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Science.
Phosphor bronze has an electric con
ductivity two and a half times that of
iron or steel and one-thiid that of cop
per.
Certain physicians say that crying
should not be repressed in children, as
the consequences may be Saint Vitus’
dance or epileptic fits.
The longest span of wire in the
"World is used for a telegraph in India,
ver the River Kistnah, between Bezo-
rah and Sectanagrum. It is more
than 6000 feet long, and is stretched
between two hills, each of which is
1200 feet high.
In Switerland small coins are now
made from pure metallic nickel rolled
by the Fleitmann process. These
coins are said to be much superior te
the alloy of 25 per cent, of nickel and
75 per cent, of copper heretofore used
there.
By the adoption of preventive mea
sures to guard against expected epi
demics in certain English towns Mr.
Edwin Chadwick estimates that three-
fourths of a million lives and three
million cases of sickness have been
saved. This seems a somewhat start
ling statement, but the figures are the
result of statistical comparisons, and
are probably correct.
Dr. Samuel W. Francis, Newport,
R. I., reports the successful treatment
of an acute case of pneumonia by the
inhalation of -ulphuric ether. He says
that “ if seen early during the first
stage, by inhaling ether for thirty
minutes, every six hours, many severe
and protracted eases of sickness would
be arrested.” Dr. Francis recom
mended inhalation of sulphuric ether
for bronchitis in 1868.
A mill-pick maker advises that in
grinding picks the pressure be not too
gre it, and that sufficient water be used
so that heating, which always injures
the temper, be prevented. It should
be borne in mind that cracking picks
should not be used for furrowing, and
no pick should be used after its edges
are worn too blunt. When picks are
blunt grind them to a straight level,
one-eighth or three-eighths long.
Professor Whitney does not lay any
weight on the removal of forests as a
cause for the dryness and desolation of
former fertile and populous regions of
the earth. He admits that the greater
proportion of land to water in late
geological eras may have a little to do
with the decreased rain-fall; but he
attributes the diminished precipitation
mainly to a lowering of the intensity
of soiar radiation during geological
time.
All know that air has weight, but
one is apt to have vague ideas as to the
weight of comparatively limited quan
tities of it. A cubic foot of air weighs
638.1 grains, or something over one
ounce; 13 06 cubic feet weigh one
pound. About 65 cubic feet of air
furnish one pound of oxygen. An
apartment 8 feet high, 12 feet wide
and 13 feet long contains about 100
pounds of air; and a room 40 feet
square and 18 feet high contains about
a ton.
The art of making glass is of high
antiquity, but it belonged to modern
ingenuity to develop the value of the
Invention, and to apply it to a multi
tude of important and in Borne cases
lndes oensable usee. Not many centu
ries ago window-glass was only found
in the houses of the very rioh. Its use
began in palaces. For a long time it
was so scarce that at Ain wick Castle
in 1567 the glass was ordered to be
taken out of the windows and laid up
in safety when the lord was absent.
Instead of the usual solid case of the
Bell telephone, Herr Konigslieb, of
Hamburg, provides a case in which
the space between the membrane and
the magnet is enlarged into a thin-
sided sounding-case, and under this 1b
a resonance-case, which surrounds the
other at a certain interval. The reeo
nance case is perforated at certain
places. The inventor claims that he
thus obtains a considerable strengthen
ing of the sound ; also a purer and
more distinct transmission.
sure. For every pint of juice add
fourteen ounces of sugar, and boil in a
clean preserving pan five and twenty
minutes, carefully taking off the scum
as it rises to the surface. Place it hot
in small jars and cover it down with
thin tissue paper, dipped in brandy,
and brown paper over it. Keep it in
a cool, dry place.
Blackberry Jam.—To each pound
of ripe fruit (very ripe), stewed in a
porcelain kettle, add one pound of
best loaf sugar, and mash the contents
fine with a strong iron or wooden
spoon, while still upon the fire. When
well mixed and boiled fifteen minutes
longer, stirring well the meanwhile,
fill small jars or glasses, and set away.
In any of the preceding recipes rasp-
berrie* may be substituted for black
berries, as may also strawberries. The
jelly made of blackberries is, however,
particularly useful in dysentery and
other similar complaints, and the fol
lowing recipes are also useful in the
same complaints:
Blackberry Drink.—To twelve
quarts of the berries put two quarts of
clear water, with five ounces of tartaric
acid dissolved in it. Let this stand
forty-eight hours; then let the juice
drip through a flannel cloth or sieve
without pressure. To a pint of this
juice put a pound of sugar and bot
tle forthwith. Tie over the mouth of
each bottle a piece of cloth, and let
stand about ten days. Then cork the
bottles and use when desired, remem
bering the acid is never used alone,
but always diluted with two-thirds of
its quantity of Ice water. The Juice of
strawberries, raspberries, currants or
Morilla cherries may be prepared in
the same way.
Census Reports on Wages.
Home Economies.
Blackberry Jelly.—Bruise the
fruit, put in a thin cloth, and allow to
strain over night. Next morning add
half a pound of sugar to each pint of
juice; boil twenty minutes.
Another Way.—Gather the fruit
when perfectly ripe and in very dry
weather. Put the beiries in a jar and
set/lhe Jar in hot water, keepfcg it
tolling until the juice is extracted
from the fruit. Pass it through a fine
ere or Jelly bag without muoh pres-
Blackberry Vinegar. — One
quart of ulacfcberries to one of sharp
vinegar. Let them stand a day;
squeeze out the juice; add to this, two
days in succession, as much fruit as
the vinegar will hold. To each quart
of the vinegar thus prepared put two
pounds of sugar, and boil from five to
ten minutes. When cool, bottle and
seal. This will be found a pleasant
and cooling beverage in hot weather,
when mixed in the proportions of two-
thirds water to one of the vinegar.
Cappilaire.—Mix six eggs, well
beaten up, with fourteen pounds of
loaf sugar and three pounds of coarse
sugar ; put them into three quarts of
water, boil it twice, skim it well and
add a quarter of a pint of orange-flower
water; strain it through a jelly-bag
and put it into bottles for use. A
spoonful or two of this syrup, put into
a draught of either cold or warm
water makes a very pleasant drink.
Milk Lemonade.—Take the juice
of six fine lemons, and the peel of
three, pared very thin, two wine
glasses of syrup, half a pint of Madeira
or sherry, and one quart of boiling
water. Put all into a covered vessel
and let it stand for t welve hours; then
having boiled a pint of new milk, pour
it upon the mixture, after which let it
through a jelly bag until quite clear.
A very refreshing drink.
Root Beer.—Take a pint of bran, a
handful of hops, some twigs of spruce
hemlock or cedar, a little sassafras
rcois of various kinds, such as plan
tain, dandelion, burdocks, dock, etc.
boil and strain, add a tablespoonful of
Jamaica ginger ; molasses to sweeten
and a cup of yeast. When you want
it soon, let one bottle stand where it is
warm, the rest will work cold. This
will make one gallon.
Excellent Ginger-Pop. — Take
three-quarters of a pound of white
sugar, one ounce of cream of tartar,
one ounce of ginger and the juice and
grated rind of one lemon. Put these
all together in a jar, and pour over it
all four quarts of boiling water; let
it stand until it is lukewarm; then
add one tablespoonful of fresh peast,
and nearly one tablespoonful ot win-
tergreen, or of sassafras; let this stand
for twenty-four hour4, then put in bob-
ties, cork tightly and seal. Itfwill be
ready for use in a few days.
Nectar.—Take a pound of best
raisins, seeded and chopped; four
lemons, sliced thin, and the yellow
rind pared off from two other lemons,
and two pounds of powdered loaf
sugar. Put in a porcelain preserving
kettle two gallons of water. Bet it
over the fire and boil it half an hour
then, while the water is boiling hard,
put in the raisins, lemons and sugar,
and continue the boiling for ten min
utes. Pour the mixture into a vessel
with a close cover, and let it stand lour
days, stirring it twice a day. Then
■train through a linen bag and bottle
it. It will be fit to use in a fortnight.
Drink it from wineglasses, with
small piece of ice In each.
One of the assertions which the advo
cates of the existing high tariff in the
United Stales are never weary of af
firming and. reiterating is that the
laborers in the protected indus'ries
have been thereby greatly benefited
through the permanency of employ
ment (the stagnation of industry from
1873 to 1878 and the strikes and lock
outs of 1882 to the contrary notwith
standing), and through the receipt of
extremely high wages, by reason of
which the ironworkers of Pennsyl
vania, according to the Hon. W. D.
Keiley, are enabled and accustomed to
adorn the walls of their residences
4 with chromos and fine engravings,”
and otherwise to fare sumptuously.
Heretofore, in the absence of any col
lection of statistics which all interested
were willing or constrained to accept
as authoritative, the discussions which
have taken place between the advo
cates of ‘‘tariff reductions” and “ high
protection ” in respect to labor, wages,
prices and profile, have been in a great
degree unsatisfactory, those on either
side who did not want to be convinced
being generally strengthened in their
preconceived opinions, while others,
fairly open to conviction, found them
selves utterly confused by a conflict
of assertion and inference which did
not admit of any complete refutation
or verification.
The recent publication of the results
of the census of 1880 have, however, at
last, in many departments of domestic
industry, placed matters upon a new
and different footing, and given to the
public a revelation of positive facts
which cannot be hereafter either
ignored or denied. Thus, in a series
of articles on our “ Iron and Steel
Industries,” published some weeks
since in our columns, it was conclu
sively demonstrated from an analysis
of the census returns that in place of
the receipt of exceptionally high
wages by the laborers employed in
these highly protected industries, the
average wage paid them was only
about $1.16 per diem, or $345 per an
num, a rate about the average paid to
the commonest and least skilled labor
in most parts of the country; and,
also, that the laborers in the industries
in the United Btates derive no benefit
whatever from the greatly enhanced
prices which the existing tariff permits
the owners of coal and iron lands and
of the iron and steel furnaces and roll
ing mills in this country to charge to
the general public as consumers.
Similar striking and interesting
conclusions are now deducible from
the statistics of the manufactures of
twenty of the principal cities of the
United Btates, as set forth in one of
the most recent of the bulletins of t|ie
Census Bureau. In these manufac
tures, which include all the more
especially piotected industries, the
number of employes is returned at
948,494, comprising 663,827 men, 224,-
109 women and 60 567 children. The
aggregate annual washes paid to the
same were $379,384 931, which, assum
ing 300 working days in the year,
would show a disbursement of $1,261,-
283 for each day, and an average of
$1.33 per day for each person em
ployed. Selecting Philadelphia from
the list of the twenty cities as the one
which may be fairly regarded as hav
ing done the most to impose the high
protective tariff system upon the coun
try, the analysis of the census returns
affords the following results :
Numi'erof employes 178 (M2
Annual a^tjregate wagt-n 860 dOfl.'.W 00
Datl> UlfcburiitnjenMor 8u0 202,021.00
Average wages per baud per day.. 1.10
It will thus be seen that in this
centre of protection the average wages
paid to labor are 17 cents per day less
than the general average paid in the
twenty selected cities located all over
the continent; or, leaving Philadel
phia out of the list, the average paid to
manufacturing labor rises from $1.83
to $1.87 per day.
These figures are bard nuts to crack
for that class of people who have been
assuring the workingmen and women
of the country that high protection in
evitably assures them higher wages.
With the prices of commodities at
normal rates, $9 per week is little
enough to enable the laborer in the
manufactories of our large cities to
provide himself with food, fuel, cloth
ing and shelter—more especially if he
has others dependent on him—and
every advance in commodity prices
means reduction of wages through
diminished purchasing power. Since
1879 the advance in the prices of com
modities has been at least 20 per oent*
and there has been no general increase
of wages in consequence. Hence the
reasonable discontent of labor every
where. Henoe the continual strikes
and local disturbances. Now, in what
way is the laborer to look for relief,
with from seven hundred thousand to
a million recruits to the labor market
pouring in annually ? Not by denoun
cing employers, who, in all but excep
tional instances, pay the average mar
ket price of labor, but rather by de
nouncing all men and measures which
are instrumental in unnecessarily aug
menting the cost of living by excessive
taxation, wasteful expenditures, and
the continuance of a policy which
prevents the expansion of the markets
for the products of our various indus
tries. Let those desirous of relief and
a hetter state of things ask themselves:
Why should this land, so productive
of abundance that we are able to con
tribute largely to the food supply of
almost all nations, be at the same time
the most costly of all lands to live in.
And when they have once fully com
prehended what is involved m this
asking they will have made some
progress in determining a solution of
the problem.—New York Times.
Russian View of the Egyptian
Question.
In the name of civilization and order
the English bombarded Alexandria,
and they did it successfully. Thelight
shore forts are destroyed, and the city
itself was made the prey of the flames.
In order to plant there a higher civili
zation they resorted to a senseless and
merciless destruction. The English
Government applies this theory, which
is worse than Nihilbm, to Egypt,
while the Governments of the rest of
Europe partly approve English action,
and partly in silence let these ugly
practices go on. It is said that Europe
is about to aid England; in other
words, to erect in Egypt a monument
of her weakness—but we don’t believe
it. Borne ten years ago Lord Beacons-
field made a good deal of noise, boasl
ing that England could stand not only
one but several campaigns at once, yet
even Lord Beaconsfield did not dare
to invade Egypt. He was satisfied
with buying for his Government the
Suez Canal shares and sending a com
mission to investigate the financial
condition of Egypt, At that time
Europe looked closely after English
operations in the East, and would not
allow any invasion ot Egypt. But
now the English Government does not
need any support from other European
nations in order to counteract Russian
Influence on the Balkan peninsula, for
Russian policy is now passive. Eng
land tramples down the rights of its
late allies by attempting to appropriate
the most important international com
mercial way in the East—that is, the
But* Canal. While England was
going on with her warlike preparations
there was heard no protest from any
part of Europe, and now Europe must
deal with an accomplished fact—the
English occupation of Egypt.
Civilization and order have nothing
to do with the Egyptian question.
Good order can only suffer by armed
interference by the European Btates
with Egyptian aflairo. England tram
ples on the independence and liberty
of Egypt, things which are indispen
sable for the successful advancement
of any country. There is yet time to
stop the English Government from
further devastation " and depredation
in Egypt. The bombardment of Al-
^andria has given so far only negative
results. The city is ruined partly by
English cannon, and partly by incen
diarism. Hundreds of Europeans
hare fallen victims of the infuriated
Egyptian mob. This was a cruel re
venge on a great civilized power for
its invasion of peaceful Egypt. But
the Egyptian army, though it has re
treated. is yet far from throwing down
its arms. The British Government is
responsible for this bloodshed, in
view of the bad results so far gained,
it is fast losing confidence in itself,
and is now beseeching the other Pow
ers for co-operation, or at least for
sanction of its deeds. We hope the
French Government will refuse to take
any part in the barbarous English
treatment of Egypt.
Mr. Gladstone has been forced to
take a dangerous step as a means of
preserving his Cabinet. Recently he
suffered a defeat in Parliament, which,
under other circumstances, would
have forced him to resign. In order
to restore the credit of his Cabinet he
decided upon this adventurous Egypt
ian campaign. But he may be sure
that Europe will not suffer the Suez
Canal to fall under the exclusive con
trol of the English.
Blackberry Syrup.—Make a sim
pie syrup of a pwuud of sugar to each
pint of water ; boil until it is rioh and
thick, then add to it as many pints of
the expressed juice of the blackberries
as there are pounds of sugar; put half
a nutmeg grated to each quart of the
syrup; set aside until oold, then bottle
for use. A tablespoonful for a child,
or a wineglassful for an adult is the
dose.
The Iron Workers.
A Sketch of a Powerful Organization.
The Amalgamated Association of
Iron and Steel Workers of the United
Btates is one ot the strongest labor
bodies in the world. Previous to 1874
there were two organization* among
the iron and steel workers. There
were the United Sons of Vulcan and
the Heaters, Rollers and Roughers’
Association. The Sons of Vulcan
were the strongest. It originated
during the great strike of 1850; it was
then only a local organization, and-
gradually spread until it had considera
ble of a national footing, yet without
any apparent strength. These unions
did not accomplish the ends for which
it was organized. In several strikes
they were deleated because of a mis
understanding between themselves.
When the puddlers struck the roughers .
and catchers continued to work on
muck iron from the outside furnaces,
and consequently defeated the pud
dlers. In 1874, at a meeting of the
puddlers iu Philadelphia, a committee
was appointed to confer with the Heat
ers, Rollers and Roughers’ Association
to effect an amalgamation. A. plan
was agreed upon at this conference
and submitted to the annual conven
tion of each organization, which met in
1875, and ratified the amalgamation
under the title of the Amalgamated
Association of Iron and Bteeel Work
ers of the United States, and which
includes nearly all the skilled iron and
steel workers.
The Association has divided the
United Btates and Canada into eight
districts. The first is located in the
vicinity of Pitteburg, including Mc
Keesport and Homestead, Pa. It has
two sub-divisions. The first contains
th rty-one lodges ; John M. Kelly, of
McKeesport, is Chairman. The second
division contains thirty-eight lodges,
with R. H. Jones, of Pittsburg, Chair
man, with a total membership of 30,-
000. The second division contains
nineteen lodges, with Edwin Rodgers,,
of Wheeling, Chairman. The third
district is sub-divided into two divi
sions, and is the second largest in the
United States. The first division con
tains eleven lodges, Charles Avery, of
Covington, Kentucky, being Chair
man. The second division has four
teen lodges, Wm. White, of St. Clair,
111., is Chairman. In the fourth dis
trict there are twenty-three lodges; P.
G. Summer, of Joliet, 111., is Chair
man. The fifth district is no longer
in existence. The sixth district con
tains thirty-seven lodges. John I.
Davis, of Sharon, Pa., being Chairman.
The seventh district, which takes in
Harrisburg, has died out, the iron and
steel workers in that city being non
union men. The eighth district takes
in Philadelphia, Allentown, Pa., and
Rome, N. Y.; Andrew Lee is Chair
man. It contains fifteen lodges. In
sections not strong enough to be called
districts there exist what is cal^d “is
olated lodges.” There are thirteen of
this kind under the immediate juris
diction of the National President* and
Board of Trustees. These lodges are
scattered over the whole Ucited Btates
from Portland, Maine, to Omaha. The
total membership is 80,000, and the
actions of this body, govern the affairs
of over 700,000 engaged in the various
iron industries. Each district is gov
erned by its district conference which
meets annually. The amendments of
by-laws and revisions are made by the
national coiftrention which meets
every year.
The officers of the National Associa
tion are a President, eight Vice Presi
dents, a Secretary, a Treasurer, and
three Trustees. The President and
Treasurer are the only salaried officers.
The Trustees are compelled to file A
bond for $10,000 each, and the Treas
urer for $60,000. The President, John
J. Jarret, was formerly a Pittsburg
puddler. He is about fifty-five years
of age, and generally regarded as a
“siuare” mas. He was elected In
1880 by the eight Vice Presidents to fill
the unexpired term of Joseph Bishop,
and subsequently re-elected at the
Pittsburg National Convention in 1881.
William Martin, General Secretary, is
also a Pittsburg man. The Trustees
are William Wtike, Samuel Witk-
knight of Pittsburg, and C. D. Thomp
son, Weeling, West Virginia. Eaoh
district is governed by a Vice Presi
dent and two deputies. There is also
an Executive Committee, composed of
the Vice President, the two deputies
and four Presidents of sub-lodges.
If the riohes of the Indies, or the
crowns of all the kingdoms of Europe
were laid at my feet, in exohange for
my love of reading, I would spurn
them all.