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ONT. cj-UNCLt. 3AMb CUTTERS
A THREE mouths'game of “tag”
bet ween vessels of the United
States revenue cutter service
and the Icebergs of the North
Atlantic steamship lanes,
which has just been brought to an
end, has resulted in contributions of
great value to the mariner's store of
knowledge about ice movements and
their dangers to the great fleet con
stantly passing between Europe and
America. The ice patrol itself was a
direct result of the tremendous shock
suffered by both Europe and America
in the loss of the giant liner Titanic
a year ago last April when more than
1,000 persons were drowned when that
vessel collided with an iceberg in the
same waters searched this yeur by the
revenue cutters.
The vessels engaged in the ice pa
trol were the cutters Hen era and Mi
ami, commanded by t’apts. (\ It. John
ston and A. S. Gamble respectively, j
Captain Johnston was the senior offi
cer in command of the ice patrol, and
in his Anal report are conclusions
which ought to form the basis of study
by all commanders and navigators of
steam vessels in the North Atlantic
ship lanes. The Titanic disaster
brought to every ocean traveler, with
shocking vividness, the reality of the
danger to the transatlantic fast liners
from the presence of ice In their
tracks during the spring months. To
all passengers on such steamers Cap
tain Johnston's report may serve well
as an Index to the measure of care
and precaution necessary for any ship
in the vicinity of the annual path of
icebergs, and it lias therefore a definite
valuo for the traveling public as well
as to mariners.
Make Daily Reports.
! The mode of procedure in the ice pa
trol maintained by the Seneca and the
Miami was for tile two vessels to take
turns in scouring the ocean for ice in
the waters bounded by the fiftieth and
forty-fourth parallels north latitude,
and the fortieth and forty-ninth merid
ians of west longitude. All passing
vessels retried by wireless to the pa
trol vessels any ice they had en
countered in those waters, while the
vessels in turns transmitted to the
naval hydrographic office at New York
daily reports of all Ice either seen by
them or reported to them by other ves
sels. in a short time practically every
berg in those waters had been located,
identified and its general movements
ascertained. Thereafter the task of
of the patrol vessels was to check up
on the known bergs at frequent inter
vals, and by observation of their po
sitions at each sighting, to learn the
rate and direction of their movements.
It is this secondary phase of the patrol
that yielded the general observations
of greatest permanent value to mari
time interests.
It was found that the icebergs were
brought south along the coast of New
foundland and the Grand Ranks by
what is known as the Labrador cur
rent. The southerly drift was found
to vary from practically nothing to as
high as 32 miles a day, depending
upon wind and tide in its fluctuations.
At the junction of the Labrador cur
rent, accelerated by the flow from the
Gulf of St. Lawrence, and the north
ward moving Gulf stream from the
Gulf of Mexico the direction of the
drift of icebergs is changed from
southerly to north and east The Gulf
stream is more powerful than the lab
rador current and dominates it. Liking
along in its course whatever ice may
be brought into it. This change usually
occurs in April and May, and those
months become then the period of
.greatest danger to transatlantic liners
tfrom ice. The tracks of the liners
Siardly touch the Labrador current, but
do lie along the path of the Gulf
stream. The area of the ice danger is
at the same time restricted, because
bergs coming into the Gulf stream do
not last long in the warm water of
that current.
Uaptain Johnston is of the opinion
that the quantity of ice brought down
in tlie spring is in direct proportion to
the severity of the winter preceding.
The severity of the winters in the
north Atlantic states, he says, depends
upon tlie prevalence of strong north
winds having their origin on the Lab
rador coast. Similarly it is these same
winds which start southward the great
masses of ice broken off from glaciers
which appear in the steamship tracks
as icebergs. Therefore the ice danger
in the steamship lanes is always great
est after the most severe winters and
less as the preceding winter has been
mild.
Ground on Banks.
Many of the icebergs in the south -
ward drift become grounded on the
Grand Ranks and do not constitute any
serious menace to the transatlantic
liners. It is those which continue south
parallel to and beyond the banks
which threaten the safety of the ocean
steamers; and it was to these that the
revepue cutter patrols paid the most
attention. Captain Johnston said that
the largest berg that was encountered
was about 400 feet long, 300 feet wide,
70 feet high out of water. The small
est ice which properly could be called
a berg was 225 feet long, 100 feet wide
and 35 feet out of water.
Captain Johnston estimated the rate
of deterioration of icebergs floating in
tlie Gulf stream as about 5 per cent, a
day. He saw many melting so rapidly
that waterfalls were pouring down
from their sides while others in the
advanced stages of dissolution turned
over daily as rapid melting shifted the
center of gravity. Sometimes icebergs
were found literally covered with sea
birds. Of the score of varieties of sea
birds found on or uear icebergs Cap
tain Johnston concludes that the pres
ence of none but the murre, a bird
common in northern latitudes, can be
safely regarded as an indication of ice
in the vicinity.
Perhaps Captain Johnston's most
valuable contribution is that referring
to the visibility aud means of detect
ing the presence of ice and icebergs.
After three months of repeated ob
servations and experiments, together
with the results of his experience in
other arctic regions, Captatn Johnston
concludes that there is no certain
method of detecting the presence cf
ice other than that of a sharp lookout;
that in fog, or especially dark nights,
it is absolutely incumbent upon the
commander of any fast liner to run
very slowly and keep an extra vigilant
watch.
For the ‘‘Brass Wedding."
That wholly modern Institution, the
brass wedding, is popular because the
bride and bridegroom thus celebrat
ing feel that they are not hinting for
costly gifts when they send invita
tions to their friends to rejoice with
them. If the ' bride” is literary, she
will like to have something for her
desk —a stationery rack, a memoran
dum pad with a pencil attached to a
spiral spring, a desk blotter, a string
! box, a book rack or book ends. Don't
! forget that the "bridegroom,” if he is
! a smoker, will like a brass lamp of
■ antique appearance, or a cigar pedes
tal with a dish for the ashes flaring
into grooves for the \Stubs of his
weeds.
Both " bride" and "bridegroom" will
appreciate a brass serving tray, a
chafing dish with a match box holder
attached, a tea caddy, candle shades,
'■ bridge score pads or an egg disb
! holder.
The Paradox.
"There is one thing decidedly
queer about the German health
baths."
“What is that?"
"'They all have a 'bad' ending, yet
j people go to them to got -joed re
1 suits.”
THE COCHRAN JOURNAL, COCHRAN, GEORGIA.
PREVENT HOG CHOLERA
■Dead Animals Should Be Care
fully Examined for Disease.
i If Conditions Indicating Infection Are
Recognized Early and Proper
Methods of Isolation Adopted
Spread May Be Averted.
(By F. M. HAYES.)
All farmers should either post
mortem every hog that dies under
circumstances at all suspicious, or
have the work done by a competent
Insanitary Hog Pen and Wallow.
veterinarian who should be able to
recognize any lesions indicating the
presence of an infectious disease in
the herd. N These conditions, if recog
nized early and proper methods of
isolation institute!*, might prevent the
general dissemination of the disease
throughout the herd.
In case of hog cholera the lesions
will vary according to the course of
the disease, but the following are
usually present. Slight inflammation
of the bladder is shown by redness of
the lining; hemorrhagic spots on the
kidneys varying in size from the
point to the head of a pin. The kid
neys are often pale and light colored,
showing theee black spots, but may be,
dark and congested. The kidneys may
be thickly covered with these spots, or
possibly only a few of them may bo
seen by stripping off the envelope of
the kidney. The kidneys sometimes
resemble a turkey egg in appearance.
The spleen is usually enlarged, con
gested, black and friable, inflamma
tion of the intestines, more especially
the mucous membrane of the caecum,
the beginning of the large Intestine,
often occurs. This inflammation may
be diffuse or in the form of ulcers,
depending upon whether the acute or
the chronic type of the disease exists.
The presence of button-shaped ulcers
*
Hog Sick With Cholera.
in the largo intestines is the best indi
cation of chronic cholera.
The following gives the organs
which should be examined when hog
cholera is suspected. A description of
the appearance of the organs in cases
of cholera is given also. It must bo
remembered that all of these post
mortem appearances may not be
found in one hog. Those in the skin,
large intestine, small intestine, spleen,
kidneys and lungs are the most diag
nostic.
Skin—Red or purple discoloration
along belly and between the hams.
Ulcers may appear and the skin crack
and ears slough.
Large intestines —External conges
tion and internal congestion with
hemorrhagic spots in the acute form,
and ulcers in chronic cholera.
Small intestines —External and in
ternal cohgestion. Sometimes hem
orrhagic spots. Seldom ulcere.
Kidneys—Pale or dark in color,
with reddish-black spots on the ex
ternal surface. May resemble a tur
key egg in appearance.
Spleen—Enlarged, black, friable.
Sometimes resembles black jam.
Liver—Seldom any visible changes.
May be enlarged and congested.
Stomach —Congestion on mucous
lining in varying degrees.
Bladder —Congestion and spots on
mucous surface.
Lymphatic glands—Varying degrees
of congestion, from pink to dark in
color.
Lungs—May be covered with spots
of red or brown color varying in size
from a pin head to a half dollar.
Complete hardening of parts of the
lung occurs. Pus may form, and ad
hesions to the chest will sometimes
take place.
Heart Sometimes shows small
areas of congestion of the base.
.
Ward Off Sickness.
When the fowl acts dumpish, has a
poor appetite, and seems generally
out of sorts, it is best to pen it up
for a few days and give a good physic.
An ordinary family liver pill is excel
lent for this purpose. Such precaution
will generally ward off a serious spell
of sickness.
Butcher Gets Heifers.
The city man who keeps a good cow
hates to fool with calves and here is
an opportunity for dairymen to pick
up some good heifer calves. Usually
the butcher gets them.
Two Active Armies.
Two armies that are active day and
night now must be fought ail the
Ume. They are weeds and bugs.
TIMELY NOTES OF SHEEPFOLD
Patience, Tact and Perseverance Are
Among Essentials in Making Suc
cess With Sheep Flock.
No use to go into sheep-raising un
less you have patience, tact and great
perseverance.
In selecting a sheep pasture, avoid
low, damp ground, because sheep will
not thrive on it.
Soil underlaid with limestone or dry
sandstone makes the best sheep
ground.
Old meadows with a variety of
grasses are much better for the sheep
than artificial meadows which are fre
quentty changed.
Sheep are probably more delicate
and more easily affected by climatic
changes than any other farm animal.
The wise shepherd does not wait un
til his whole fiock is affected before he
begins to attempt a cure, but takes
every precaution to prevent the dis
ease getting a foothold.
No use trying to mako profit out o 2
sheep on very high priced land.
Rough, hilly land that hold grasses,
makes the best sheep pastures.
During the hot summer months,
sheep often suffer from the want of
clear, cold water. This should always
be supplied.
Marsh water will sooner or later
cause disease in the flock. It general
ly abounds in parasites.
To stuff the flock one week, starve
it the next, is a sure way to produce
very bad effects.
Men to whom all sheep look alike
will never succeed in the business.
‘Every successful flockmaster will
know each individual animal and learn
something of its peculiarities.
Sow plenty of turnips for the sheep
this fall. One hundred head will con
sume an acre,of turnips in about ten
days.
Some farmers allow their sheep to
harvest the turnips, but this is poor
economy. Better pull them and store
them in the cellars and pits and feed
as needed.
Sheep thrive in the air and sunshine
and quickly pine and fall away when
deprived of these essential elements.
It is a great mistake to overlook a
pasture as the sheep will lose the lat
ter part of the summer all they have
gained while pasture was good.
Better keep the ram in the paddock
by himself out of sight of the ewes in
the daytime, turning the ewes into the
ram’s paddock at night.
The male lambs should be docked
and castrated when one week old. At
this age they suffer little and the
wounds quickly heal.
CORNER A FRACTIOUS ANIMAL
Device Shown in Illustration Guards
Against Injury of Stock and
Is Easily Made.
The following illustrated device will
be found very convenient and effec
tive on- the average farm. While we,
of course, like to (and do) keep on in
timate terms with most of the farm
animals, there are times when all of
us have wished that we had a corner
in the lot where we could hem some of
the *tock up and crowd right up and
catch them without any danger of
their becoming excited and jumping
through or over the fence, says a wri
ter in lowa Homestead. Take pieces
of wood about two feet in length
and tack them to the top of an ordi
nary fence, as shown in the illustra
, l \|
V 3
To Corner a Fractious Animal.
tlon, having one on each post for a
rod or so out from the corner post.
Next secure a piece of ordinary woven
wire from eighteen to twenty-four
inches high, and tack it to these pieces
above the posts. When crowded into
such a corner, an animal is pretty apt
to quiet right down and allow one
to capture it, where, if it were an or
dinary fence, it might attempt to go
through or over it, perhaps greatly
damaging r>r fatally injuring itself; so
that the plan is not only one of conven
ience and a saving of labor, but guards
against the injury of stock and tends
to keep them more gentle and tract
able.
Hens During Molting.
Hens cannot lay and grow feathers
at the same time. It has been said
by some writers that their hens laid
right through the molting season.
This is not so. A hen can lay while
she is shedding her coat, but when the
work of growing the new feathers
fully starts it requires all the food and
strength to properly perform that
function.
Watch for Insects.
Watch the roses for insects aud
either keep them picked off or spray
with insecticides. Soapsuds makes a
good spray to get rid of the aphis.
Use a clean soap that is free from
chemicals.
Alfalfa Hay for Cows.
Alfalfa hay furnishes the best brand
of home-grown protein, and protein in
the most expensive element in the
dairy cow’s ration.
INFORMATION ABOUT HORSES AND MULES
First Prize Clydesdale Stallion.
What do you think of the man whom
you see driving a horse with his tail
docked to seven inches, perfectly help
less against the attack of flies during
these hot days?
There is a great deal of humanity
in axle grease.
Have you ever noticed that the first
thing your horse does when you turn
him out of the stable in the morning
is to go straight to the watering
trough?
Contrary to the general belief, it
does not hurt a horse to give him
water in moderate quantities even
when he is very hot, providing the
water is not very cold.
Never salt the horse's feed in the
box. Place a big lump where he can
reach it and he will take it when hf
needs it.
The long halter strap in the stab,
has been the cause of permanent in
jury to many animals.
A "cheap" harness is really abou
the most expensive thing on the farm
as it sometimes costs life.
VALUE OF POTATO
TO FATTEN PIGS
Expert at Eastern Oregon Ex
periment Station Gives Re
sults of Test.
(By ROBERT WITfIYCOMU of Eastern
Oregon Experiment Station.)
An experiment to test the feeding
value of raw or steamed potatoes as
supplementary feed with a grain ra
tion has been carried on with inter
esting results.
The hogs in the experiment were di
vided into eight lots and records of
the different feed given each and the
proportionate gains made were kept
carefully. Each hog in lots 1 and 2
ate an average of 170.18 pounds of
barley and 509.53 pounds of raw po
tatoes, making a gain in weight of
G 0.70 pounds. Those in lots 3 and 4
ate 110.30 pounds of barley and
G 63.75 pounds steamed potatoes, aud
made a gain of 70.60 pounds, while
those in lots 5 and G a{e 188-GO
pounds barley and 564.80 pounds
steamed potatoes and made a gain of
78.10 pounds. Lots 7 and 8 ate 300.10
pounds barley without potatoes and
made a gain of 69.5~pounds.
The last two lots, fed barley alone,
were used as a check on the others to
show more definitely the proportion
ate value of the potatoes. At the
present market value of 7 cents a
pound live weight, the hogs fed barley
made a $3.87 gain, which makes the
barley feeding value $1.62 to the hun
dred.
Lots 1 and 2 fed barley and raw
potatoes at the rate of three pounds
of potatoes to a pound of barley, made
a $4.25 gain, which gives the raw
potatoes a feeding value of 29 cents
to the hundred. Lots 3 and 4 receiv
ing six times as much steamed pota
toes as barley, made a $4.94 gain,
giving the steamed potatoes a feeding
value of 47 cents to the- hundred.
Lots 5 and 6 fed three times as much
steamed potatoes as barley, made a
$5.47 gain, making the feeding value
of the potatoes 42 cents to the hun
dred.
It is noticeable that those fed six
times as much potatoes as grain did
not make quite the gain made by the
others, but it required 85.25 pounds
less barley to make this gain, so the
difference in feeding value is ac
counted for.
It is also noteworthy tha: the steam
potatoes are worth 13 cents more to
the hundred than raw for feeding, as
shown in the comparison of the gain
of animals fed the 3-to-l ration.
Ducks Are Hardy.
Ducks, as a rule, are hardy. They
do not have the gapes. The weakest
part of a duck is its legs. Indigestion
is apt to show itself in the young if
the coarse sand is omitted in the food.
It is always best to put a handful of
sand in a pail of mash food, mixing it
thoroughly. This will aid digestion.
The oily nature of the feathers makes
the ducklings vermin proof. Expos
ure to hot suns is fatal. There should
always be a partial shade to the runs
The well-bred draft horse is always
in demand, and the farmer who breeds
it constantly in the one w r ho makes
the most profit in horses.
The -patient mule is not much for
speed, but he keeps going, and usually
arrives on time.
A mule never seems to be really
frightened at anything. When he
runs away he does it through pure
love of mischief.
A mule scents danger almost as
unerringly as the elephant.
Ever know a mule to step in a hole
or venture upon an unsound bridge
of his own volition?
No white man can ever get on as
good terms with a mule as the negro
can.
The average mule will do as much
work at two years old as the horse
will at three or four.
Never tie a mule up in a stall over
"light. The open field for him always.
Some English farmers are paying as
iigh as S4OO per pair for American
lules to send to the Argentine Re
ublic.
CAUSE OF GAPES
IN THE POULTRY
To Eradicate Disease Birds Af
fected Should Be Isolated
and Treated.
(By H. L. KEMPSTER of Missouri Sta
tion.)
Gapes is a disease affecting certain
birds, fowls, and particularly chicks
one to four weeks old. It is caused
by a small worm, called the gape
worm, which attaches itself to the
windpipe of its victim.
The symptoms are frequent gaping,
sneezing, a whistling cough, with dis
charge of mucus and worms, dump
ishness, weakness and drooping of
wings. Dead birds will show forked
worms attached to the windpipe.
The adult female gape worm is
much larger than the male, her body
being filled with eggs and embryos.
These embryos appear in the Rjrop
pings or are coughed up. So the
trouble is spread by contamination
of runs, feed and drinking water.
Embryos are often found in earth
worms.
To eradicate the disease, isolate af
fected birds, treat drinking water
with potassium permangnate; burn
dead birds, and remove chicks to
fresh ground which is not infected.
Cultivation of infected ground is
said to eradicate the worms in three
years.
Individual cases may be treated in
one of three ways:
By confining the chick for a short
time in a box which has air-siaked
lime on the floor. The lime Is said to
cause the worm to release its grip,
and the chick to sneeze it out.
Stripping a feather, leaving a small
tuft, moistening with turpentine and
introducing into the windpipe, care
being taken not to lacerate the wind
pipe or suffocate the chick.
Two horse hairs tied together, the
knot trimmed, run down the chick
en's throat, and removing in a twist
ing manner, will also remove the
worms. Gape worm extractors are
also on the market.
TUBEROSES ARE NOT
DIFFICULT TO GROW
Good, Rich Soil Is Necessary for
These Handsome Flowers—
They Sell Well.
These handsome stalk flowers are
easily grown. Good, rich soil is nec
essary. The flowers always sell readi
ly and ship any distance without in
jury. Bulbs also sell well. Sort them
Into three sizes and make the price
accordingly. Plant in a sandy soil
about five inches deep.
A space in the back yard, a yard
wide and two yards long, will produce
a dozen fine stalks that will provide
hundreds of flowers. Keep the plant
moist at all times to secure choice
flowers.