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Copyright. 1»13, by the Star Company. Great Britain Right* Reserved.
AUL
OVER
ANIMALS
That LOVE,
MARRY and
Get DIVORCES
I T SEEMS rather unusual to speak of lore and mar
riage in connection with animals, yet It is an estab
lished fact that practically every form of marriage
contract known to man, from free love to the “soul
mate" theory, can be found In the animal world. And
not only marriage, but a regular process of courtship,
too, as romantic as any that ever graced the pages of a
novel.
While some young human couple are pouring out
their hearts to each other beneath the spreading limbs
of some apple tree, very likely, amid the sheltering
branches of the same tree, some scarlet-crested, magnifi
cently plumed Romeo is making ardent love to his coy,
coquettish Juliet.
Sometimes, though, it is the other way, for many of
our feathered sisters have most advanced notions of
women’s rights. A dozen birds have sometimes been
seen grouped around one poor, hunted male, who looked
in vain for a way of escape, but found none. John Bur
roughs says that among birds the choice seems to rest
with the female. The male can court as ardently as
he pleases, but his labor will be in vain unless the fair
one is persuaded that he is the proper one to share her
home with her.
But when Mr. Bird tries to persuade her he doesn't
have things all his way, as one might suppose The
story of one such feathered courtship as described by
an eye-witness has all the romance one could wish for.
A gaily plumed bird was discovered busily preening
himself and making as careful a toilet as it is possible
for a bird to make. This done, he carefully balanced
himself on a choice limb and uttered a tender note of
love. Another tender note answered him from a neigh
boring tree Looking up. the watcher saw a demure
How BIRDS and BEASTS, Like Human Beings, Are Striving for
little female, looking saucily across at her admirer. He
edged a little nearer and made another remark. But
alas! A new complication arose. A second gentleman
appeared on the scene and put in hlg word. An Interest-
ing trio of endearing remarks now ensued. The two
male birds called out in turn, and for each the female
uttered a different note.
Finally, the first bird screwed up his courage to the
point where he determined to approach his charmer and
plead his suit at close range. So he flew toward the
other tree, but waB met halfway by his rival, who col
lided with him head-on; and scolding and fluttering, the
two dropped to the ground, while the little flirt who had
made all the trouble, flew gaily away.
For ages the entire animal world has been seeking for
the Ideal form of marriage, and in so doing has passed
through the same stages as has man In his search for
the hlghekt form of union. Many animals have nearly
approached this Ideal stage, and others have drifted
farther away from It than they were In the beginning
The general belief that all animals are polygamous
is an erroneous one, based on the knowledge of our
domestic animals. Like man, the best type of animal
has but one mate.
There are four distinct forms of marriage among
monogamous animals. The first closely resembles the
trial marriage, and Is the type represented by moose.
The male moose selects the mate that pleases him and
is faithful to her as long as she pleases him When she
can no longer charm him he leaves her and finds an
other. It is not uncommon for a moose who is rather
hard to please to have as many as
a dozen or more wives in one
season.
The second type of animal mar
riage Is that which lasts during the
breeding season only. It Is a type
common to nearly all mammals.
Some animals seek their old mates
again the next season, but among
rats, rabbits and squirrels the sep-
ratlon Is permanent Among foxes,
coyotes and similar animals the fath
er jjjually stays away nntll the chil
dren have been reared. In some hu
man tribes of a low order it has been
found that the fathers do the same
thing.
Ninety per cent, of all animals are
monogamous. The father in this case
is needed more than among humans,
for he must provide the food while
the mother hatches the eggs. While.
In rare Instances, the male bird sits
on the nest, the general rule in bird
dom is that the place for the female
is in the home.
The nearest approach to the ideal
married life is found among wolves.
They marry for life, and only the
death of one leaves the other free to
marry again. There is often great
affection between the mates, and
something very close to chivalry on the part of the
male. It is recorded that two wolves in the London
Zoo were very jealous of each other, and frequently
quarrelled. One day during an unusually fierce dispute,
the male approached the female angrily as 1f to bite
her, but just as he reached her he stopped as if held
back by something within him. The female then ap
proached timidly, gently licked his face and domestic
happiness was once more restored.
Wolves have been known to show respect for other
females than their mates, simply on account of their
sex, apparently.
The fourth type of animal marriage Is that common
among wild geese, pigeons, parrots and possibly owls.
The union lasts through life and when one of the pair
dies the other never seeks a second mate, but mourns
disconsolately until death. This is a marked exception
to the uusual short period of animal mourning.
Many animals that were formerly monogamous have
become polygamous through domestication. It has been
discovered that only polygamous animals can be suc
cessfully domesticated. Many attempts have been
made to domesticate zebras and other monogamous ani
mals but they have never been successful. Deer are
naturally polygamous and form the one great excep
tion to the rule of animal marriage.
It Is suggested by some that the looseness of moral3
on the part of our domestic animals is due to the ef
fects of their association with man. The dog. now
polygamous, was formerly a monogamist. So also was
the pig, the most polygamous of all domestic animals.
All domestic fowl are polygamous. The geese which
in the wild state are removed from polygamy have be-
Th* llluitration Show* Four Type* of Animala Which Exemplify the Proportion That Love and Marriage in theAnimal World Is not Very Different
from Love and Marriage as We Know Them. 1, The Moose, Who Practices the Trial Marriage. 2, The Rabbit, Who Favors a Form of Absolute
Divorce. 3, The Wolf, Who Marries a Second Time only When Death Takes His First Mate; and, 4, The Parrot, Who Never Marries but Once.
the IDEAL MARRIAGE
come as polygamous as the other fowl on domestica
tion. The story of the fall from ry^ce of one of these
virtuous birds makes an interK*J5*$ bit of farmyard
gossip.
In a certain farmyard, so runs the tale, lived a hand
some pin-head drake with his beautiful and accom
plished wife. He was a most beautiful fellow, was this
drake, clothed in the finest of white duck suits. But
he was a strict monogamist. Ip the same farmyaru
was a handsome young duck, rcently married to a
staid, plodding old drake, but a good fellow in his way.
In the course of time this pretty young duck fell in
love with the handsome drake and began to cast ador
ing glances at him. He, virtuous fellow, paid no atten
tion but continued his domestic duties. Finally the
pretty young duck became too insistent and he yielded.
Leaving his patient wife he dashed at the unsuspect
ing spouse of his tempter, gave the old fellow the
thrashing of his life, and, with his bride, departed that
farmyard to begin life anew. The sequel is not re
corded, but doubtless the two jilted spouses found con
solation in each other’s presence.
The homing instinct among animals is very strong.
Mother love Is with animals as with human beings, tho
most enduring passion of the race. A mother animal
will protect her little ones with her life and will grieve
for them sincerely if they are taken away.
Marriage Is almost universal in the animal world.
Bachelors and spinsters are very rare. Yet, after the
brief period of mourning js over, a bereaved animal
has little difficulty in finding a new mate.
The animals have, through ages of experience,
reached certain conclusions regarding the marriage
state, that are interesting because they correspond so
closely to human marriage laws. Animals have proved
in the same way man has proved that monogamy is
the ideal marriage state. A polygamous race increases
faster for a time and produces offspring of apparently
unusual intelligence and development, but it is a nota
ble fact that the deer, which are most polygamous, are
lowest down in the scale of development and are most
seriously scourged by epidemic plagues. The great
objection of animals to polygamy is that only one
parent, the weaker, has the care of the offspring and
that at the death of the father, serious trouble and
frequently internecine war occurs among the survivors.
Through the animal world careful investigation
shows that the nearer the animals have approached tho
ideal form of marriage the higher they have reached
in the scale of development and the better and more
enduring is their offspring.
How SMILING Helps to
Prevent APPENDICITIS IW
“S
Why You Should Seek Moisture If You Would Be Beautiful
MILE”—that is the latest and cheap
est and. according to one authority,
the surest preventive for appendi
citis Loosen your facial muscles into a
broad beaming smile at least six times an
hour and you'll never so much as scrape a
speaking acquaintance with a high-priced sur
geon.
This Is the advice of Dr. Carlton Barker,
an eminent surgeon of Washington, D. C. He
asserts that many cases of this intestinal
complaint can be traced directly to gloomy
habits of thought. ‘ Worry and you’ll get a
pain In your side" is his warning to those
who insist on going through life with a
grouch. “Cheer up” is the word that goes
out from his camp, “and the more you laugh
the healthier you’ll be and the less aches
you're liable to nurse in your stomach.”
Mental worry Dr Barker declares to be
almost as frequent a cause of appendicitis
as the lifting of heavy weights, with its re
sultant strain. Imperfect mastication, to be
sure, is one of the primary causes, and the
bolting of food is generally a habit of the
man who lacks the rosy view of life.
Jt is the persons who don’t take the proper
time for consuming their meals who are in
viting stomach troubles The man who
emiles at his table companions and joins in
the general table jollity Is least susceptible
to physical ailments, and if we haven't con
genial dinner mates we should make it our
business to find them, says Dt. Barker.
It has long been supposed that appendicitis
Is hereditary, and is handed on from one
generation to another. While observations
have shown that this is frequently the case,
it has Been proved that the main causes are
improper diet, hasty eating and mental de
pression.
“Too much food,” says Dr. Barker, "such
as an overabundance of game, spicy dishes
and rich meats, are very often the cause.
Other dangerous foods are nuts and other
hard foods that are not well masticated, and
seeds from the many fruits and berries,
which swallowed In their entirety, very often
tend to clog the intestinal tract."
Dr. Barker gives the following simple rules
to aid in the prevention of appendicitis, and
for the upkeep of the general health:
Learn to masticate all foods thoroughly.
If your teeth are defective, give them Im
mediate attention.
Avoid eating tough meats
Don't swallow lumps of any kind of food.
Take plenty of open air exercise.
Visit places of amusement frequently to
keep your mind cheerful
Take a glass of water the first thing on
arising, and one every hour throughout the
day.
Stoop to a sitting posture, then rise up
right, then bend forward from the hips, touch
ing the tips of the fingers to the floor, keep
ing the knees straight. Do this ten times
in the morning and evening.
Above all, smile and laugh every chance
you get.
HERE shall a woman live if she would be as
beautiful as possible? Not, at all events, in
a dry climate. Dryness is unfriendly to beauty.
It spoils the complexion.
It is asserted that the women of arid regions in this
country are markedly less beautiful than the women of
humid sections. Their skins too often have a parched
look, and on thlB account they seem much older. The
difference is very striking.
They have not the fresh complexion and coloring
of the women of our Atlantic and Gulf coast cities.
Where the annual rainfall amounts to only ten or fifteen
inches, there is lack of moisture in the air That is the
cause of the trouble.
The women of Portland, Oregon, are famous for their
lovely complexions. It is a very humid region, with
much rainfall. One hears a great deal about the foggy
climate of England, where the women are reputed to
possess the clearest and rosiest skins in the world. Be
tween these two things there is a direct and intimate
relation.
English women say, “Let us go out in the fog; it is
good for our complexions." The idea is no mere fool
ishness; it is based upon substantial fact. If you would
be beautiful, seek moisture—the more the better.
The v orst foe to beauty is a dry and windy climate.
-Lack of moisture in the air dries the skin; the wind
helps.
Unfortunately, even In humid parts of this country,
the air people live in during the winter is excessively
dry, indoors. Artificial heat runs the percentage of
moisture way down, and the effect upon the skin is ex
tremely bad. This dry indoor air, in fact, is responsi
ble for most cases of chapped hands and dry or cracked
lips—the latter a serious disadvantage to beauty.
Have you noticed the effect that sleeping outdoors
has upon people’s complexions? It is quite astonishing.
The skin assumes a clear look and ruddy hue most
beautifying. Folks say the fresh air does it. True
enough; but it is chiefly the moisture in the air that is
accountable.
One is not obliged to sleep out of doors, however, to
get plenty of fresh air at night. Open the windows
wide, and it will serve the purpose just about as well.
You will feel brighter in the morning, and look prettier,
by reason of the plentiful supply of atmospheric mois
ture which you have enjoyed during your sleeping’
hou r
Perhaps you have spent most ef your time during
the Winter in the dry atmosphere of artificially heated
rooms. No wonder your friends tell you that you are
looking pale. No wonder your nerves are irritable. A
trip to the seaside will make you look and fee! like a
different person, even after a few hours, largely be
cause of the soft moisture in the sea air.
A cubic foot of air at 70 degrees Fahrenheit will hold
in suspension exactly eight grains of water. At a higher
temperature it will,hold more, proportionately. If the
temperature of this saturated air be reduced to 60
degrees, the moisture will be squeezed out of it, so to
speak, and deposited on the walls and furniture. At 18
degrees, the cubic foot of air will hold only one grain of
water.
Dr. P. W, Goldsbury, of Warwick. Mass., who has
made a special study of this subject, says that the per
centage of moisture in the air of our dwellings in the
Winter time is commonly less than two-thirds what it.
ought to be for health. Such over-dry indoor air is
irritating; it is bad for the nerves and the complexion.
Methods for charging air in buildings with mois
ture are still in the experimental stage. None tffus
far tried has proved satisfactory. Tests made in one
large city office building showed that the air of the
rooms was dryer at times than that of the dryest parts
of Arizona. In short, it was desert air, and then some.
Furniture suffers in Winter from this excessively
dry air. Paintings crack. Even the bindings of books
shrivel and break. Is it not the most natural thing
in the world that the delicate tissues of the body, and
’especially its binding, the skin, should suffer likewise?
Americans complain of the poorly-heated, draughty
buildings of European countries, but our own houses
are too much heated and too nearly air-tight to allow
for a proper percentage of moisture.
Dr. Goldsbury suggests that porous dishes, such as
flower pots, if set about with water in them (which,
should be resupplied at frequent interva's), will help
to furnish the requisite moisture by evaporation. They
are especially useful in this way if placed in front of
electric fans, which keep the air stirred and help it to
take up the water House plants tend to soften the air,
the water evaporating rapidly from their leaves and
stalks. Anybody may verify this by stepping into a
florist’s shop on a dry day in Winter and noticing tho
soft feeling in the air, due to the presence of moisture.
T
Does TOO MUCH SUGAR Really Cause URIC ACID?
(HE charge is made that sugar is really the cause
of the vast majority of human ills. Vegetarians,
11 is claimed, are practically sugar-fiends, while
those who eat meat at every meal, in combination with
non-sugar-maktng vegetables, are actually the healthiest
and the longest lived.
It is admitted that the highest civilization already
shows signs of degeneration. Over-civilization adopted
the sugar for the significance of good taste, and it has
done its work. Health, energy and power can only be
acquired by partaking of proper food. Sugar is no food
whatever, therefore it is an enemy of civilization, say
the advocates of this theory.
Dr. William Woodbury, of Boston, the well-known
authority on dental hygiene, says: “The fact that bodily
decay is far more common with civilized man than in
uncivilized man or Brute creation is the weightiest of
evidence that there is something wrong with what men
eat.”
That the wrong part of our food may be sugar we can
Tea Habit All Wrong
T HE spectacle of a working-class girl having tea
tor breakfast, tea for dinner and tea for tea,
represents to my mind a grievous physiological
and social wrong," is the deliberate opinion of one of
the most eminent British physicians.
In the light of the latest scientific analysis of this
very popular beverage, no one can afford to Ignore this
mighty warning. The chemists have shown that there
is ;i per cent of caffeine (the same alkaloid as ih coffee)
in tea. and that there is from 10 per cent to 15 per cent
of tannin, besides the other elements in the tea. The
caffeine, formerly called theine. is the most virulent of
poisons, but it would not be so bad if there were not il
also the tannin one of the most powerful astringents !.
known to chemistry. The longer the tea leaves are al
lowed to steep or draw the larger the amount of tannin
that is extracted from the leaves, and the greater the
deleterious effect upon the system which absorbs the
baneful brew.
If tea be properly made, drawing not longer than
three minutes bv ihe clock the amount of tannin ex
tracted is comparatively small, and the ill effects are not
so great, especially if it is taken with solid food. If
taken unsweetened and without milk, as the Chinese
and Japanese drink it. It is easily digested, the full
flavor is enjoyed and there need be nr, ill effects. The
excessive drinking of tea which makes certain persons
tea drunkards is as bad for the system as aicohol could
be. and the poor victims soon become nervous wrecks,
fact that if milk be poured into the tea the com-
a most indigestible- leathery drink that would
Wthe digestive powers of an ostrich, and that tea
lien of in this way is a commoi. can.-, of organic
Tndlgi -tion
It is not probable that the people will ever stop drink
ing tea. but they may learn how to drink it, in the least
harmful way. and how not to allow themselves to be
come tea drunkards.
Black tea yields but 10 per cent of tannin, while green
tea yields 15 per cent, so the black tea is to be pre
ferred as being leBs harmful. —
Read Your BABY’S FORTUNE in Its FEET
ui
OLESTRY" is the name given to a new science
I which, it Is claimed, enables up to tell what
sort of a man or woman a baby will be by
studying its feet.
A French woman. Countess Melusine, a member of
one of the best known families in France, is the dis
coverer of this new science. She is a cultured woman
who has given her life to study rather than society,
and who has written a number of books on religion
and philosophy.
It was her interest in palmistry which led to her
evolution of the theory that every baby’s feet are
marked with certain lines and other characteristics
which, if intelligently read, enable us to forecast ac
curately what sort of life the child will lead when it
grows up.
“Solestry." according to the Countess, is unlike
palmistry in that a reading of the feet can reveal noth
ing about the person’s length of life or health. It has
to do only with the moral nature and is therefore
likely to prove of the greatest value when applied to
criminology. On this account the Countess has asked
the Parisian golice authorities for permission to study
the feet of criminals in the jails.
“I have never examined the feet of a murderer,"
says the Countess, “whose big toe was not pronounced
in its shortness and stumpiness, even in comparison to
the other toes, which are generally short in criminals.
When the toes increase gradually in length from the
little toe to the big toe it is a sign that the child will
have an aversion to inflicting pain of any kind, and will
not be able to stand the sight of blood. I have a num
ber of friends who are particularly soft-hearted, and
they al lhave feet of this kind.
fidenee. B—A Stumpy Big Toe; In
dicates Criminal Tendencies. C—
Tumed-in Toes, Are Found in Stin.
gy Persona, While D. A Large Heel,
It a Sign of Indolence.
“A high instep denotes self-confi-
denoe and a nature leaning toward
pride and haughtiness. If the instep
is low it Is a sign of indecision. A big
toe that is rather large and turns de
cidedly in toward the other toes is
found in persons of a sensually pas
sionate nature. Seventy nine of the
eighty-two women deported from France la6t year for
irimes of a sensual nature had this peculiar type of
big toe.
"Bent, turned-ln toes are always found in cold, sel
fish persons who are stingy and thoughtless of the
rights of others. People who are very cleanly in their
habits and prefer outdoor exercise to reading and study
ing have very long toes. Toes of medium length, which
are at the same time delicate and shapely, are an indi
cation of a highly artistic temperament.
“Large heels that extend far back are found on in
dolent persons, while an energetic and careful person
has a heel almost straight and not too thick.”
“Solestry” takes Wito consideration not only the
shape of the toes, heels, etc., but lays great emphasis
on the lines appearing on the soles. These lines are
important in indicating the extent to which the child's
moral quality will influence its future.
A long middle line running lengthwise of the sole
is the line of the will. If the will be strong this line
will be straight. If the line is straight but is broken
directly in half, it is an indication that the will is
strong but likely to be seriously broken by a love
affair.
The line running lengthwise on the outer edge of
the right sole is the line of passionate love. If this line
is long, straight and strongly marked, it indicates a
person of a passionately affectionate natuer. The
shorter and less strongly marked the line is the smaller
the capacity for love a person possesses.
If the line is crossed by the smaller lines which are
found beside it, the child will prove to be a person
capable of concentrating love on several different ob
jects.
see from the statistics of the consumption of sugar in
America. Over $500.000,non was expended for sugar in
the I nited States last year, not counting the sugar used
to adulterate the various kinds of food.
If we pass through the streets of the East Side in
New York we find in every fifth house a candy store, and
at every corner a candy dealer. All these are patron
ized by the children of the laboring classes. It is impos
sible to produce a strong labor contingent if children
instead of eating wholesome bread, which is cheaper
and nourishing, have their infantile digestion ruined by
the acids of the candies.
How can a laboring man get the necessary energy and
strength by getting acids into his stomach? How can
a man who does mental labor get mental energy if he,
instead of being well nourished, suffers in consequence
of acids in the stomach? What made it possible for tho
great men of ancient times to show their strength? It
was their simple and inexpensive food; sugar was too
high-priced at that time for the intellectual lights. The
loss of energy through the consumption of sugar in the
last century can never be made good.
Alcohol has been consumed for thousands of years,
but it has not caused the degeneration of a whole race!
because it does not contain destructive acids. What has
been destroyed by sugar is lost and cannot be regen
erated. Alcohol is eliminated by the skin and the
respiratory organs, but sugar, never.
According to the foes of sugar it Is a fallacy to believe
that meat is to blame for the formation of an over
abundance of uric acid in the system. Sugar, used only
is a medicine, a counter-irritant, in ancient times, proved
so pleasing to the taste that it has ended by becoming
an actual food among all civilized people.
No better example than rite sturdy Eskimos can be
taken to show how beneficial and necessary meat is for
the system. They live almost entirely on meat, yet
rheumatism is unknown to them. On the other hand, the
Australian bushmen, notorious vegetarians, are weak,
stunted and short-lived. The excess of sugar in theii
vegetables has effected their degeneration.
“The safest diet,” says Dr. Robert Roessler, of Hobo
ken. N. J.. * student of the question, “is beans, peas and
lentils, in combination with meat. All other vegetables
contain sugar to a great degree, or sugar-forming ele
ments. Meat may be eaten without compunction three
times per day with such vegetables as these. In fact,
the man engaged in active daily labor, mental or phys
ical, requires meat with every meal.”
If certain vegetables really have a high percentage of
nutrition, we must not overlook the fact that there are
only a few. The rest are valuable only as fuel. So the
Importance of sugar as a food has really been criminally
boosted.
Sugar is really composed of a long row of acids, all
crystallized. This has been shown by the analysis of s
typically dangerous vegetable, the sugar beet.