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kI’AREWELL ADDRESS OF GE.NERAL
* Andrew Jacksos:
To the People of the I nltcd States.
* Fsldow-Citi2exs :
I Being about to retire iimtlly from public life, 1
I beg leave to uIRt you my gnudiil thanks lot
r the many proofs of kindness and confident v
| which L have received at your hands. It has
I been my famine, in the discharge of public du
’ ties, civil and military, frequently to have found
p myself in difficult and trying situations, w here
> ironipt decision and energetic action were ne
ve«*nry, and where the interest of the cotintn
required that high responsibilities should be feat-
Ittssly encountered : and it is with the deepest
emotions of gratitude, that I acknowledge the
continued and unbroken confident e w ith w hich
youh.no sustained me in every trial. My pub
lic I ifu has been along one, and I cannot hope
that it has, at al! times, been free from errors.
Bai I have tl te consolation ot knowing' tii.it, it ;
inntakes have been committed, they have not
,/mriously injured the countr. 1 so anxiously en
r deavnred to serve ; and, at tiie moment vv n 1
surrender my last public trust, I tease this gr. at
people prosperous and happy ; in the full en
joyment of liberty and peace ; and honored and
and respected by every nation of the world.
If my humble eli'orts have in any degree,
contributed to preserve to jou these blessings,
I have been more than rewarded by the honors '
you have heajH-d upon tm* ; and, above all, bv
the generous confidence w ith vv.'iiih you have
supported me in every peril, and vvillr which
yaa have continued to animate and cheer mv ,
path to the closing hour of my political life. The
time has now come, when advanced tige, an.' a
broken frame warn me to retire i'.oin public
concerns; bitt the recollection of the favors von
have bostowed upon me, is engiaved up in mv
heart,an I’l have feltth.it 1 coni I not put from
vour service without making this public ac
knowledgement of the gratitude that I ewe you.
And if I use the occasion to olli r to yon the
counsels of age and experience, you will, I trust,
receive them with the s unc i ; fulgent kindness
which you have so often extended to me; and
will, at least, sec in them an earnest desire t.>
perpotuate, in th s favored land, the blessings of
liberty and equal Ir.v. *.,.
We have now lived almost fifty years under
the Constitution framed by the sages of the Re
volution. Imi Condicts in w ii.« h the nations of
Europe were engaged durma a gtcal part of
this period ; th? spirit in winciitluv waged war
against each other; an I oui* intimate commer
cial connexions w ith eve.y part ol the civilized
world rendered it a time ol mu h dtfiicultv tor
the Government of the United States. ' We '
have had our seasons of peace and of war, w ith
all the evils which precede or follow a state
of hostility with powerful nations. We encoun
tered these trials with our constitution vet io its
infancy, and under the- disadvantages which a
■ow and untried government iinis/alwiivs feel
when it is called upon to put forth its mc.ismes.
But wo have passed triuniphandy liuonji all
tlwse difficulties. Our coiistiinuou is no longet
a doubtful experiment; am:, at Hie end of n. al -
ly half a century, we find that i; has preserved
unimpaired, the liberties oi the p<oph , secured
the rights of property, ana that our comitrv has’
iinproven, and is flourishing beyond auv fo'imer
example in the history of naiii’ns.
In our domestic concerns there is everv thing
to encourage us ; and ii you are true to’vm::-
selvcs, nothing can imj e'ue* your march to iim
highest point ufn e.iouai pr./.-p; i i.;.. the Slates .
■which had so long been retardeu in their im
provement, by die Indian tribes residing in the
■midst of them, are at le.gih relieved irom lite
evil; and this unhappy race —me original:
>tdw-e!lers in our hind—are now placed in .isiui
ation where we may well hope that they will'
slai.e in tho blessings ol civ liiviitioii, and be ,
saved from that degradation and destruction to
which they were rapidly hastening while thev
remained tn the States , and while tho saf. tv
and comfort of ourown citizens have been great
ly promoted by their removal, lint phiiaiitlir. -
pint will rejoice tb it lite ream mt ofth.it di fated
race has been al length placed beyoti l th • reach ’
■ofrtjury or oppression, and that’ the paternal'
mtaeof the General Government will bcreaiter
watch over them and protect then’.
Ii wo turn to our relations w uh foreign posiTs
wo find our condition equally gralifvitm. Ac
tuated by lite sincere de-in: to do justice to eve
ry nation, and to preserve th ; bl*, ssitigsoi peace ■
our intercourse with them has been "conducted
war he part of this Government in the spirit ot ,
frar.ktiess, and I take pleasure in saving, tlrit it
ban-. generally been met in a corresponding tent- :
par Difficulties oi old stamliim Lave been stir—
mm.intedby friendly discus .ion, and the mutual |
deiire to be just; and the claims of our citizens, I
which Imd been long withheld, have at b ir th i
iMK.n acknowledged and adjusted, and saii.dac
twry arrangements nude for'tbiir fim;l pav nteiit;
and with a limited, and, I trust, a temoorarv ex
eqption, our relations with every foreign po—er >
ami now ol the most Iricndlv character—our j
commerce continually expanding, and our flag
respected in every quarter of the wot Id.
These cheering and grateful prospects, and '
those intihijilied favors, vve owe, under Provi
dence, to the ad iption oi’the I rd rii Consti'.u
tien. It is no longer a question whether this
great country can iTinuj h<i*»|)ii\ iniiiud, and
liourish under our present firm of Government.
Experience, the unerring test of all inimatt tin- j
dertakings has shown the wisdom and foresight
of those who f irmed it; ami for the brightest
hopes of freedom, and for lite happiness of the
people. At every linzird.and bv every sacri
fice this Union must be preserved.
The necessity of watching wi;lt jealous anxie
ty for the preservation ot the ( iiion, was ear
nestly pressed upon his feilow-citizens by the
Father of his country, in hi ; farewell address.
He has there told lis, th it “ white < x trriem-e
•hill not have deni-HBtiaieil its pructicabiiitv,
there will always be reason to distrust the pairi
otism of those who in tiny q : irter, tn iv < nd.*.i
vorto weaken its bomL and lie has cautioned
n« in the strongest terms, the formation
«f parties, o t geographic il <l:s<; iminatimis, as
ons of the means which might disturb our iciion,
•nd to which designing men would be likely to
reunrt.
The lessons contained in this invaLnible le
gacy of Washington to his r.oimn vnn'ii, should
be cherished in the heart of i s erv citizen to the
fitcst generation ; and p;:rh ips, at tio period ol
time could they be more usefully remembered
than at the present moment, lot when we
look upon the seem s that, are passing around
us, and dwell upon the paces ot'his pat ling ad
dress, his pitermd counsels would seem to be
not merely the offspring of wisdom and fozi.'sighl
but the voire ofprophecy fondling events ami
warning us ol the evils to come. Forty vein s
have passed since this impel i-Lalde dm ument
B*' 1 n to his countrymen. Ihe i edetal
Constitution was then regard; d bv him a, an ex
periment, and he so .[te iks of it 'io hi, aldi;*.-;
hut an expetiment ( ip oll ([„. , ol'whiib
the best hop'*s ofliis count: v d< peml.aml we ail
know that lie was prepar; d to lav down hi, lit;.,
if necessary, to'seciin it a full 'and fair trial.
Fite trial has fie; n made, ft has succeeded be
yond the proudest of tlm-e who ft tut.rd it. Ev
ery quarter of this v. id; ly < xt; tided nation has
fell its files,in 2 s, ami shat; din tin* gem-tal pro*.
perity ’produced by its adoption. But amid this
general prosperity and splendid su. the Han
gers of which lie warned ih, ar<* be;mining t very
day more evident, and the signsofci i| are
eiently apparent to awaken the deepest anxiety
in the bosom ofthe patriot. We behold syste
matic efforts publicly rnadeto sow the seeds of
discord between different parts of tlm linited
States, and to place party divisions direct! v up
on geographical dis; inc Hons ; to ext i.e i l.e south
i against ti.e north. tu.d the north against the
south) and lotce into the controversv tl.e most ■
ileln a't ami exciting topics;—topics nponwhieh ■
it is impossible that a large portionol the ' iiion
ian evei speak without sltong emotion. Ap
peals too, are cotistamlv mnde tosectmmil inter
ests, in mder to infltietne the election ot the:
; Cliiel Magistrate, as if it were dcstrt d that l.e
should lav or a pai tictilar quarter of the comitrv
instead of iiiltiltnig the duties of his station with !
impartial justice to ail; and the possible dis
sclution ol tl.e l n.cn, has al length In come an
onlinary and familiar subject of discussion. Has
lhe warning voice of Washington been forgot
ten I or have designs already been fotiiM d to
sever lhe Union ! Let it not be supposed that I
impute to all luose jvv ho have taken an active
, part in the-e unwise and unprofitable discussions i
i want of patriotism or of public virtue. The i
honorable feeling oi' State pride, and local at
tachments, find a place in the bosoms of the
most enlightened ami pure. But while stub,
' men vre conscious ol' their own integrity and ;
honesty of purpose they ought nevet to forget ;
that the citizens of other States are their own j
: political brethren; and that, however mistaken j
they may he in their views, the'gii al body of
■ tiieni are equally honest and uprignt with them- i
' selves. .Mutual suspicions and reproaches may i
in time create mutual hestililv, and nrit'ulandj
designing men will always he found, vv ho are j
ready to foment these fatal divisions, and to [
ini’ame the natural jealousies ol dilferent sec- ■
1 lions of the country. The history of tho world '
' is full of such examples, and especial!} the!
history ot' republics.
\\ hat have you to ;;aiu by <liv i>ion nml dissen- I
' tion ! Delude net course.ves wilhthe belief that
. a breach once made may he f.t'ti t wards repaired.
Il’ the I'uitiu is once >ev end the hue of s p-tra
t’mn wilt grow w iiltw ami n ider. and die contro
versies vvhuh are now ileltatcd am! settled in th"
halls ot h g:-l.ititin. will then be t'ied in the fields
'of battle, ami determined by the sword. Neither'
should you deceive yoitrselvet wiih the hope, that j
the first Im? of separation would be lhe pertnanent
one. ami ihat iiotliinj; I t:t harmony and concord 1
would l.e tumid in the new associations forme,| I
ttpon the dissoliilion of this I’liimi Local it;', r I
; t sis w ov.ld s;i!l be i'mimi there, and ttnclmstened
, amid t. ii. .And it the recollection ot common |
dinger.-, in wlm't the people of these ( iiit-t! I
."tates stood side l.y side against t!:ccommon foe ; 1
the memo: y ot vi.-tor:es won by their united v nior: i
the p.o-piiify ami Imppimss they have enjoyed j
. t:m:er lite present consiitutien ; tin, moml name
they bare as citizens el' this great republic; if ali
these rccohectirits and proofs of c, mmon in'errst
: are not strong enough to bind ns together as one i
people, vv hat tic will miitcd the lew divi-ions ‘
of empire, when these bonds have been broken
and this t'mon ili-severed ! The first line of sep- :
siratimi would not last for a sinple ireneration : '
new fragments would 1"> torn off; new letidrrs '
w on'd si>ting ti]>: and this great ami glorious re
public would soon l>e broken into a mtthitmlc ofi
petty Simes, vvilhont comin.'-rce. witlmnt cro-iit; '
, jealous o: one aumh -r ; armed for mulnel a?gres- I
sum : loaded with taxes to pay armies aw , lead- '
ers ; seeking aid again-t emh other from foreign!
pov. e.s if>. liked and trampled upon by the natiotl-
;i i I’.mopc. med h erass <1 with eo' Jbctc, :l; «i :
' hmr.bli'd and <li l> is ■ I in spirit thev wo.dd [>e rea- !
'dv to -id.nut to thi‘ absolute domin'ir a an.v mil-
nary a t' enmr.'r, an > to siirrettd r their liberty for 1
the sake of repose. It is imm ssib’eto look <m the I
c.m eqm-uces th i- w n'd inevitably follow th des '
!; t:e:ion of 'his Gov' rnu’e' j. ami not feel indig- '
mirn when w<- hear cold c:;!eulati< ns about th • '
value "I tin. I'liron. and haves', constantly before I
■'-a lineal conduct so 'Vidl caletdated to weaken I
| There is too nrtu hat stake to allow pride or |
b» ip ;r,cure your n Xrver f«>r a
i iif.an t;t b. ii, v i-th i,•'tho g ea> I’mlv of lhe citizens
i . f any S; itc ot Stams can delib-ratclv iuwml to!
ulo w rong, i'l- v may. mid-r th' infliiem- of
■ tempo:nry excitement or misguided opinions.)
i commit mist d,es ; they may be misled for a time :
tty tile sugges ,on- of -elf in <re t ; l.m in ;1 c ,„ n |
mtinify so, u ivliteued and p :t.i<.tii- a- the people i
oi tho i'mt d St ites. arguments will soon mi ke !
■ them ett.-ib'e ol tin irerrors ; and, w hen convitt- '
I eed. they will be ready to repair them. If thev 1
hive m> :.:g'.' r or b. tter motives to govern them I
i iiwy v. id .it leist perceive that theii own interest i
! :•< <;mr< s :h ill to lie jt:- i to others as they hope to I
' ,eci iv e ju-iii < a: th. 1/ h imis.
But in ord. r t„ mai>:t:>iti the Union im:mpa"ed. i
i >lis ah olutely tweessary that the laws pas-ed by )
. ■ the con-tituted autfi..rilles stnoild be faithfully <■’ e’ :
' ; <.ute<i i:i omrypaitoi the country, and t.hat everv ■
' good citiz; it should, at ali times, stand ready to
j put down, wi'dt theimmbii.ed force of tiw nation, j
: every attempt at unlaw ltd rcsistiiiic". timlct wlmb '
’ ever pretext it m.ty be made, or wlt.ilevei shape j
, it may a—mite. Lucousiiintiunai or oppressive
laws may sometimes ue pas ed by Uoitgress.either '
) Irom er:o n ous views, or lhe want of due con- I
! sideriition; 11 they are w irtini the reach ofjudi |
i cial ..utlioitiy, lhe rem; d/ ts easy and peaceful; ;
I and it, Ui.m the iln.r..<ter oi the law , it is an a-
Imse of power not w iiiim the control of the jmliei- 1
my, then free di-ctisstoii and calm . ppeal.stu tea- I
i -on and to the JU,two ot tiie people will not fall '
io red,ess the wrong.—l.uf until the hiw shnli be !
■ deelar.d vutu Uy tne courts, or tepealed by Con- !
gi'c-s, no tudivu.uaJ, ot ccniuimitimi of individuals, ;
I can bejusitfied m tmciidy restsimg its execution.!
; it is iu.possiide tlt.it any Government can cotititi- |
I tie to exist upon any oilier jinuciples. It would !
> eato l.e* a Govennmnt. amt be unworthy of •
.lie mime, i: it tiad not the puwet to enforce the!
: xei titiuti ol its ovv u law s w itinu its own sphere of i
: action.
I it is true that cases may be imagined disclosing
> such a se.tied purpose <>l usurpation and oppres
sion, ou ;i>e part oi Hie Gove; mm m, as vv oulil jus
i uty au appeal to arms, 'lltese, however, tire ex
treme cases, vv ln.li wo iiavo no reason to a'.jire
lieud tn a Government where tiie power is tn tiie
minds at a panimic people ; amino citizen who
: mvesias coumrj vv otilu, m any ease wlbitevet.re
.-oi tio lorcdne resistance, uu,ess h« ciear.y saw
I iii.it Lie lime tiad come when a freeman should
preltr death to sui mtssioii ; tor ii such a le
h unit: tn gun, mid the citizens of otic secilon ’oi
ti,.:; o.nilrj arrayed tn arms agam ,t tlmse ol aaotii
erm lambll;;! conflict let the battle rCst.lltis It may,
there wilt be an emi ot ine Lm-.ni, an t. vvnliit an
eim to th. h<>j»cs of i.eedom. Tim v le.ory o< the
uijUreit would not secure to them tin; lae.-sing ol
"■•.•ity; it vvomd avenge then* wrongs, %ut
ttcy would tbciuselves sliare in the common ru
nt.
But the constitution cannot be maintained, nor
( die I. mim p.esciv'ed, m opposition to ptmhc leei
mg, by tne mere cxeHioii oi th..* coercive power
: comided to me v.eai riii i.ovt; nnient. ’I lie lotiii
| rn.tmn.s must l.e Lm; n> t| lv aliectmns of tin p *;,n r •
m tueseiurrty n gnes io Ine, hm rij, c.,„r eier’
..ml pro,,. r;j. m every quart, rot the . orndry , mm
m me il.ueinai auaemm nt wim it ti:e Ciiiza ns ol
Uie several .Stales beario om: uiiolm’i* as members
ol on? |>o;it:c..l l.iimly, mutually
promote the hap; incss ol em.li otiu r. !•< | K< ? the
ciliZt u.s id . very .-tale stiould stmliotisly avoidev
cry thing calculat.-.d to wound the M'lisibiitty or
oil; tl'l me JU,I pride of lite pecpl of othci .Suites;
amt tin y siioiilu trown upon any proc. idui sw rl '
- '■• "■■•■ >mr..; r, luelv to m-.i’.n, ||„. irm.-pm,,, j'.i
tie po,.m al lirellnei; m other pi nions of tIJ.
inoit. in a cotimry so extensive a, the f tiipd
•Mates, ami Willi I Uismts veiled, i!,o iimimd
: ri n iil.itiou, of ;ln .-mv;ral States, mils: freqimnijv
i1.1.'.r I;, m • tie am lln r in tnq orti tit [tarla ulais
ami ildsmff. me 1, tmavrndtdny nicie.isi <i Ih'iJk'
varytus, [aim i, ie, upon which the American coh,
me, were m p'.mied ; pi imipi. , u | ll( |
Had mkcu deep root tn their snei.J relation, lief,.
the Revolution, amt. ihereiore, of tie; easily iitiia
em ingthe [miiey Sl m e tiicy l.ecani" flee and i,i,| e .
I.i'iiil. nl. .••.ales. f .nt em ii .State inis ilie ntiques
imiialde hjHii to requisite nsown intetit d com i ins
: ..ccordmg m it,ovv u pleasure ; ami while it dm
no. nmrleic witii die ti, bis of the people of i,t| )u
.'-tales, oi. Ilie iizliH ol lite I tij< n. every St I;
I must i.e tin; sole judze ol Hie measures proii. i to
I ■ cuic tii. salely ol iKeni/.i n, am! pion.ole iheu
I happiness; mui all t fforis on the |.; rt of tiie p ( .„
■ pic ol oilot ; I I; to . a.sl odium iq.on their iu.ij.
i "im.i.s, amt a:| im*a;,mesi*ali ulat. d Io disturb ihei.*
: . izlds of j.ropcrty. or to put in Jeopardy tlu ii j eace
. ai..l im. rm.i tranquility, are in oireci opjiositioh to
I ilie>| i.it in v hi< Ii the I nion was foiim u, amt must
1 endanp. rtf--al. ty. Motives of philantlnopy i l|!n
lie assigned lor this uuvv ai ri n': Ide ii.tcrfi lence : j
and w eak lucct m .y pelstitlde ill' lil-elv< s Io a mo- |
niont tiial ’ln v me l.d" tin:: in thecmi'i' ot lium in-
. ilv. ami iieriiiig t!i. ■ ig '.I - '* biima i race.l
I ill every one, upon s. Iwr rel'b ( lirni. vv ill -co ill ■! '
; nothing hut mischief caneome irom these imi r. p |
er assaults upon the f, e!in;s and l ights id' i.tilers. '
Best assured, dial, the men found buxy in tins |
wink of discoid are not worthy ol your eon [
lidi ncc, mid deceive your strongest reproli.i
tion.
In the li'gi'la'ien of Con-tress, and in)
. every n,ensure of the to-ueral Government, jii-ticu ,
! to rv< I V peiliou of the United States should lie
In it h I rd! v ohrci'vi'd. No l.ee (,'ivei timcnt tail ,
stand wiih mt virtue in the people : mid a lofty )
spirit of patriotism "lid if the sordid ( dings of!
mere sclii-hne:.- slid! ntu p the place which migiii |
to lie Cdli-d bv public spirit, the legislation of Con- ;
gross will soon be converted mto a sc: amide fori
peisonal mid sectional iidvmit ige-. I'uder our i
liee institution:: the citi'.'.' t'.s of i very quarter id ,
) our Country are capable of attaining a high degree
■ of prosperity mid kappint ss, vvidicut seeking to
profit themselves at the expen-e of , 'hers ; and j
everv such :itt< nipt nie. -t in the one fail to succeed. ,
I for tiie people in eve. y part of the Uuiled States!
j are too erdigh:. ned not to miderstnnd their own |
rights and interests, mid to detect mid d, feat every :
I effort Io gain undue advantages over them, ami
I w hen such designs are discovered, it naturally pro ■
' vokes resenlments which cannot always he easily j
! allayed. Justice, full and ample insi'ce. to every I
! portion of the United States should be the ruling:
j prim ipie of every In etnan am] should guide the!
i <f"lil>eratious i f ev< ry public body whether it be i
! L ttt'o ornniional.
i It is well known that there have alvvavs been .
) those amongs't us who wish to enlarge the power !
!oi the Generil Government; nd experience |
; would seem to indicate there is atend' nev on tit :
) part ol this Govermnce.t to oveistep the houuda j
ries marked out fur it bv th" constitution. Its I
b ultimate atilhori’v is ai.undmit'y siiflicicnt for al! i
tl.e purpo.-es for which it was created ;and its pow
ers being expressly cnunteialcil. iheu can be no
justification for claiming any thing bevond them.
Every attemjit to exercise power beyond these
limits should be prommlv ami firndv opposed
. cor evil example will lead to other measures still
j mote mi.-i'luevemis ; and if the piiiiciple of con- |
struelivc pow ers or supposed ad' outages <>: torn j
■ jioriry cireumstmices shall ever he permitted to)
j justify th assumption of p paver unt giv«-;t bv the
constitution, the •'enera’. flGovermnent will before
. long nhsnrb al! the pov ( <r« of legislation, and von
j will have, in ekeet. but. one con olidated Govern
| meet.
I'rom th;" oxten" of on " country, its diversified |
■ iut.-rets, de erent tau-m's mid different habits.
. it is too ohv unis tor nrgmnetir, that a single con i
solid iron (r i'erom 'iit would be wholly inode-i
iquoto to Witch over its interests; mid every
i friend of cur free institutions should be always
i prepared to tn lintaiu unimpaired ami in full vigor)
. i’ii' rig*,;- mid server-igntv of th. S ates, and to |
eon t>- 1;. the ."te’i'm ofttr- Gen; rtl Government strict !
:ly ’.l'he sphere <d'its oppropriafa ihtfivs.
There i ji -rhaps no one of th ' powers confer- |
I red tin th.- Ih-dei:;) government so Ii ble to abuse }
us :h.' t tying power. Th : nm<t |>rod::ctivc ami
jco ivetii. nt s uirces of revenue were nercssard. >
! given to it. th it it might b? able to perform tnc
impmt.mi duties imposed n;»ni "t ; am! :h? tax;:.- !
•winch il lay- upon lomimrce being conee.i.e,; ■
) from du- real pajier in the p.ric • of the artie e )
ib.y d > not so rcaui!, attract the attention of tin j
people a- n .her sums, demanded ti '/m luem u-. ;
I ihe tax gatherer.
istit the imposed on goods enhances by so !
1 rmicii tile pr.cvs o* Uh commo Uyao tile ion um I
] er; its m :t:y oi Ui<s duties me 1 . pos, d <m i
I lisits ol iigccsstl;,. vvmcit me d.u.y Used :>y tiie:
■..re.it tmuj oi tile p.opiu. the ttimiey r ised iiv !
I iiiwitupom, i.i'.,„u i.oui tiaii p.ici, is. Con
; ildb »4U fl, ill. U.ilkl liic CtMLaUlmltOU, tO Hike •
I inoik j lac pt.Gpic, Utdcs.y u u required to |
I c.,,1 .utc -UIUJ one ... im speem, ,1 p;,w, r.- i.n rtfs leu |
'to govermucui; uu.i u the , raue mure (li.i.t i- tie I
cc.-».i>y lor siu li pa. pu»e.', it c, an ..i.u,,c of tin
power oi i. xian.i.. ... u m jm.; . u.; ,q>j.: i. site. 1
■ ur y , mUcvu, it . . p, o, 111 .1 ,lie lev,:.me vv lit -ome
• datu vxi t.y.. Hi.. ii.lt ...i l. i J .iiic,i wu. o lue i.:.\
(w i.vie irtio. V, u, u, i.0..e.< <. ilu is aseeriam
I ell i. io rvu..c- dmu, ..nd Hl -Uim a ease, n
| Is uaq.wswmmmy the uu.j ui ,11c G.ivermuei.l io'
afUutu L»‘-v I**, lu. aa Ci. uu.h^l.,iivu» cktijii ,|,t j t
: 4H |JA’.G-I.vi b ivai to it i.\ lhe cun !
;&tl.U.iuU, i»wf .ii iiic inudc; oi t iv i
; i.CGpiu, UncUili, Uv4 uvudcu juf lilt* l.
! om.ls ol Use Cju.LiU..lcUt. J •
i idlli ..a tilUov pi'.ilc.jmUx <lppC«il‘ t'.« 1)C, YOU U ill
! jUI fuid luett UiciC IS •* ciicil L./ iaUUCc
’ I.JC UciiLTdl UU',U';n».'.ik b> Uu-j Oi.lG UIU ll.lj'.i
Ot n.> i.JXiD o ponui, and in imp., l* num c< s
‘ iniiuciio uj.uU mu pu«)j ic. ?»lan ? jO.VcHm UH .
i ca.s arc ex uduuai jat r.x • r .cu c er. v du
• lies <>u cuiiitbu I Cu, duu lo h’duli lii.j iCVCIHio be
tuud the • udi ol Uju pu-.1.c-■'vrvjce , and '
j lhe caun.ij ii<»b a.iu.ai» ini t ic iii u iir:ou.'> cEvc.s ol |
ih«.b' cuaibiik'• Hi.iueuuuis. 'i'iisiy succeeded jn oi)
il oLuli Ui Glides LllUsl U pUfC.'.'-i Vi ] V
u.j Hie ..1 and
I and p«'uuiuiii o <t EvVunce ii.at could noi be
| Wtii.iii uic rui*x<‘ °1 ide lh>v. <■ i* cons, r c:i
I upon Cultures.., ms.i, m order to f.is tn upon th.
I people tuis unjust mm unequal system ot taxatim:.
I ex,r.ivag„ul .-cbetucs oi internal mprov e:tn ui
i were got up, in V'.oious qu.ii'Kr.-, to squander the
! mom? ami to pmcaase support. Thus oim tm-
■ cousliimt.mal mc..su;e, was m. tided :o u.- ti;:;i..l,i
j l>y another, ~u.. the mn:se of tue power of tax.iii. n
I was io be mmiimiitcd by lis.irpmg tiie (tower <>t
1 e'Xpcttomg tile mi.ucy la inter.-..:i improvements.
i. ou Ciitiuut have torgo,tea lite seve e and.'loubt
i tul stru;giu tin,.ugh which we giassed. when the
I Executive Izepaiimeui oi the I mv.-i nmem, by Us
■; veto, endeavored 'a arrest this piodi;/,.! sciteme ot
. i'.ijusacc, mid t» iiriug baea the iegtsi.it ton of Con
•j gress to the iiouud.'.iies prescribed by the con-tt
tiitlou. 'I lie gmm sense :atd [littciienl mdgment
': of tiie people, when the subjecl »a» I;. oil, hl he
1 tore tnem, sustained tiie course I the Executive
, ami tins pitm ol uncoils.uulu.n.J expetidi.u.e tor
the purpose ot corrupt iuiluuuces is, j trust tin .in,
j ovetthrow u.
T lie rv.-ult of this decision has been fija
ii in the raptii exluio'uisiimcnl ul the public
■ ! debt, .nd tiie lurye iiccuitiul.ition <>‘i ;i stir
! plus in the tn iisiirv, ttotwitltsiatidinw |i.,.
tuiiU wits .educed, and is now very tar be
i ) low the amount originally contemplated by
•j its advocates, but, rely upon it, the de
’ sign to collect an extravagant revenue, anti
J to burden you with taxes bevond the tcono
! uncal wauls ol the Government, is not y< i
t abandoned. Tiie various inteiests whi*h
! have combined together to impose a heav v
larili, audio prodine an ovet lion tug treasn
-1 ! iy, tire too strong, and have too nniclt at
J stake to surrender tiie contest. The cor
. ' porattoiis and vwaitiiy iuuiv iduals who ar;
i I engaged in large iiiaiiufacturnig estaldish
’ i me,. I-, desiie a high larili to im reuse their
( gains. Designing politicians will sttjiport
, it, to conciliate t,.eir favor, and to obtain
i | lite means ot proluse expenditure, forth;
' purpose ol puri basing inlluviice in other
■! quarters ; and since tjie people have dcci
. • ‘.ten that lhe i 1 edi t al Gov i i iitiien! < ahttol be
- j p< rtnitti ii to employ its income in inie
-1 ! mil nnpl oveitieiit.-, < li'orts will be math
Ito setime ami litislead the citizens oi
I • die sc vi tal .-tales, by bolding out to them,
y i the dt < tit lit I prospect <d b; m lit to be th rt
. ! vt d Irom a surplus revt nm ctdlei ti <1 by the
■jGemial Gov i 1 1. mt nt, and annually divided
i aiinmg the states. Ami if etieoiiraged by
. I llie.-e laliacioiis hopes, the stales should di-
: egard lh<‘ pritictp ■ - ol economy which
• | o'ghl to cliai aei, i ize ivi ry r< pnlilii an
) Govet mtn nt, ami sltotild iiioulge in lavi-h
i i xpendiltucs rxcci ding tl.eir icsoiiiri s tin y
I wid, lit lull" I'Hig, lind then selves opprcssei-
I w Uli th ills whu ll tin v ate tin ,ihie topay , am:
1 | the ltiiiptatii.il will bc< ott.e it rt s:st ible to
i support a high lariti, in order to <d tutu •>
-nrpltis tor distribuiion.
I) i not allow yimisi ivis, ti y fi ili vv tiii
/.i n-, to In- misled <ti this mlj« it. r l | ,
li'deial Gov > i iiiuciit itiiiiuii tullfii n -a ■-
plus lor such put post s without vio'taiiiig
STANB Ail B 0 F UN 10 A
I :e prim iples ol the constitution, ami a-su- j .
imm.. powers, vvhiili have no! ba it maul
‘s, uioi' o\e , a sy-tem of' injustice i
I and, il pi r-isted i,, ( will inevitably lead to i
j cori ttpiitin, and must end in ruin. The ■
i stirplus I'l'venue will be drawn from the i
I poi ki ts <d the people, front lhe tariner, th ! i
■ mei h:mi<", ami lhe lalmt itig classes oi snci ! i
j <'ly, bill vvim will Hn t ive it when di.-po-cd j ;
j ot by leading ISiale politicians who have I
| ll'tends tn lavor, and political p irli-atis, to | <
I gratify f It wdl certainly not be returned j
I to tin se who paid it w h<> have most need <>fl
! :i, aal arc Imnesi'y enti.tlcd to it. There ;
i is but one sale rule, and that is, to confine [,
j the General Govi rnmeiit rigidly vvil'iin tin I
sphere cd its appropriate duties. It has no [
, power to raise a revenue, or impose taxes,!
| exccjit for the purpose t numerated in tin
. constitution ; ami if its income is fonml to
j exceed these wants, it should be forthwith
rum id. ami lhe burdens of the people so
I tar lights tied.
hi rev iewing the conflicts which ha? ta-
I ken places betwten <1 II’; rent interests itt the
) U nited State.-, ami the policy pursued since
j the a.'option of our pre.-eut form of Govern-!
: inetit, we ftmi nothing that has produced:
such deep--t aiei! evil, <s lhe course of !<•-1
j zishition in nlai'n nto the cm rcttcy. The)
i constitution oi tlm United Stati s uttqnes-l
i tionalilv intended to secure to the people '
'a circulating medium of Gold ami Silver.:
. But the < stat.,!.-I.metti ol a X itioual Bank !
| by Congress, with the privilege of issuing !
[taper money receivable in the payment of:
the public ditties, and tiie imforttiiiate i
cotuces; f Legislation in the several states !
I'pmi the same subject, drove I’rmn general (
circtila ion the con-titnlhmal ciirrem v, ami
sub.-ti’.ttietl one oi j api r in its place.
It was not east I r men engaged in tin* |
. ordinary ptirsui's ol business, whose atten- :
tion had not been pariiruiat I v drawn to the ;
subject to fort st »• till the < <m-i quinces of a !
currency exclusively i.f paper; and we 1
might not, on that account, to be surprised
| at the facility wit! wlii, h laws were obtain- !
,ed to carry into >ii i t the paper system. !
IL.inest an.l even eaiiglttene - ! men, are
j sima times misled by the specious and plan-,
j -ible stateim nts <>f the desigtiittg. 13. it ex- [
! perimiee has now | rovt d the mist hiel's ami |
j dangers <si a piper currency, ami it rests!
! with yon to deii rmine whether the pr >pe !
j re tl,; dy shall be ;q (.lit ti.
The paper syst; m bi ing I' ,t;m!ed on’pub- ’
I lit confitb nee, amt h iving' nf it-eli' no in-!
! trntsic vaht ■, it f. lialde to areal am! sudden ■
:il n'tmitions; thereby retid< t ing" property in- :
: -ecure, alt.l tiie vv agesol labor mt-mad v and !
j uncertain. The corporations w Inch create I
| tile tiaper money cannot tie relied upon to!
! k''Cji tiie ciri ttl.iiing m"ifi:i:ti uiiil'orm in a ■
I iiioanl. Li times oi prosper:! v, wln n con-!
.ti fem e i-tngh, the; aie tempted, by the j
; [)< ospect ot gain, or oy the in line nee of those |
: who hope to profit by it, to extend their is- '
i sue.- oi p tper be . mi.l the bounds of discr; - I
I tmu ams tiie retis.malde .lemamls n| bit-mess. 1
I An.l wa. ti these issu s l ive been piis ed mt. I
I. om day to day, until public cotifid nce is
.a; lenglli shak; ti, then a ri -.n t’t'iti lake
pi.ice ami liny imaa-diately withdraw the
'Cfe.it they have given; -idiiitily curtail
■ lm ii issue-; and product mi unexp' cted and
ruiniUs coutrai timi ol the cit itilatin.' me-:
ilium, vv lm n is it it I> v th' while cmr m uni: y. .
i lie o iiias, ity’ tai, mea ts, -:iv;• tll.'tliselves,
! mid tiie mis; iiiev on, cotisi tp.u u<*es of their:
! mtpl'miimcr ami. cupidity ar;* vi-ited ii|mn
lit piitihc. Nor does the evil stop here.
These ebbs ami 11 iws in the currency, and:
[ these imttsi reel extensions of credit, until-'
rally eugeu ;<*r a spnii <.f culalum inju
f l ions io tiie Inmil- amfcliaracter of' tiie jh o
. pie. Ur e li.l ve already seen it-effects in the!
■ wild sptiil oi -pec .1 itm.i in (he pu ; lie -
fmtd-; and v-triom- kinds ot stock, whi. h,
within lite Lt.-i y var or two, seized upon -m h
a iniiittlrtde oi our eitizen-, ami litre-ttmed
to pervade ail classes of society, and to!
: wi'imraw their atti ntimt from the sober pttr
siinsci honest i dus'rv. It is md by en
e.mr.igi.ig th:- -pirn l.iat we simll best pre
serv'? public vti iti • and promote tiie trim in
ti rest ol our country. But if your cur
rency contiimes as exclusively paper as it
now is, it will luster this eager desire to
.laia-s wea.t.i without latmr; it will multiply
tae no miter ol dependants on batik aceom
j modations ami baik favor..; the temptation
to obtain momy at any saciiftce will be-'
; come slioiigt r ami stronger, and inevitably
I lead to corrupiiott, which will find it, wav
■ into your public eoum ils, mid destroy, at
! m> distant day, the puri y of <mr govern
itmiit. borne <>i theevtis w hich ari-e front
| this system o! paper, press with peculiar
j b.irdslitp mt the cl iSs of society least able
Ito Iti.of it. A po: turn of this < nrrenry trv
j qfit iply bei <mu s < i’p, < emit d or v.'ortidi's-',
I mill mi oi it is e islly cotiiitetdeited, in such
a immiter as to ri'tpiire iiec.uli ir skill and
! much experience io ui-tingnish the coimter-
■ii it from tiie genuine n >te. These framls
| are most gi-m rally perpetralccl in the small
er mt e-, witii It a;.' used in the daily trans
i actions <d orcin n v business; ami the losses
or; a.-ioned by the., me coumionl', t'-rown
■ I'jtori tin- latmrmg eia.-s of so. iitv, whose
'ini iiion and pursuits put it out of tin ir
powi rto guaid Ilirm-t Iva - from the-e im
positions, ami v. .i.i-e tim.v wage, are nvces-
I ary lor tmir sttb-i -ictice. Il is the duty
ol every Government -o to regulate its c.ur-
■ ri ttcy as to pfidei l tins titlin' rmts <1 i-s as
. j l.ir as practicable from the impo-iti ms of aV-
’ erice and fraud. it is m ire especially the
I duty ol the U i.ited S ales, wln re the Gov
: I'ciimei i is tin | hatii ally tie Gi.v et mm mt ol
. ■ lite people, and v, licie this ii s| < < table por
tion ol <mr < ittzi its aie so pr< tidly distill-'
. I gttisi.ed Irom the ialmt mg < la-s< s ot ail wih
! er natiims; by their imi< pend; nt sp rit, their
j love i f liberty, their intidii.gtmce <md their
! high time of moral i haracter. T heir in
i dust ry , u p.-m e, is the so Hire o'<mr wea Ith; |
! Hid Hu ir lirav erv , in war, has covered its I
J " iib glory ; ami the Gov erumen' of the U-,
j’ mu d States will but til discharge it- duties ;
d it leaves them a prey to sm li dishonest I
; impositions. Yet Ht> cv idei I that th; ir in- j
: (• la -t- I'aimot lie < Ili i Imdiv proti i ted, tin
' less stivi r am! gold are restored to circnl..-
. The-e views alone of the paper enrreti
j. y, are sufiii ietit Io call for imm diate re
; i rm; Ind fin re is aimthcr con-idi ration
> w hi; h should still more strongly press it tq>-
. cm y our attention.
IveceiH event- have proved that the paper
money systemof this l onnti v may In* its; d
a- an eitgi'ie to undermine y our free insti
- iiitiims; ami th t those who desire to eti
t gross all power in the hands of the few .
mi l to gov e, n by <mnmplt'iii or fori e, are I
twareol i:s jmwer, nd prepared to employ |
it. Your Banks now I'ltroi-h your only !
i iri ulating me..'mm, and m-mey is plenty or !
scarce, tn cur ing to the quantity of m»'<S ‘
i sited by them. While they have capitals I
n.n greatly di-projiorti it 'd in each mi,,, ;
they are competitors in bu-im ss. ami no nm
ol tin tn can exercise dominion over the
rest; and although in the present state of the
i iirieney, these banks may and do operate
mjiiriimsly Upon the ha ih, of i...,,.|e.-, f,,
pec mi try com-erns, a t i lhe nior il ton"
society, yet, from tlnir nimbi* md di-in" ,
ed situation they catimit co idtme for tin
purposes of political mfl.tem e; and whate
ver may he the dispositions of some ofthenl.
their power of mischu f must necessarily
be confined to a narrow s ( are, an ! felt on’
ly in their immediate neighborhoods.
B it w hen the charter for the B ink of the
United States was obtained from Congress
it perlected ,he schemes of the paper sys
tem, and gave to its advocates the position
they have struggled to obtain, from the
l ommencement of the Federal Government
tlown to lhe present horn*. The immense
capital ami peculiar advantages bestowed
upon it, enabled H to exercise despotic sway
ov*’i* the otm r banks in every part of the
country. From its superior strength it
could seriously injure, if not destroy, the
business of any one of them wimh might itt
i tit* its resi-ntnieni, and it openly claimed
for it sell’ the povv r of regulating the cur-i
rency throughout the United States. Lt ;
other words, it asserted (and it undoubtedly j
passed) tile [tower to makemoney plenty m* j
scarce, at its pleasure, nt any time, mid in !
any q i.uter of the Union, by controlling i
theis-ues of other banks, anil permitting an !
exp m,ion, or coiiipellimr a general rontrar- i
ti nt ol'titi' circuiati-mi medium, according to j
i s own w ill. The oilier banking institu-I
turns were sensible of its strength, and they :
.-mm generally became its obedient instrti- '
ments, ready at all tittles to execute its man- :
dates; ami with th'* Bank - necessarily went,
also, that numerous class of’persons in our!
commercial cities, who depend altogether
on bank credits for theirsolvetx y and means
ot' business ; and vvhoare therefore obliged
i for their own safety, to propriate the favor
of' the money powi rby disiiiigtiisin d zeal
’ and (ievoted in its service. The result of
th" ill-adv Led legi-lation which established
: this great monopoly, was to concent rate lhe
’ whole irnmeved power, of the Union, with
: its Im'in Hess means ol corruption, and its iiii
; merous depend mis, mid t tit* direction and
! command ol one at know ledged head: tlm,
: org-aciziiiff this particular im< rest ns one bmld
■ and securing* to ii n-iity and concert of action
! thro.mb-mt the United Stales, am! enabling
j i' tn bring* forward, tipint any occasion, it»
'•'Hire undivided strength, to stqtpm t f de
feat any measttn sos the Govt rnment. In
[tin* han 's of this foi'midahle power, thus
perfectly organiz. d, was also placed milimi
ted <!o:ninin;i over the ampiHil of tin* < in n
' I 'ting medium, giving* it the power to regu
late tiie value of propei ty, and tiie fi nits of
labor in every quarter ol' the Union, and to
bi stow prosperity, or bring ruin, tipi n any
ciiy or s;*cii;m of th" cm itry, as might b st
com:'in i with its own interest or j> di<*y.
We are not est to cot'j *ctiire bow lhe mo
neyed power, tims org iniz 'd, am) w:th Sin ti
a weapon in its ham',, would be likely to
use il. Ihe distress and alarm which per
vaded and agit iied the vvlmle <*<>tintrv, whi n
lhe id I- k oi tla* Unit 'd Slates waged war
ttpoii Hu* people, i:i order to compel them!
to submit to its dt m m i-, < amiot yet be |
forgotten. I tie ruthless an i unsparing I
temper vv it It which whole < i ies and i tmimu
.lilies were oppre-sed, iadividmtls i i pover- !
isjied and ruined, ami a cene of cheerful !
prosj.eriiy suddenly* i hanged into one of
g.iiom and despo idency, might to b- indel
ibly nit, ressed mt the memory i f t: e peo
! pie ol lhe Uuifed S ates. If sin h was its
! p wet* in a time ol p. ace. what would it not
nave lie. ti in a s itsoit of war w ith an enemy
ai y our doors ?—No nation Imt the f'reemen
ol tile Untied Slate-, emit! have com.*' out I
victorious irom such a contest ; yet, il’ you I
had not conquered, the Gov et mnetit would |
hav<- pass.id from the bands of the many to I
the Lands oi the few ; and this organized i
! money power, from its secret conclave,
! would have dictated the choice of your
highest officers, and compelled you to make
: peace or war, as best suited their own wish
! es.—The terms of your government mig'rt,
lm* a lime have remained, but .its livittgsuir
it would have departed Iron; it.
Tne distress and s inflicted on
the people by the bank, are some of the
fruits oi’ that system of policy w hich is con
! tiimaliy striving to enlarge tiie authority of
tiie Federal Governm nt beyond the liti’iits
fixed by the constitution. The pow ers enu
merated in that instrument do not confer on
Congress the right to est»bli-h such a cor
poration as lhe Bank of the United Stales;
and the evil consequences which followed
may warn ns of the danger of departing
from the true rule of construction, ami of
permitting temporary circumstances, or the
hope of better promoting the public wel
fare, to inflm nee, in ant degree, our de< i
sioiis upon the extent of lhe mitlmrity of
t'ie general Giivernnu'til. Let us abide
; by the constitution as it is w ritten, or amend
it in the cotriiimitmal mode, if it is iettmd
to be Selective.
, The severe lessons of experience will, I
! doubt not be sufficient to prevent Congress
from again chartering such a monopoly,
even if the constitution did not prevent an
insuperable objection to it. But yon must
remember, my lei low-citizens, that eternal
vigilance liy the peoples the price ofTiber
ty ; and th it you must pay the [trice if'yon
w i,h to secure the blesssi.ig. It behooves
you, therefore, to lie w at' lilul in vmir States,
•is well as in ’he Federal Government.—The
power which the money interest can vv i
' ■ ise, wh m conceit trail'd timler a single head,
I ami with y our pri sent system ol' currency ,
j was sufficiently <h immstrat'd in the sti tiggh
made by tiie Batik of' th" United Stan -.
Del ated in the General G .v rnment, th
-ante class of i 'trigu is and poliitctatts wi I
now rit-oit to lite State-, ami end avour t >
obtain there the same orgmiir. iti .-it, which
they l iiled to per. eluate in the Union ;
I ami ity spreimts and dec-t itlul plan- of |.nb-
Hie advantages, Slate inti rests and Slate
I [>|i *e, they w ill endeavor to e-talilisli, in the
! liitt'crcnt State.'., one numi y< <1 mstitiit on
I w ith overgt* >w n capital, amlexcliisivepi iv-
I lUgcs, sufficient to enalil.' it to control tiie
operati ms of’ the B ink-. S ich an iuslitu
| ti"ti will be pregti uit with the same evils
produced bv the Balli. “I Lhlilrd Stales,
although its sphere of a- ''t"* l '*■ ttmte con
fined ; and in the State in ' vli cl *’ 18 1 bar
tered. the m<>n 'v power will b<' «ible to im
b.idy its vvHole streugth, sit'd to move lo
getin r with imdiv ided force, to aci , ’mi'li-h
any olij'icl it may wish to attain. You
ita; e already bad abundant evidence of |!s
[xover to infln t mj try upon tiie agricultural,
mechanical and laboring clas-es of society ;'
and over those whose engagements in Iraoej
or spt culalioit render tiiftn dept miant <m
bank facilities, the dominion of ilie State |
monopoly will be absolute, and their obedi- I
ence unlimited. Witn such a paper cur-!
rency, the money power would, in a few;
years, govern the Slate and control its mea
sures ; and il a sufiicient number of’State-, j
can be induct d to create such estab.i-hmei.t ,!
the time will soon come when it will again:
take the field against th? United Slates,
and succeed in perfecting and perpetuating
its organization by a charter from Con
gress.
Il is one of the serious evils of our pte
seut system of banking that it enables one
class of society—and tha'. by no means a
numerous one—by its control over lhe cur
rency, to act injuriously upon the interests
ol ail the other-, and to exercise more than
its just proportion ot influence in political ,
afiairs. The agricultural, and- mechanical,!
mid laboring classes, have little or no share
m the direction of the great monied corpo
rations; ami irom their habits and the na
ture of their pursuits, they are ittcapable of
forming extensive .combination to net to- |
gethvr witti united force. Sut il concert oi l
action may sometime be produced, in a sin
gle t ity, in a small district or country, by j
means of pei>ottal cmummiicatiuns with j
each other; but they have no regular or
j active Corti spondettce w ith tlio-e wh" are
[ettgageii in similar pursuits m distant pla
ices; they have but little patronage t > g.ve
j to itti press, and ext rctse hut a small -hare
: "I influence over it ; tin y have no crosd of
' dependents about them, who hope to grew
j t ich w itiiQut laiior, by tm-ir ■ onntenance
land iavor ami who are therefore, alway
| ready to execute their wishv*. Tne plan
lei, lhe larmer, the mcebauir, and lhe lalto
! rer, ail know that tm ir -uc; . ss <'e t ends up*
on their own industry and e<or.omv, ami
I that they must not exp <*t t h one su iden
ly l icit by the H itits ot tm ir toil. A< t lln-sc
classes oi society form the gn tit 1.0. y of
lite people ot tin U. S. they are the bone
I mtn smew of tin* country ; nun who love
libei ty ami desire nothing Imt < qual rigid
; and equal law , and wint moreve , hold tin
. great ma.- of our national weal!) although
it is dlsti .bitted in modeiate amomti- among
lhe millions of ireemen who possess il.
But, with ovi rwheimntg numbers and
wealth mi their .-ide, they are in constant
danger oi losing then influeinein the go
: vermnent, mid w ith difliculty maintain th; ir
■ just ii.,iits again t Hie im- ssant <*fl''i t- daily
> made to eu rum Ii upon them. Tiie mis
-1 ciiiel springs horn die power which the mo
ney co ititi'K st derives liom a paper ctirren
u*v, vv tiii.ii they are able to control; from
tile multitude of corporation*, and exclu-
■ site prtv deges which they Lave succeeded
jin obtaining in tiie difl'erent States, mid
: w Bit'll are employe d a I tog e. her for their ben
efit ; ami unless you becou e more wmch-
I tai in your Stales, and diet k this spirit of
| it onopoly mrlihirs; fur exclusive pri iUges
I you w ilt, in the end find that the most iu:-
I imrtant powers of goveriim mt Ii ive been
given or ba; i, r"d aw iy, and the control < -
: veryottr dearest interests has passed into
I lhe hands ot these corporali.m-.
j Ihe paper money sy stem, and its n itnral
• associates, monopoly and exclusive privile
ges, have already struck heir ions det p
dt the soil; and it will require all your ef
forts to check its further growth, and to e
radicale lhe evil The men who profit by
t e abmes an i desire to perpetuate them,
wt;l c iitHiue to besiege the hails ofleuL
laiion in the General Govt rnni' iit, as well
as in the States, and will seek Ity ev< rt arti
fice, to mi-lea f mid diceive t e public ser
vants. Ii is to ourselves th d you must
I look ibr safety mid tin means of guarding
| and perpetiiatingyour free institutions. In
! your hands is i iglnfufly placed the sove
reignty of the country, and to you every
one placed in authority is ultimately respott
siftle. It is always in your power to see
that the wishes of the people are carried in
to taiihlul execution, and their will, when
i once made know n, mti.-t sooner or later he
j obeyed.—And w hile the people remain, as
i iru-t they never wil*, uneorriipted and
iircoriuptiole and conti ate watchful mid
jealous of their rights the Government is
safe and the cause of freedom will continue
to triumph o> er nil it-enemies.
But it will require sternly and persever
ing exertions <m your part to rid \ ourselves
j of the iniquities and mischi. f- of the papet
I sy.-tem, ami to check lhe sjiiiit of monopo
ly and other ahu-e- which have sprung up
with it, and oi w hich it is the main stipi ort.
S.I tnatiy inteie-i.-a e united to re-i-t ah
■ reform on tm- t, that you must not
I hope tin* conflict w ill be a short one, no*
! sit< evs- easy . My humble effort- have imt
j het'ii sp ircd, during my adminis rain>n < (’
j the G.t > erntmmt, t.*> restore the con t tut <>t -
:al cm rency ot go d and silver, and some
thing, 1 trust, Ims been done towards ti e
I accpmplislmn nt of this most th s t* :ble oh-
Iject. But enotih yet remains to require
I all your energy and |et s< v?t a-< t. Tl*
[tower, however, is in your hands, and tlt>
remedy must and will be applied if you ; e
t*.*i mine upon it.
'V hili* 1 am thus endeavoring tn press uji
<m y our attention l.e principles wh-ch I
deem of vital importance in lite detm-ti<
< oucertis m the coiuitrv, I might not to pas
over, without notice, the im; orta; t cottsid
er hi ns which should go'ecu von poli v
towards foreign [towers. It i-.impieslion
ably , our tru< inteiest to cull i vale t e most
frieildly undeistand ng with t v tv umiim.
hi a to avoid, Ity every h movable man- tin
calamities ill war; and vv? shall It st idtaii
tins olij; ct by fra: Kit ss and smeerity in o
foreign in.enouis, by tiie prompt an.
t'.iithf.d e.xecmion of tr aiies, and by ji: -
lice ami inqiai i laliiy in onr conduet to al
■ But no tmtioi , however i esirou-; of | e i< e
■ ■ n I'ope i<> e iape o casimial c ;li-io -
Ivv 'uh nth’ rp< wet*s; ,'id i lheSimndcsld < tales
jot t obey icqmt*;* that vv ■ should plate one
's Ivis mac; n iitiirn to ;ss< rt <ur rights, it
| a result to I n*' e *t mid ever |>t come neces
js.try. Our local situ.it on, <ur long line <>
M'i coasi, indr tiled by the numerous I,at
w ith d< < p rivers op niug into the interior, a
w ell as ottr extended and still increasing
, cornmt-Ti e, point to the navy as our natural
means <4 den nee. It will in the end, be
found to be tiie < In apt st and most effectual;
• and now i-the time m the season of peace,
• and with an ovetflowing revenue, that we
i ca uyt ar alter y ear add to its str ng th, w ith
i out increasing the burdens of the people. It
; is your true policy. For your navy will
imt only protect your ricn and Nourishing
c/miiiierce in distant seas, but will enable
you J" I'vai b mid annoy the enemv. and
jwiil gi :*e to defence its greatest efficiency,
by uttnger ala distance front home.
Il is impossible, by atty line of forlifica
! lions to gitaru every point front attack a
gaiiist a hostile ft.rces advancing from the
: ocean and select! g ii? object ; but they are
I indispensable to protei 1 cities Irom Imm
; banimetil, duck yards am! ji-ivals arsenals
from d. structioti; to give shelter to mer
chmt vessels in time of war, and to single
ships of weaker squadrons when pressed by
superior force. Fortifications of this de*
scriptioiis cannot be too soon completed and
armed, mid placed in a condition of the
most perfei t preparation. The abundant
means we now possess cannot be npplied in
atty mamier more useful lotlie country;
and when this is done, and our naval forces
sufficient!, str< ngtliened and our militia
; armed, we need not fear that any nation
vv id-vatHonly insult us, or needlessly pro
voke hostilities. We shall more certainly
preserve peace, a vvhen it is well understood
we are prepared for war.
In presenting to you, my fellow-citizens,
[ these parting comtseß, 1 have brought be
i Io e you lhe leading principles upon which
. 1 endeavored to administer the Government
tn lhe high oflice with which you have twige
; honored me. Knowing that the path of
freedom is contitHially beset by enemies,
wDo oticn a.-stime lhe disguise of friends, 1
have devoted the l ist hours of my public
life to wan you o l ' the d ingers. Ti e pro
gress ol the United states, under our tree
and fl ippy institutions, has surpassed the
nmst sanguine hopes of the founders of the
republic. Uttr growth has been rapid be-
■ ymid ail fnmtt* example, in numbers, in
wealth, in knowledge, and all tile useful arts
vv bn ti contributed to lhe comfort and con
venience o man ; a*t I from the earliest ages
of uistory io tin* present d iy, rli< ie never
Have been tlmteeii millions of people asso
ct i e i together in one politial body, who en-
I joyed so mm Ii freedom ami happiness, as
' | tiie p< opie of these U'nittd States. You
h ive tm loner any cause to fear danger
*: lr<mi abro.ut ; y our strength and power are
welt knovv" throughout the.civ ilized world,
i as wed as toe iiig’ii and gallant bearing of
I your soils. It is Iron; within, rmongyour-
• ' selves, Irom cupidity, fiom corruption, from
■ disappointment ambition, and inordinate
1 tmi'-t tor tiowt r, that factious will be for.n-
:ed and liberty endangered. Il is against
sum designs, whatever disguise the actors
may assume, th it you I a e especially to
• gaard yourse ves. You have the highest
| oi human trusts committed to your care,
I lovitieine has showered on this favored
1 laud, i>l .-sings wnho.it number, and has
■, ciioseii you . s the guardi m of freedom to
I pres; rv e it lor the benefit of the human race.
1 -d iy H<*, wito ho d- in his han 's tie dest nes
ot nations, make y ou, with pure hearts a >d
pine ha ids, and sleepless vigilence, to
gu'ard mid defend to the end of time, tie
• gieatelt rge he lias cotnmiiied to your keep-
■ mg.
> j My own race is nearly run ; advanced age
and tailing heal,lt warn met a*, before long
’: 1 must press beyond the reach of human
afiairs. 1 thank God that my* life his been
spent in a land <tf liberty, and that he hat
given me a heart to love my country with
1 the afiecti.Hi ol a son. And filled withgral
itude lor your constant and unwavering
kindness, 1 bid you a last and affectionate
farewell.
’ ANDREW JACKSON.
[ From the Aiacon Messenger.
'’Absence oj JJind. ' — lnnumerable instan
ces are refeteu by our cotemporaries, in all parts
’ ot the couniry, snowing tiie disease to be of a
■ national citaiaclcr. zVrnong the /uftsi! remark
aoie cases Him have come to our knowledge, are
i tiie following:
A lady m Boston, on retiring to bed, in an at-
• tack ot Hie complaint, took her dog into bed
with iter, and sent her infant to the kitchen ! She
, did not discover het mistake till the cries of the
child alarmed tiie neighborhood !
In 1 niiad"l|>id.t, a lady, after ordering her
carnage, through pure absence of mind, sent
het Jiusband to nis business, and rode out with
' tne footman 1 She found out Iter mistake after
1 het husband had sued lor a divorce I
I A factor m evv Orleans having received
- irom a planter a large sum of money withorders.
. to invest in Bank stock, in a sudden attack of
the nt uejiostted it in at* aro Bank I He never
found out Ins mistake, until one eveuim r he was
. abruptly accosted by the sheriff'.
A young lady irom the country, lately, in
stead oi preparing stocking yarn, through pure
absence ot mind went to sjnnning street yarn !
' She never found out tier mistake till her stock-
- ittgs were out at lite heel !
One of our subscribers the other day, after
t wining us a very compliineinaiy letter, tho
year being om, instead of sendi ig ns a five dol-
I lai i iti, Irmn .ibs* im* ol in nd at the time, wrote
(■ ’*.o st;>i< Ins j.api-i U . faiimau’iv lor us ho
llas not ibtiiiu out his mistake vet.
Anecdote <j i,u .naiun.— Au Indian chief
e having done a small favor tor the first Governor
_ ol Cana tn, called tor It s reward. His Excel
? leiicy t< <>K lhe rid mm nto the public store,
I o m, and d si ed him to mine what he wanted.
I ills savage eyes, after nvaming about for some
j :ime, al last settled upon some t How candles
i which were su-pmded from a joist. He took
! th. m tbr toroign fruit, sLiat was hung up tot dry.
i Ah* take d.;t, said ti e savagi . Ihe Gover—
I [ nor handed him two pounds of the candles,
! whiih he tin usi into his l.osem, and went awav
web a shed. A lew days at eivvatds the Gov
ernor met tin Indian it* ti e si net, and after the
u-ti il < onqdinietti, :L;’ to! ow ing Conversation
Governm \\ ell, Hutbuck, l.ovv did you like
he eandh s ?
I ndiiiti— Berry well.
(x.veiu r—Have ym In rnt them all vet ?
In Jan—Bui n Lint ? I eat him-
Go' entor—You ate tla tn I
Indian' Yes, I boded him with my corn and
at I tm all up.
G.iveitmr—And how did thev eat ?
Indian—\\ h\, die jruit eat j.errv well, but
core sun kin my squaw true, and nearly
> Hoke him—that’s . 11.
I nrig/itii us C(idi L i— a n . owns indict
ed lai; ly in Eitylaml tor slcaiiga ham.
I -he i liner who apprehended turn, staled
hat the priMiner sa.'d In- had stolui the ham
"f the pinpose of beiim prosecuted and
i ansporti <l, as he w tts tirnl of liv n ; with
•is "if". The jury sou nl the plea
■: ctent, and tl e man was acquitted!.