day to rest, conscience beiug
quieted by the plea of not feeling very welt
It is said that a poor German mechanic of
New York has just invented a sounding-
board which solves the long-sought problem
of the prolongation of sonnd in the piano.
The invention is a very important topic of
discussion among piano-makers; and If the
report is true, and tbcsouhding-board should
prove to be what it is Claimed to be, the in
ventor's fortune i4 made, aud the piano be
comes at once the most perfect of all musical
THE 8XS&B AND BCXSXffCXS.
Commodore M.F. Maury, in the course
of his address on the occasion of 'his re
cent-installation as . Professor of Physics
in the Virginia Military Institute,
addressing the young gentlemen of the
Institute, alluded as follows to the Bible
and Science:
Strive in all things and at all times to
be right-minded, and as you are conduct
ed along those beautiful walks in the
fields of physical research, which modem
investigation has made so lovely and in
structive, guard against the seductive ar
gument of those authors who delight to
point out what they call contradictions to
the Bible.
My dear young friends, always remem
ber that the author of that Book is na
ture’s God; that the revelations of science
and the statements of the Bible are both
true, and that truth cannot contradict
itself.
Now, when you fancy you discover, as
many say they do, discrepancies between
science and the Bible, be not fast, as
Colenso and others have been to pro
nounce the Bible wrong. Keep from pre
sumptuous sins, and be firm in the belief
ibat the Bible is true—that science is true,
tnd that if there be apparent discrepancy
letween these two records, it is not the
fault of either, but of yourself, their inter
preter. The records are right, but their
interpretation has, on many occasions
been wrong.
Science is progressive, and for its
healtiful advancement speculation is of
ten necessary. The boldness of such spec-
ulatidn, uttered in the shape of hypothe
ses, has sometimes startled the world,
and needlessly disturbed the minds of
Christian people. Sometimes the reading
of the Bible has been wrong, and some
times of the volume of nature, but in the
end the dark sayings of each have been
found to throw light on the other. Gal-
lileo, in advance of his time, maintained
that the earth turns on its axis, and
"What are the reasons for these assump
tions? Chemistry tells us that all the
matter of which this earth consists—the
rocks, the metals and the mountains—is
made from sixty-one or sixty-two simple
substances; that the greater part of all
the solid matter in the world is gaseous;
that one-half of the earth’s crust consists
of oxygen alone, and that all the water in
the sea is composed of but two gases, and
nothing else, and that all the other sub
stances known upon the earth may, by
heat, be either volatilized or converted
into fumes and vapors, as rare, light and
attenuated as the gases themselves. With
such materials, which the Frenchman
called nebulous, he, with his theory, filled
the planetary spaces. That this assump
tion may receive from you its due weight,
it is necessary to state that we have re
cently discovered, and can now prove al
most that the nebula) are of just such ma
terials at this hypothesis calls for.
As this chaotic mass of matter began—
so runs the hypothesis—to radiate off its
heat, (for the assumption is, and it is sup
ported by many analogies) that the cen
tre of our planet is still in an incandescent
state—as, therefore, this chaotic and high
ly heated mass began to radiate off its heat
and to cool, it began to contract, and thus
motion was general from that motion, the
hypothesis derives the primum mobile or
the power which first gave the planets the
motion in their orbits.
Such in . brief, are the assumptions of
Laplace, and, being granted, the rest is
philosophical deduction. Newton’s laws
took no notice of the great first cause that
sent the planets wheeling round the sun
in their peculiar orbits, and set them all
revolving and rotating in the same direc
tion on their axes; nor did his laws at
tempt to account for the satelites and
rings which attend some of the planets.
In going beyond gravity and grappling
with first causes and prmium mobile, the
Frenchman stalked forth into dark re
gions and traveled proudly upon grounds
which the Englishman, as great and as gi
gantic was his intellect,had not ventured to
essay. To explain the nebulae hypothesis
upon the basis of these assumptions, let
us avail ourselves of familiar instances for
illustration. You have observed, "while
driving fast along a muddy road, that the
carriage wheels throw the tnud, not
straight off from the carriage to the side
of the road, butforward andnearly iritbe
place in which the wheels turn. If you
will watch the larger pieces of mud close
ly you will discover that they have a ro
tary motion, like the wheel; and in' the
same direction. Bearing in mind this,
homely illustration, let us return to the
original nebulous mass. It is highly
heated and easier of attraction by being
globular in form. Consider it to be at rest
and the process of cooling to have com
menced, and see when it takes place. The
cooling is from the outside, the condensing
is consequently on the outside—wherefore
a movement commences from the circum
ference towards the centre and because it
is from the circumference towards the cen
tre, it is a rotary motion. .
It is such a motion as we see in the
whirlwind on land and in the whirlpool
in the water. This begets a revolving
motion either to the right or to the left,
and in the nebula) of the solar system, it
was from the right to the left. Thus the
nebulous mass was set in motion.
As it continued to cool and contract,
the outer particles continued, to flow in
ward, and, as in all revolving bodies, the
particles at the circumference travel faster
than the particles near the centre—these
in-rushing particles carried their moment
um from the circumference to the centre,
impressed it there, and gradually accel
erated the revolving motion to such an
extent that the centrifugal force at the
circumference became greater than the
centripedal, and so a lamp or a ring was
thrown off, first one and then another;
for, as the nebulous mass continued to
cool and contract, its velocity of rotation
bontinued to increase, and so, first the
matter tor Neptune and his satellites;
then for'Urams, then tor Saturn and his
rings, was thrown off all in and near the
plane in which the great central mass
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These fragments were not thrown off in
the solid state, but as liquid or gaseous
matter; for we know that Saturn, Jupiter,
Mars and the earth areairspheroids, and
of such shape as a mass of matter only in
the fluid condition revolving about its
own axis could assume, and we know that
the interior of the earth is still in a fluid
state, which is quite consistent with the
idea that the whole was once fluid, .
Saturn is still in the sky with his rings
to attest this mode of sloughing off matter;
nor is the sun altogether without them.
These rings—so holds the theory—were
afterwards broken up into one or. more
planets with or without moons—with or
without rings; all of which continued to
move nearly in the same plane, and to "ro
tate on their axis; they revolve, every
one with the exception already mentioned,
in the same direction around their prima
ries.- •
The stream of the asteroid, between
Mars and Jupiter .now stand out under
this grand and sublime hypothesis, not as
fragments of a broken planet, but as
peices of a severed ring. >
The November and August meteors
constitute a ring. The zodiacal light is al
so a ring, and some of the most remarka
ble nebula) in the sky are rings. Striking
analogies are afforded by some of them
in favor of Laplace’s .hypothesis, as the
nebulae in Canes Venatici with its central
agglomeration, its rings and planetary
nebulous mass in the distance.
Then again, in Leo,Lord Boss’ telescope
reveals nebulae that make still more plausi
ble the great Frenchman’s hypothesis.
In other parts of the sky, and as if to.
show that nebulae do grow into stars and
suns, that monster telescope has picked
up planetary nebulae that are apparently
stars in process of formation.
But Saturn presents the most grand and
stricking example of all, though we find
in the heavens nebulae of more fantastic
forms and curious shapes than Saturn with
his rings and moons.
“Mother Church” in those days was of
fended. She pronounced the doctrine a
damnable heresy, and required him to
renounce it. As he signed the recanta
tion and turned away, he muttered:
“Yea, remember, but it turns for all that.”
So, too with* the Nebulae hypothesis,
about winch you are yet to learn, but
which some good meu have been disposed
to regard as a modern heresy, because of
its author. Recent discovery and scien
tific investigation are now presenting it
in a new light, without in the least dis
turbing any religious belief whatever.
First, hypothesis, then theory, then
demonstration—these are the steps by
which the science of astronomy has reach
ed its present advanced state. At first,
the hypothesis was that the earth was the
center of the universe; that it stood still,
and that the Heavens rolled aroundit from
East to West. But discovery and re
search soon convinced astronomers that
this theory wa3 not consistent with the re
sults of observation. Then, the theory
was that the heavens stood still, and that
the earth turned around daily on its ax
is from West to East, and anually, in
orhitual revolution, round the sun. Ob
servation and research furnished data by
which the truth of this theory, as far as
it goes, was demonstrated. Finally, it
was discovered that the sun is moving
through space with the velocity of cannon
balls, carrying in its train the earth, and
the whole retinue of planets, asteroids and
statellites, and so hypothesis was brought
to the dignity of theory, which,reconciles
all the known facts of the case.
Though we may not claim that the
Nebulae hypothesis has, as yet, attained
to the dignity of a theory, nevertheless
its plausibility appears to be suchj as to
bring it within the range of probability,
and, therefore, it may or may not have
truth for its corner-stone.
The Nebulae hypothesis is the concep
tion of a great French geometer named
Laplace. This hypothesis is more pro
found in its reach than Newton’s Jaws,
for the Englishman with his beautiful,
theory of gravitation, only dealt with the
heavenly bodies as he. found them. The
Frenchman, soaring beyond that, attempt
ed to deal with them from “ the begin
ning,” to comprehend chaos, and to show
how, when the earth was without form
and void, the various physical processes
took place by which the inorganic mat
ters of the Universe was condensed into
sums, aggregated into plannets, thrown
off and converted into statelites, sent
wheeling on their orbits about the sun,
and the turning on their axis. In com
paring these two philosophers, I speak
of their intellects, not of their characters.
You know how all the planets revolve
in the same direction, how theygo round
the sun in-a direction opposite to the
hands of a watch, and have their orbits
nearly in the plane of the sun’s equator;
that they also rotate on their axis in
the same direction, and that, with the
single exception, perhaps, of the two
outside, and most distant planets, all
their moons do the same. They, could
not move as they do by any chance, for
there is no chance in nature, neither in
the heavens, nor in the earth; moreover,
according to the doctrine of chances, the
odds are millions and millions to one
against such an arrangement as that we
actually behold among the planets as
they move in their orbits.
It is assumed as our point of departure,
that this arrangement in the planetary
world must be according to design, ana
inobedience to law. Upon other assump
tions equally plausible, its author found
ed his hypothesis, and then proceeded by
analogy and illustration to develop it,
and that with a degree of probability,
which, if it do not carry conviction to our
minds, must at least challenge our re
spect and admiration. It assumes that
“in the beginning” the earth, sun _ and
moon, with all their planets, were in a
gaseous state; that when this was the
case, the planetary spaces were filled by
this rare and attenuated matter.
Aw old covered flume to the cotton mill at
Middle borough Four Corners, MaSi.,WM re
cently opened, and 1,040 eel* Were tonnd to
it," averaging two pounds each. The largest
weighed 8 1-3. pound*. *’
The Qreen Vault* ofDreadasu
Correspondence of the Philadelphia Bulletin.]
The Royal palace at Dresden is tha
most ungainly pile of heavy architecture
in Europe. Yet it has great attractions
to the lovers of art in the frescoes in
the throne-room by Bendemann; and in
the ball-room are some very fine paint
ings, the subjects principally from " the
mythology and lives of the ancient
Greeks. On the ground floor is a range
of apartments called the Green Vaults,
from the color of the hangings with which
the chambers were originally decorated.
In these Green Vaults are eueh treasures
of wealth that one feels in walking through
them as: if he only possessed the ring of
Aladdin, and some slight mischaneemight
cause the magnificent sight to be instantly
dispelled. Before the discovery of Amer
ica the Freiburg silver mines were the
source of. the great wealth of the Saxon
Princes. Although the Saxon King is
now the poorest in all Europe, in the
very walls of his palace are treasures and
costly objects more gorgeous and dazzling
than any other monarch possesses, hand
ed down from reign to reign since the
time of August the Strong, in 1724
There are exquisite carvings in the
precious metals. One is an. equestrian
statue of Charles the II of England, in
the character of St. George, cut out of a
piece of solid cast iron. In this same-
room are bronzes of rare workmanship,one
a crucifix by John of Bologna. In the
ivory room are several wonderful pieces
of carving. One is a cup carved out of'
a single piece of ivory, only sixteen inch
es high, on which are one hundred and
forty-two figures, illustrating the stoty of
the foolish virgins, the fall of Lucifer
and the wicked angels. Each face is a
distinct portrait, aud it is said to have
taken several years to accomplish the ;
work. In the third room are Florentine
mosaics, objects in amber, paintings in.
enamel, and engraved shells, and ostrich.-.
eggs carved and ornamented with jewels
and rare gildings. In' the fourth room
are the gold and silver plate that adorned
the banquetting tables of the Saxon pal
ace in the olden times. Each goblet and;
dish is a wonder of costliness and inge
nious art. The fifth room glitters with/
vessels formed of the half precious stones,.
Lapis-lazuli, chalcedony, agates, and rock
crystal, as well as two goblets formed of"
antique gems, each valued at six thou
sand dollars. A most curious collection
of characture figures of men and animals
made of single pearls are found in th»
sixth room. The largest pearl. in tha>
world, a pearl the size of a hen’s egg, cut
into the famous court dwarf of the King .
of Spain, is one of these.royal toys. In
the seventh are the suits of armor, stud
ded with diamond and gems of every de
scription, some of the regalia being liter
ally made of diamonds, rubies, emeralds*
saphires and, pearls. In the last and
eighth apartment are treasures that years,
of labor and mines of wealth furnished
the most splendid gifts for kings and
princess. One trinket cost $58,400, and
employed an artist eight years in making
it. After all, it is only a toy, represent
ing the court of the Great Mogul, the
Emperor Aureneebe, seated on his throne,
surrounded by his guards and courtiers,
in the costume described by Travenir, the
expression of each -of the hundred and
thirty-two figures in pure gold, enamelled,
being distinct and excellent. The tent,
throne, steps, terraces of the ground, are
al! gold, the whole standing on a pedes
tal about two feet in diameter. Dinglin-'
ger, the court jeweler at Dresden,
the artisan, who was twenty years em
ployed in similar beautiful, but useless
work. In the room where these articles
are displayed, such masses of diamonds,
the largest in the world, the famous black
diamond, the largest sardonyx known,
six and one-half inches long, and four and,
a quarter broad; sapphirea, the largest,
a gift from Peter the" Great, and Martin
Luther’s two rings, a mass.of solid silver
from the Friehurg .mines, and the Sax
on Regalia, of which the buttons, col
lar, sword-hilt and scabbard are all of
diamonds; the green diamond, or bril-
liant, weighing one hundred and sixty
grains is among them. The only time
. when these treasures are used is when at
courts, the King, Queen, two Princes and
their Spanish and Portugese wives, array
themselves in jewels from head to foot,
and glitter like the fairy, queens who fig
ured years and year* ago.”
A Hundred Years in Prison.—A cap
tain housebreaker was condemned, in the
latter part of the last century, In Fraace,
and under peculiar circumstances, to a hun
dred years in the galleys, and strange to re
late, this man recently made his appearance,
in bis own native province, at the advanced
age of 120 years, he being about twenty
years of age when the sentence which, con
demned him to such a dreadful punishment,
waa passed. It is difficult to conceive what
the fueling must have been with which he re-.
turned, ,&b. soon as emancipated from the
shackles which had enthralled bkn.foraces-
tury, to breathe once more the cherished ain
of the scene of his infancy. Bpurg, in the
department of Ain, waa his native home, but
time had so changed the aspect of the whole,
that he recognized it only oy the church or
Bron,which was the only thing.which bad un
dergone no alteration. He had triumphed
over laws, bondage, man, time, everything.
Not a relation had he left Not a single be-
ing could be bail in acquaintance, yet be was
not without experiencing the hofeage end ^,
the respect the French pay old age. For him
self, be had forgottoa everything connected
with his early youth;, even all recollection of
the crime for which, be bad suffered waaloet,
or, if at all remembered, it was a dreary vis
ion, confounded with a thousand other dreary,
virions, of days long goaa by. His family
and connections, for several generations, aU -
dead, blunette living proof of the clemency
of Heaven and the severity of man, regretting ■
perhaps the very irons which had been fa
miliar to him, sad half wishing himaelf
again among the wretched end suffering e-
ings with whom his fate bed been to long
associated. Well might he be called the pa
triarch of burgiert.
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Four years’ labor at the Ante*’ World, *■
Chicopee, has at last brought to completion *
the brotoa capital doors, wkl thoy aro aoea *
to bopKfcedfor tremtportsttoe'toWeshtaw.
too. TheUM* bribe oseti** Md fliAAtewlt,'
stated at from $40,000 * non . ^
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