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STUDY IN PLANT-FOOD
State Chemist Writes Interest
ingly on this Subject.
TALK ON PHOSPHORIC ACID
T«ll» Farmer* If They Expert Large
Yield* From Their Land* They Mint
team Wba* Plant Food the Soil
Need*—Where Phoepate* Are Found.
Letter* on Agricultural Cheml»try by
the State Chemlet.
LETTER NO. 8.
TUB I'lKWI'lLATES.
In letter No 4, bulletin No. .18. 1
alliuli-d to the Importance of phonplior- phosphate, which occura In rocky or
•lie of a pebble to quite large maaee*.
The deposit* vary from one or two feet
to twelve or more In thloknss* This
rock contain* no nltrogenoua organic
matter like bone, but I* simply a rock
phosphate It Is true, however, that
among thp deposit* are found many
evidence* of life, such as Immense
vertebrae of animals, and large teelh
of shark, marine and other animal*.
The 8outh Carolina rock contain* from
twenty-six to twenty-eight per cent of
phosphoric add It Is highly esteem
ed both at home and abroad as a
source of phosphoric arid; actual m's-
lug began here In 18U8.
Florida Phosphates.
Tho next great discovery of phos
phate rock In this country occurred
in Florida, In 1888 t/> 1881* There
are different forms of this phosphate;
tlrsl, we have the land or boulder
lc ac id as a constituent of plant-food.
It Is In Hie satin* class with nitrogen
and potaab, they being the elements
found only In small quantity In most
cultivated soils, all the other elements
necessary to plant life being usually
present In profusion. Phosphoric acid
then must he added to the soil If we
expect iaigu yield. The various
sources of phosphoric add, then, are
of Interest.
Hone* were the first and earliest
form In which phosphoric acid was
applied to the soli. Hones are a coin-
blnutlon of organic and Inorganic mat
ter the organic matter In a lame
consists mainly of fat and a glutinous
matter, inn Inorganic matter la chief
ly phosphate of llino. Thlt dual com
position of a hone can he demonstrat
ed very graphically by taking the leg
bone of an animal and soaking It for
quite • while In weak muriatic acid.
ThU *dd will dissolve nway the phoa.
phute of lime, which give* rigidity
and *t iffness to the hone, and leave
behind tlie glutinous flexible animal
matter of the bone, which will still
retain (lie shape of the original bone.
You cau now tHke this soft organic
matter and He It Into a knot, without
breaklug It. This soft animal matter
of the bone I* rich In nitrogen, so (bat
u bone fortlll/.or la a double manure,
both phosphallc and nltrogenoua.
Hone* vary u good deal In composi
tion, according lo Ihe nature and age
of tlie animal; there Is not so much
phosphate In the lionea of a young
animal us in moss of an old one.
Even In the same anlmul, the hard
tlilgn bones of an ox. for Instance,
will contain more phosphate of Hutu
than softer holies from older purls
of tho animal. Hones to he of vulue
should, of course, be ground, and the
<tlner the grinding, the better. A
coarsely crushed or ground raw bone,
which has nui been treated to removo
any of Its original fatty matter, will
decay with comparatively slowness In
tne soil, and consequently hut llttlo
effect might be pcroelved from Its ap
plication the ttrst season.
A good raw hone will enntnln on an
average iwonty-two per cent, phos
phoric add and four per cent, of ni
trogen. Such a hone 1* quite diffi
cult to grind tine, and on It* fineness
depends In large measure Its value as
u fertiliser. Hut by boiling and steam
ing much of the fat In removed, which
has no value a* a manure; some of
the nitrogen Is also removed In the
form of glue and gelatine by the boil
ing and steaming process This treat
ment, however, enables the bone to bo
ground muon tlner than the raw hone,
unit w here tje process has been carried
out very thoroughly, us In tho tnanu-
fucture of glue, the resulting ground
hone may contain us high us 80 per
cen. of phosphoric acid, but the nitro
gen lo this i use will he reduced to
less than two per cent. Actual ex
peilmenis have ahotvii that all tae
phosphoric add from a finely ground
steamed bom* tiih.i become available
In one nr two seasons In the soli,
while that from a coarse ground raw
tunic would not become fully available
In three or four seasons.
The Mineral or Rock Phospates.
If bones wore the only resource of
phosphoric add. modem agriculture
would he In a distressing condition,
since hones could supply only a very
small part of ihe demand. The prices
of fertilizers would he very much high
er than they now are; the cotton crop
of the souln and the grata crops of
the world would he very much small
er. and th« population of the earth very
much less than it now is. So true Is
11 that life Itself as counted by gener
ations rises and falls in greater or
smaller volume, in unison with me
available supply of plant-food In the
soil. A
dense population and increased wealth
of the Old World Is doubtless due to
the discovery of the mineral phos
phates
or less quantity have been known for
ii long time in me Old World, but 1
shall mention only those fields In tbt*
country w hich are of great commercial
lwpoitance today. The first of these
In point of discovery and development
were the South Carolina phosphate
beds These beds are In the neigh
borhood of tne city of Charleston. S. C.
The rock is found both In the land
and In the rivers In that vicinity. Tots
phosphate Is found usually In the form
of lumps or nodules, varying from the
stony masses of varying size and form,
and varying from thirty to forty per
cent, of phosphoric add; second, the
•'soft" phosphate, a white powdery ma.
terlal, mixed with more or less kao
lin, and containing from eighteen to
thirty per cent, phosphoric acid; third,
ly, we have tho “pebble” form, consist.
Ing of small, hard, rounded pebbles,
which occur both In the beds of tho
rivers, and In deposits on the land.
They are variable In composition, hut
range from thirty to mlrty-stx per cent,
of phosphoric acid. The Florida rock
constitutes a very Important source of
thing baa bwea ofcoerrad aavaral lime*
Tha weight of evtdenew t* owvoln
alve howaver that the bark-heatlea
firs' attack weakened and dying tree*
but often when numerous, turn their
at'ack to tree* which are appamtly
In good health. A* appropriately atat
ed by J M Stedman. M t» very large
ly a matter of opinion when one pro
nounce* a tree perfectly healthy Mat
has become Infested * ah this pe*t
but no doubt one should regard a tree
as h-slth) when there t* absolutely
no reason to suspect Anything differ
ent except that It has now hecvme at
'acked by this Inaect ”
Description—The idult fruit tree
bark beetle t* a small cylindrical bee
tie, about one eighth .noh tn length
and only about one-third as broad
They are uniformly black in color
xcept the tip* of the elytra or wing
covers and a portion of the lags, which
are dull red. The young borer or
grub less than one fourth Inch In
length—is while, except for the brown
head.
Winter Stage and Lift History—The
winter is passed by this Insect tn the
larval or grub stage in their channel*
under the berk. In spring, about the
middle or latter part of March, the
patent beetles eat their way out from
under the bark, making little hole*
scaicely one-sixteenth of an Inch In di
ameter These parent beetles soon
commence to bore Into the trees, and
In gin the construction of an egg chnru.
I>* r which Is nearly always formed In
the direction of the long axis of the
limb, or nearly so. They seem to pre-
phosphorlc add, Is highly esteemed, f( , r to ^ ntPr tlle of the n In bB.
and Is used largely both ut home and
abroad.
Tennessee Phosphate.
Shortly Hfter the discovery of phos
piinle rock In Florida, discoveries be
gan to lie made In Tennessee In the
vicinity of Nashville, and later stilt Im.
port ant deposits began to lie found In
Maury county, Tenn , near Mt. Pleas,
ant. This took, like the others, Is
variable In form and composition, but
the marketable varttles range from
thirty to thirty- seven per cent, of phos-
phorlc acid. There are other lmpor-
or nt the forks made by the lateral
spur*, and ouen at Ihe base of buds
near the extremetles of the small
branches. The beetles are frequently
found, on badly Infested trees, enter
M ths tost* Nntomotaglat to prom*
f.v the establishment of a aertea of
experiment* with a view to dtaoover
some nicen* whereby the damage from
tht* .erlou* cotton disease could be,
in a measure, prevented.
In the fall of 19iM my esteemed pits
decess.v Mr Wllmon Newell, began
on this work by making selection of
coiton seed from Infected cotton fields
at ftellobec, (!* where th«i dlieasc has
been \ ery bad for a number of years
It was Intended to use thl* seed, of
which a large number of selection*
wire made, for sowing experimental
plot* of cotton In 1908 It Is only
Justice to the prescut Incumbent to
s*> that he seed soleced In 1904 was
placed In a warehouse which caught
fire and burned during tne month of
January, so that our seed was all de
stroyed.
Fortunately, we were able to get
some small lots of seed from the Hu-
reau of Plant Industry at Washington,
l). C . which were used to commence
work this spring.
Experiments conducted by the Unit,
ed States Department of Agriculture
have shown that the most promising
line of work to pursue, In the effort to
discover some relief for the cotton
growers when* black-root is prevalent,
Is ihe selection of resistant varieties
of cotton, and by careful cross-breed
ing, the development of new varieties
which will be resistant to the wilt dls.
ease. In addition to this It was deemed
advisable to determine the Influence of
different fertilizers on cotton so far
as they effect the reduction or Increase
of the black-root.
Extensive experiments have been
carried on this year along the above
lines, wit.i the result that we hava
secured a large number of samples of
COOKING OIL
SALAD OIL
Pure Deodorized Cotton Seed Oil
Is n wholesome vegetable product. When properly
used is better than butter at one-fourth the co9t.
For cooking wither bread or meats is far superior
to lard at one-half the cost.
If used for salads is equal to olive oil and only
costs half as much.
This store sells WESSON COOKING and SALAD
OILS, manufactured by the Southern Cottton Oil Co.
These refined products of cotton seed are all that is
claimed for them by the manufacturers. They have
been tested by thousands of housekeepers and have
never failed to meet all requirements and expectations.
The housewives of Newnan and Coweta County
should test these clean, wholesome culiuary products.
They are economical, and effect a saving of money for
all users
C. P. STEPHENS & CO.
The Prompt Service Grocers.
tant phosphatlc deposits tn the world, eggs. The minute grubs hatching from
hut. those Just described constitute the
Important ones for Southern agricul
ture. Having mentioned the chief
sonnies of nitrogen and phosphoric
acid, we will take a bird’s-eye view
of the sources of polish.
ATTAGKS FRUIT TREES
Ing the trunk nearly to the base of the cotton seed which wll be carefullly
tested In 1900. and there la every rea
son to hope that some valuable strains
of cotton will be developed. Work
of this nature cannot be made to show
great results tho first year, nor even
the second, as each variety of cotton
must be carefully tested under various
conditions before any claim can be
made at to its power of resistance to
the black-root disease, while at the
same time It must prove to be of good
guailty before Its true value Is deter
mined.
There Is one variety of cotton—the
JackHon—that has this year shown
marked resistant qualities. This Is a
trees. The egg chamber Is formed
partly In the cambium layer and purt-
ly In the wood directly beneath. Tne
egg chambers vary from one Inch or
less to an Inch and a half In length,
and bh It. la formed minute side pock
ets are constructed to each side. In
which eggs are deposited. It Is sup
posed that each female lays about 80
theHe eggs burrow at right angle* to
the egg chnmber. When a limb Is
badly Infested these channels cross and
re-cross one another, until the cam
bium layer of bark, and the wood Just
honeAth, Is reduced almost to powder.
The young gruba continue to feed as cotton of the limbless variety, but of
Peculiar Insect in Destroying
Peach Orchards.
THE WAV TO REMEDY THE EVIL
Advance Sheet from Bulletin No. 17 of
the Georgia State Board of Entomol.
ogy Compiled by R. I. Smith, State
Entomologist,
described until full grown when they
make n slightly deeper burrow and
Hu r» change to the pupae from which
eii ergo the adult beetles as already do.
set !l-ed Them* beetles escape by slm.
ply eating their way out through the
bark, making the characteristic round
Inle. As each beetle miiHt make a
hole through which to escape and an
other when entering to construct the
egg chamber, the great number of
ho 1 . « found In an Infested limb are
easily accounted for.
Generations Each Year—Concerning
the number of broods in Georgia each
unusual quality and product I venesa.
From the small lot of seed which we
obtained this spring we will gather a
lew bushels of sepd which will be dis
tributed In small lots to a number of
cotton growers In sections of the state
where black-root exists, so that it can
be tested under varying conditions. So
long as this supply of seed lasts, any
one who has had trouble with the
black-root disease may receive a sam
ple by applying to the State Entomolo
gist. (Atlanta, Ga.)
If not too late when this article la
read, the writer wishes to urge each
A Million Beats
Brought to Book
During the past twelve years we have collected over ONE
MILLION ACCOUNTS. Over a million accounts that
had been given up as lost by their owners. We make a
guarantee unprecedented in the annals of the collection
business —TO COLLECT FIVE TIMES THE AMOUNT
OF OUR FEE. Until this is done no commission is
charged on collections. After it is done our commission
is six per cent.
No matter WHO you are or WHERE you are we will
give you the name and address of somebody you will
know for whom we have succeeded in collecting accounts
they considered uncollectible.
If you|have accounts on your books which yon have
charged to “Profit and Loss” and want to have them
turned into CASH, get in communication with us.
THE NATIONAL COLLECTION AGENCY,
Washington, D. C.
yeai, no definite observations have mlton grower In the black-root sec-
(By R. I. Smith, State Entomologist.)
(Advance Sheet from Bulletin 17, of
the Georgia Stute Hoard of Bnto.
otology.)
Next to the Pouch Borer, tills Is the
most troublesome boring Insect at
tacking the peach In Georgia. Dur
ing some seasons very little Injury Is
occasioned by this Insect, but during
the season of 1906 reports came In to
the entomologist mainly during the
latter part of June and throughout
Lie month of July, from which it was
evident that the hark beetle was more
than usually abundant In th
orchards. Several of these reported
cases were Investigated by a member
ol this department, with the result
that we became convinced of the uu-
usuul numbers of this insect. While
the actual damage to heulthy trees
was not as great as many fruit grow
ers wi re led to suppose, the appear
ance of these beetles In great num
bers caused considerable alarm, which
might easily have been avoided had
the true habits and life-history been
known Hence, u somewhat extensive
description Is deemed advisable.
Historical—Tills Insect is a native
Eurononn species. In the United
States tt was first noticed In 1877 In
New York, where it was attacking t.te
peach. No doubt many other localities
were infested at the same period
though not then discovered. It has
now been found in all the Eastern
states and at '.east as far west as Kan.
sas Tat* Insect ha* been known to
Injure the following fruits: Plum,
cherry, apricot, nectarine, apple, pear
and quince, as well as the peach
Habit* and Natur* of Injury: Early
writers usually neld lo Lie opinion that
the fruit-tree bark-beetle would not at.
tael; perfectly healthy tret*s and some
ry large proportion of the there are who will still assert that
the first writers were correct. Their
statements, however, are uot borne out
by observations made in Georgia peach
Deposits of these In greater orchards, as many growers will bear
witness. F. H. Chittenden, writing tn
1898, cites eases where this Insect had
been known to attack apparently
healthy trees, where they adjoined old
and abandoned orchards, and J. M. Sted.
man states that he has seen peach
trees, which were to all appearances
perfectly healthy, seriously attacked
by the fruit-tree bark-beetle. The
writer has upon several occasions
found the bark-beetles boring into
sound, healthy trees Two such ob-
lervatlons were made In Maryland tn
been made. In Missouri Professor
Stedman found three and sometimes a
fourth. Considering Ihe fact that
ti nny adult* wore observed this year
during the enrly part of July, and thnt
these must have been the third brood,
It is reasonable to predict that, we
tlons, to make a selection of seed from
his cotton fields, saving the seed from
plants thnt show murked resistant
qualities. Seed should be gathered
from healtny plants In the fields
where some cotton died of black-root,
as It Is certain that such seed may pro.
Atlanta & West Point Hailroad Co.
The Western Railway of Alabama.'
Direct Lines Between North, East. South and Southwest. U. S. Fast
Mail Route. Through Palace Sleeping Cars. Dining
Cars. Tourist Sleepers to California.
have four generations to contend with dnce cotton more resistant to the black.
In the peach orchards of Georgia.
Remedies.
Clean Culture—As heretofore stated
the bark-beetles seem to prefer to
breed In dying ttoes. Herein will be
found the dew to a remedy, or more
properly speaking, prevention. All
dead and dying trees should be destoy-
peach t>( ) by bunting during winter. Tilts work
must be done at least before Lie first
of March In order lo destroy all the
young borers hibernating under the
bark. Alt adut trees—It Is generally
supposed—die during winter, hence If
all wood containing young borers Is
dostioyed, there will be practically
no l.orers left to rc-lnfest the orchard
tie* following spring. Of course there
will always be a few slightly infested
trees left, and front them some adult
borers will develop. A small num
ber oi adults tu March ntay increase
to considerable number's by the time
the second and third broods appear.
In addition to burning all brush aud
dean trees during winter, the orchards
should lie closely watched during sum.
liter and when Infested trees are dis
covered or even single infested limbs,
they should he removed and burned.
Fertilizing and Cultivating—Slightly
Infested trees will sometimes recover,
fitter the attacked portions have been
READ DOWN
SCHEDULE IN EFFECT APR. 23, 1905.
root than seed not selected and taken
from all kinds of plants.
Another tiling In connection with the
black-root disease should be mention
ed at this time. The fungus dlseaese
which Is the direct cause of black-root,
lieves In the tissue of the cotton
plants, Its development In the Interior
of the stem being the explanation for
the sudden wilting that many have
had occasion to notice. TIiIh fungus
lives in the tissue of the cotton
and In the rotting stems and branches
of the Infested plants. It Is evident,
therefore that a certain per cent, of
this over-wintering fungus will be de
stroyed if the plants are pulled, or
plowed out. and raked into windrows
and burned. In summer when wilted
plants are noticed they are usually
pulled out and burned nt once, but
many plants may have some indication
of disease, as well as those actually
No 40
No H4
No HO No H8
heave Arrive No H5
No 87
No 97
No 38
H lftp
12 2)0»l
::::::
0 25ft
1 25 p
H ISp
12 4U»l
Lv New Orleans Ar h lflii
Lv - Mobile Ar} 4 pjj,
7 15a
2 55a
ii 15a
7 27 a
1 Uftp
5 00h
12 15p
11 06p
Lv Pensacola Ar 4 oop 1
5 00ft
4 OOp
5 OUn
ton
*7ton
12 top
Lv Seim 11 Ar
11 HOp
to 85a
0 !*"m
10 05n
10 HOn
1 HOp
2 27p
2 52 p
H81p
a aop
7 14 p
T2|>
8«P
» 25 p
Lv . Montgomery.. A rip, ,-,5,1
Ar MINtead Ar mosa
Ar Chebaw Ar 0 I4u
Ar Auburn Ar ! „ ion
0 20 p
8*20 p
7 40p
H 17a
tt 20p
5 28p
5 Olp
4 27fi
12 top
Ar Columbus Ar|p. 85p| 8 ffip
11 25a
12 HOp
H 45 p
4 80p
* 25p
W 02 p
8 J17a
0 12a
A f - Opelika Arps H7al 7 :S4p
Ar West Point Ar 7 55a 6 68p
1 45p
1 10a
4 lap
3 HOp
12 57n
2 "1
2 12]
sooi
tt 201
4 Mi)
tt U0|-
H HS|»
7 05p
7 80p
o
10 27p
ii’:Sp
o :7 ft
1U ton
iiVofi
Ar I.a Grange Ar 7 20a «i 28p
Ar - Ni-wnan Ar iism-c 5 ,)2p
Ar Fnirburn Ar 15
Ar East Point \r 1
Ar Atlanta Lv 5 Son! 4 20p
12 51a
12 11a
ilYsp
:> 05p
2 Ortp
1 28 p
1 05 p
12 45n
II 4.i,i ,
10 52a
12 Mo!
l> 3l»|
li HOp
11 17,
2 T-5|
j 5 IHu
6 42h
lo 1 In
lH)p
Ar Washington Lv It 15a|1045p
Ar Baltimore Lv 0 12a 8 15p
Ar Philadelphia Lvl H85n 8 50p
Ar New York Lv 12inn 4 25,
1 tup
3 Olp
Above train- dally, Connections nt New Orleans for Texas, Mexico, California. At Chebaw
for Tuskegee. Mllstead for Tallahassee.
hnUrnmie accommodation leaves Atlanta daily, except Sunday at 5 :!)0 p. in. Returning
Orleans. Through coaches Washiu^-
U-aves I.aOralige at 5:50 a. ill. arrives Arinina K:ln a. m.
Trains 35 and :ni Pallnuci sleepers New York and Ne
on ami New Orleans.
Trains 37 aud 88 Washington and Southwestern Limited. Pullman sleepers, compartment
killed by the black-root Which should cars, observation and dining - nrs Complete Service New York and New Orleans
,, , , , j Train 07 t'nlted states fast mail. Through day coaches Atlanta and New Orleans.
Write for -n ins. .,-hedules and luformaliou.
K. >1. THOMPSON, J. P. BILLUPS.
T. P. A., Atluutn, Ga. __ G. P. A., Atlanta Ga.
be pulled up and burned. Tills Is the
time of year when such work should be
done—just after the cotton Is picked
—and all Helds where black-root has
appeared might well be cleaned up be
fore cold weather. When fighting a
disease of this description, It is neces
sary to take advantage of every possi
ble chance to reduce the source of the
CHAS. A. WICKERSHAM.
Pres, and Gen. Mgr.. Atlanta. Ga
To Publishers and Printers.
iamoved To aid this recovery the or- d[ 8 p aae . The removal of cotton plants
chadist should cultivate and fertilize
as appears necessary to keep the trees
lti n healthy, vigorous state of growth.
Very healthy trees are more able to
withstand an attack front the fruit-tree
burk-bettle, than are poorly nourished,
slow-growing trees.
—root and branch—will help, and be
sides It leaves the land In good condi
tion to plow later In the year.
We have an entirely new process, on which patents are pend-
It is our intention to continue the ing, whereby we can reface old Brass Column and Head Rules, 4 pt.
work that has been sarxed unil some ant j thicker and make them fully as good as new and without any
- --d r * h u nsightly knobs or feet on the bottom.
WILT DISEASE OR BLACK-ROOT
OF COTTON.
conclusive and valuable results are ob.
tained. Other lines of work, aside
front the ones mentioned herein are
being pursued^but a discussion of them
would occupy too much space.
PRICES.
A New Feature of the Work of the
Georgia State Board of Entomology.
Clover Seed.
Oif the thirteen principal clover seed
producing states—one—namely, Illinois .
—reports an increased acreange; four fully sent on application.
(By R. I. Smith, State Entomologist)
It Is desired to call the attention of
the cotton growers of Georgia to an lm. , . _
portant line of work that has been tak- -namely. Ohio, Utah, California and
en up this year-for the first ttme-by Colorado-report no cnange In acra-
he Board of Entomology, having for as«. and all the other principal states
report decreases. In Ohio and I tan
Refacing Column and Head Rules, regular lengths, 20cts each.
“ L. S. “ and “ Rules, lengths 2in. and over 40ct3. per lb.
A sample of refaced Rule with full particulars, will be cheer-
Its object an Investigation into --e
cause and prevention of the "black-
root" or "wilt" disease of cotton.
Ry an act of the General Assembly
1901 190a’ and In Georgia the same »f “ was made the special duty
conditions are reported the same as
their ten year average, while in all
other principal states oondltlona are
above such average.
Philadelphia Printers’ Supply Co.
MANUFACTURERS OF
Type and High Grade Printing Material,
39 N. NINTH 8T..
PHILADELPHIA, PA.